Swaddling

Last updated
Ambrogio Lorenzetti's Madonna and Child (1319) depicts swaddling bands Ambrogio Lorenzetti 021.jpg
Ambrogio Lorenzetti's Madonna and Child (1319) depicts swaddling bands

Swaddling is an ancient practice of wrapping infants in blankets or similar cloths so that movement of the limbs is tightly restricted. Swaddling bands were often used to further restrict the infant. Swaddling fell out of favour in the 17th century.

Contents

A few authors[ who? ] are said to be of the opinion that swaddling is becoming popular again, although medical and psychological opinion on the effects of swaddling is largely against. Some modern medical studies indicate that swaddling helps babies fall asleep and to remain asleep and helps to keep the baby in a supine position, which lowers the risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). [1] However, another study indicated that swaddling increased the risk of SIDS. [2] Additionally, emerging evidence is showing that certain swaddling techniques may increase the risk of developmental dysplasia of the hip. [3]

Origin and history

Several authors presume that swaddling was invented in the paleolithic period. [4] [5] [6] The earliest depictions of swaddled babies are votive offerings and grave goods from Crete and Cyprus, 4000 to 4500 years old.

Votive offerings depicting swaddled babies from Agia Triada (Crete), Bronze Age, 2600-2000 BC., Heraklion (Iraklion), Crete. Archeological museum Iraklion Gewickelte Kinder Kreta-Vorpalastzeit.jpg
Votive offerings depicting swaddled babies from Agia Triada (Crete), Bronze Age, 2600-2000 BC., Heraklion (Iraklion), Crete. Archeological museum Iraklion

Votive statuettes have been found in the tombs of Ancient Greek and Roman women who died in childbirth, displaying babies in swaddling clothes. In shrines dedicated to Amphiaraus, models representing babies wrapped in swaddling clothes have been excavated. Apparently, these were frequently given as thank-offerings by anxious mothers when their infants had recovered from sickness. [7]

Probably the most famous record of swaddling is found in the New Testament concerning the birth of Jesus in Luke 2:6–2:7:

And so it was, that, while they were there, the days were accomplished that she should be delivered. And she brought forth her firstborn son, and wrapped him in swaddling clothes and laid him in a manger; because there was no room for them in the inn.

Swaddling clothes described in the Bible consisted of a cloth tied together by bandage-like strips. After an infant was born, the umbilical cord was cut and tied, and then the baby was washed, rubbed with salt and oil, and wrapped with strips of cloth. These strips kept the newborn child warm, and were thought to ensure that the child's limbs would grow straight. Ezekiel 16:4 describes Israel as unswaddled, a metaphor for abandonment. [8]

Swaddled baby and bad mother, 1505-1510, detail from The Temptation of St. Anthony by Hieronymus Bosch (ca. 1450-1516). Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga, Lisbon Ausschnitt-Die-Versuchung-des-heiligen-Antonius.jpg
Swaddled baby and bad mother, 1505–1510, detail from The Temptation of St. Anthony by Hieronymus Bosch (ca. 1450–1516). Museu Nacional de Arte Antiga, Lisbon
The Cholmondeley Ladies and their swaddled babies. c.1600-1610 Elizabethan Sisters Babies.jpg
The Cholmondeley Ladies and their swaddled babies. c.1600–1610

During Tudor times, swaddling involved wrapping the new baby in linen bands from head to foot to ensure the baby would grow up without physical deformity. A stay band would be attached to the forehead and the shoulders to secure the head. Babies would be swaddled like this until about 8 or 9 months. [9]

The Swiss surgeon Felix Würtz (approx. 1500 to approx. 1598) was the first who criticized aspects of swaddling openly. [10]

I also saw right and straight children created by God and born into this world by humans, who became nevertheless bent and lame men, who never got straight and healthy thighs. (…) In addition, I have for instance let a child lay again down and tied up, so that I see, in which way he was swaddled. There I then really saw, where it was gone wrong (…). By misunderstanding however they wanted to bind him straight, but in fact they bind him bent and tighten the bandages hard, so that the child cannot have peace (….). [11]

In the seventeenth century, the scientific opinion towards swaddling began to change. There was an association of neglect with swaddling, especially regarding wetnurses who would leave babies in their care swaddled for long periods without washing or comforting them. [12] More than a hundred years after Würtz, physicians and philosophers from England began to openly criticize swaddling and finally demanded its complete abolishment. The British philosopher John Locke (1632–1704) rejected swaddling in his 1693 publication Some Thoughts Concerning Education , becoming a lobbyist for not binding babies at all. [13] This thought was very controversial during the time, but slowly gained ground, first in England and later elsewhere in Western Europe.

William Cadogan (1711–1797) seems to have been the first physician who pleaded for the complete abolition of swaddling. In his "Essay upon Nursing" of 1748, he expressed his view of contemporary child care, swaddling, the topic of too much clothing for infants and overfeeding. He wrote:

But besides the Mischief arising from the Weight and Heat of these Swaddling-cloaths, they are put on so tight, and the Child is so cramp'd by them, that its Bowels have not room, nor the Limbs any Liberty, to act and exert themselves in the free easy Manner they ought. This is a very hurtful Circumstance, for Limbs that are not used, will never be strong, and such tender Bodies cannot bear much Pressure. [14]

Native American baby of the Nez Perce tribe, 1911 Edward S. Curtis Collection People 007.jpg
Native American baby of the Nez Perce tribe, 1911

Philosophers and physicians more and more began to reject swaddling in the 18th century. Jean Jacques Rousseau wrote in his book Emile: Or, On Education in 1762:

The child has hardly left the mother's womb, it has hardly begun to move and stretch its limbs, when it is given new bonds. It is wrapped in swaddling bands, laid down with its head fixed, its legs stretched out, and its arms by its sides; it is wound round with linen and bandages of all sorts so that it cannot move […]. Whence comes this unreasonable custom? From an unnatural practice. Since mothers despise their primary duty and do not wish to nurse their own children, they have had to entrust them to mercenary women. These women thus become mothers to a stranger's children, who by nature mean so little to them that they seek only to spare themselves trouble. A child unswaddled would need constant watching; well swaddled it is cast into a corner and its cries are ignored […]. It is claimed that infants left free would assume faulty positions and make movements which might injure the proper development of their limbs. This is one of the vain rationalizations of our false wisdom which experience has never confirmed. Out of the multitude of children who grow up with the full use of their limbs among nations wiser than ourselves, you never find one who hurts himself or maims himself; their movements are too feeble to be dangerous, and when they assume an injurious position, pain warns them to change it.

Although this form of swaddling has fallen out of favour in the Western world, many Eastern cultures and tribal people still use it. [15]

Modern swaddling

The swaddling clothes of medieval Madonna and Child paintings are now replaced with cotton receiving blankets, cotton muslin wraps, or specialised "winged" baby swaddles. Modern swaddling is becoming increasingly popular today as a means of settling and soothing irritable infants and helping babies sleep longer with fewer awakenings. Since the early 1990s, the medical community has recommended placing babies on their back to sleep to reduce the risk of SIDS. As studies proved swaddled babies sleep better in the back sleeping position, swaddling has become increasingly popular and recommended so parents avoid the dangerous stomach sleeping position. Swaddling also prevents newborns waking themselves with their Moro reflex. [1]

A modern application of swaddling 3 week old swaddled infant.png
A modern application of swaddling

Loose and ineffective swaddling techniques made while using an undersized blanket can generally be kicked off by a wakeful baby. It is important for caregivers to accomplish a secure swaddle to ensure the blanket does not become loose and the baby remains wrapped during the sleep period. The act of swaddling does carry a risk of the baby overheating if the caregiver uses multiple blankets that are too thick or uses thick fluffy fabric that creates excessive thermal insulation. [16]

Modern specialized baby swaddles are designed to make it easier to swaddle a baby than with traditional square blanket. They are typically fabric blankets in a triangle, 'T' or 'Y' shape, with 'wings' that fold around the baby's torso or down over the baby's shoulders and around underneath the infant. Some of these products employ Velcro patches or other fasteners. Some parents prefer a specialized device because of the relative ease of use, and many parents prefer a large square receiving blanket or wrap because they can get a tighter and custom fit and the baby will not outgrow the blanket.

To avoid hip dysplasia risk, the swaddle should be done in such a way that the baby is able to move his or her legs freely at the hip. [17] This is more easily done with a large blanket that can keep the arms in place while allowing the legs flexibility, all while allowing for proper hip development.

By the time the baby is learning to roll over, often around 4–5 months, parents and caregivers should transition the baby from swaddling to a less restrictive covering for sleep. If the baby can roll over, then it is important for the baby to have use of its hands and arms to adjust his or her head position after rolling over. The traditional swaddling uses flat strings for babies to be tied; care is needed not to tie them too hard or blood flow would be restricted.

Regional variations

Swaddling is still practiced worldwide. [18] In some countries, swaddling is the standard treatment of babies. In Turkey, for instance, 93.1% of all babies become swaddled in the traditional way. [19] According to the Human Relations Area Files (HRAF), 39% of all documented contemporary non-industrialized cultures show swaddling practices; further 19% use other methods of movement restriction for infants. [20] Some authors assume that the popularity of swaddling is growing in the U.S., Great Britain and the Netherlands. [21] A British sample showed up 19.4% of the babies are swaddled at night. [22] In Germany, swaddling is not used as routine care measure. For example, the standard work on regulatory disturbances by Papusek [23] does not mention swaddling at all.

Medical uses

Swaddling as a medical intervention with a clearly limited indication range is used in the care practices of premature babies. [24] Also swaddling is used for reducing pain in such care actions as collecting blood at the heel. [25] The swaddling of these premature babies (very low birth weight infants) takes place only very loosely. It is meant to hold the weak arms at the body and make certain movements possible. [26] This "swaddling" is something completely different from traditional swaddling in the stretched position.

Psychological and physiological effects

Modern medical studies of swaddling use a form that is considerably shorter and less severe than the historical forms. The classical study by Lipton et al. of 1965 dealt with a modern swaddling form. The researchers described the two main effects of tightly wrapping babies: they are motorically calm and sleep much. [27] These effects are detected by means of various psycho-physiological parameters, such as heart rate, sleep duration and duration of crying. The research group around the Dutch biologist van Sleuwen in 2007 confirms this picture in their latest meta-analysis of medical studies on swaddling and its effects. [28]

However, severe restrictions on the scope of these studies should be kept in mind, because most of the positive effects mentioned by van Sleuwen et al. are not related to normally developed newborns, but to impaired babies, namely premature babies and babies with detectable organic brain damage. [29] Swaddling enhances the REM sleep (active sleep) and also the whole sleep duration. [30] The effect of swaddling on the regulatory disturbance excessive crying is not very convincing: By adding the swaddling there is an immediate "calming" effect on children, but after a few days the effect of the introduction of regularity with swaddling is exactly the same as the regularity on its own. [31] In other words: after a few days swaddling is completely unnecessary. It is therefore contraindicated to address the potential risk of swaddling, because the effect is only for a short term available, but after a little while is negligible. [32]

Motor development

Two studies based on indigenous peoples of the Americas did not show a delay in the onset of walking caused by the restraint of the use of the cradleboard. [33] In other areas of the motor development, clear delays of the development show up even when mild restrictions take place. [34] A Japanese study concluded that the application of the basket cradle (ejiko) leads to a delayed onset of walking. [35] An older Austrian study showed that swaddled Albanian babies showed a delayed ability to crawl and reach things with their hands. [36] This shows the need for further substantial scientific clarifying regarding the impairment of motor skills by swaddling.

Sudden infant death syndrome

The effects of swaddling on the sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) are unclear. [37] A 2016 review found tentative evidence that swaddling increases risk of SIDS, especially among babies placed on their stomachs or side while sleeping. [38]

Swaddling was supposed to keep babies on their back, in order to prevent SIDS. Swaddling itself is not seen as a protective factor for SIDS. Swaddling may even increase the risk when babies sleep in the prone position; it reduces the risk if they sleep in the supine position. [39] A recent study demonstrated now, that swaddling is apparently a risk factor for SIDS, although the opposite was often previously assumed: Of the babies who died of SIDS, 24% were swaddled; in the control-groups only 6% were swaddled. [40]

Documented negative effects

Several empirical studies show evidence of negative effects of swaddling.

See also

Notes

  1. 1 2 Gerard, Claudia M.; Kathleen A. Harris; Bradley T. Thach (6 December 2002). "Spontaneous Arousals in Supine Infants While Swaddled and Unswaddled During Rapid Eye Movement and Quiet Sleep". Pediatrics. 110 (6): e70. doi: 10.1542/peds.110.6.e70 . PMID   12456937.
  2. ↑ See Blair et al. (2009).
  3. ↑ hipdysplasia.org Archived 2011-08-19 at the Wayback Machine .
  4. ↑ Phillips, Eustace Dockray (1965). The royal hordes: Nomad peoples of the steppes . Library of the early civilizations. McGraw-Hill Book Company. p.  15.
  5. ↑ DeMause, Lloyd (2002). The Emotional Life of Nations. New York: Karnac. p. 328. ISBN   978-1-892746-98-6. Archived from the original on 2007-02-05. Retrieved 2007-02-27.
  6. ↑ DeMeo, James (2006). Saharasia: The 4000 BCE Origins of Child Abuse, Sex-Repression, Warfare and Social Violence, In the Deserts of the Old World (Revised Second ed.). Natural Energy Works. ISBN   978-0-9621855-5-7.
  7. ↑ Thompson, Charles John S. (March 1922). "Greco-Roman votive offerings for health in the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum". Health.
  8. ↑ Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1995). "Swaddling". The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (reprint, revised ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. p. 670. ISBN   978-0-8028-3784-4 . Retrieved 2009-12-15.
  9. ↑ Sim, Alison (1998). The Tudor Housewife. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 26. ISBN   978-0-7509-3774-0.
  10. ↑ Würtz (1612), p. 726 f.
  11. ↑ Würtz (1612), p. 714 ff.
  12. ↑ DeMause, Lloyd (2002). The Emotional Life of Nations. Other Press. p. 322. ISBN   978-1-892746-98-6. Archived from the original on 2007-02-05. Retrieved 2007-02-27.
  13. ↑ Locke (1779), p. 12.
  14. ↑ Cadogan (1748), p. 10.
  15. ↑ See van Sleuwen, et al. (2007), p. e1097
  16. ↑ van Gestel, Josephus Petrus Johannes; Monique Pauline L’Hoir; Maartje ten Berge; Nicolaas Johannes Georgius Jansen; Frans Berend Plötz (6 December 2002). "Risks of Ancient Practices in Modern Times". Pediatrics. 110 (6): e78. doi: 10.1542/peds.110.6.e78 . PMID   12456945.
  17. ↑ "Swaddling your baby".
  18. ↑ See Frenken (2011 a), p. 321-351, Frenken (2011 b), p. 233 ff.
  19. ↑ See Caglayan et al (1991), p. 117, the statistics are from the Turkish population and health survey (1978), Ankara, p. 78, 82, 114.
  20. ↑ See Nelson et al. (2000), p. e 77.
  21. ↑ See van Sleuwen (2007), p. e1097.
  22. ↑ See Bacon et al. (1991), p. 630.
  23. ↑ See Meyer & Erler (2009), p. 24, also Papusek et al., p. 20, 408.
  24. ↑ Van Sleuwen et al. (2007), p. e1097, e1101, e1102 and e1103.
  25. ↑ See Fearon et al. (1997), p. 222 ff. Swaddling here had a pain reducing effect.
  26. ↑ See Short et al. (1996), p. 25; illustration on p. 27.
  27. ↑ See Lipton, et al. (1965), S. 560 ff.
  28. ↑ See van Sleuwen, et al. (2007), p. e1097.
  29. ↑ See van Sleuwen, et al. (2007), p. e1097, e1101, e1102 and especially p. e1103, where 3 of 5 central and empirically convincing effects are concerned with immature babies!
  30. ↑ Vgl. Franco, et al. (2005), S. 1307 ff.; Chisholm (1983), S. 83
  31. ↑ See van Sleuwen, et al. (2003), (2006) und (2007)
  32. ↑ See Long (2007)
  33. ↑ See Dennis (1940 a), p. 107; Chisholm (1983), p. 83.
  34. ↑ Aldolph et al. (2010), p. 72 ff.
  35. ↑ See Lipton et al (1965), S. 564 mentioning Sofue, T.; Suye, H.; Murakami, T (1957). Anthropological study of Ejiko, Japanese cradle for child. Journal of the anthropological society of Nippon, 66, S. 77-91.
  36. ↑ See Danzinger & Frankl (1934), S. 235; see also Frenken (2011), S. 44 ff.
  37. ↑ Moon RY, Fu L (July 2012). "Sudden infant death syndrome: an update". Pediatrics in Review. 33 (7): 314–20. doi:10.1542/pir.33-7-314. PMID   22753789. S2CID   10784045.
  38. ↑ Pease, A. S.; Fleming, P. J.; Hauck, F. R.; Moon, R. Y.; Horne, R. S. C.; Lhoir, M. P.; Ponsonby, A.-L.; Blair, P. S. (2016). "Swaddling and the Risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: A Meta-analysis". Pediatrics. 137 (6): e20153275. doi: 10.1542/peds.2015-3275 . PMID   27244847.
  39. ↑ See Thach (2009), p. 461, Richardson et al. (2009), p. 475 ff.
  40. ↑ See Blair et al. (2009). In the sample, one quarter of the babies who died of SIDS were swaddled. See also Richardson et al. (2009).
  41. ↑ See Kutlu et al. (1992), p. 598 f.
  42. ↑ Akman et al. (2007), p. 290
  43. ↑ Chaarani et al. (2002)
  44. ↑ Kremli et al. (2003)
  45. ↑ Torjesen, I. (2013). "Swaddling increases babies' risk of hip abnormalities". BMJ. 347: f6499. doi:10.1136/bmj.f6499. S2CID   72296029.
  46. ↑ Mahan & Kasser (2008)
  47. ↑ Mafart et al. (2007).
  48. ↑ See Bacon et al (1991), p. 627 ff., Cheng & Partridge (1993), p. 238 ff., also van Sleuwen et al. (2007), p. e1101.
  49. ↑ See van Gestel et al. (2002). See also Task Force on Infant Sleep Position and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (2000), p. 654.
  50. ↑ See Yurdakok et al. (1990), p. 878
  51. ↑ See Bloch (1966). p. 645 (Kurdish sample), also Young (2005) for a prehistoric indigenous population.
  52. ↑ See Bystrova et al. (2007 a), p. 29 ff.
  53. ↑ See Bystrova et al. (2007 a), p. 37 f.; also Bystrova et al. (2003), p. 324.
  54. ↑ See also Kennell & MacGrath (2003), p. 273.
  55. ↑ See Bystrova (2008), p. 46.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">SIDS</span> Sudden unexplained death of a child who is less than one year of age

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), sometimes known as cot death, is the sudden unexplained death of a child of less than one year of age. Diagnosis requires that the death remain unexplained even after a thorough autopsy and detailed death scene investigation. SIDS usually occurs during sleep. Typically death occurs between the hours of midnight and 9:00 a.m. There is usually no noise or evidence of struggle. SIDS remains the leading cause of infant mortality in Western countries, constituting half of all post-neonatal deaths.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brachycephaly</span> Short, broad head

Brachycephaly is the shape of a skull shorter than average in its species. It is perceived as a cosmetically desirable trait in some domesticated dog and cat breeds, notably the pug and Persian, and can be normal or abnormal in other animal species.

Co-sleeping or bed sharing is a practice in which babies and young children sleep close to one or both parents, as opposed to in a separate room. Co-sleeping individuals sleep in sensory proximity to one another, where the individual senses the presence of others. This sensory proximity can either be triggered by touch, smell, taste, or noise. Therefore, the individuals can be a few centimeters away or on the other side of the room and still have an effect on the other. It is standard practice in many parts of the world, and is practiced by a significant minority in countries where cribs are also used.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Babywearing</span> Wearing or carrying a baby in a sling

Babywearing is the practice of wearing or carrying a baby in a sling or in another form of carrier. Babywearing has been practiced for millennia around the world. Babywearing is a form of baby transport which can be used for as long as mutually desired, often until toddlerhood and beyond. In the industrialized world, babywearing has gained popularity in recent decades. Part of the reason for this shift is due to the influence of advocates of attachment parenting.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pacifier</span> Rubber, plastic or silicone nipple for infants or toddlers to suck upon

A pacifier is a rubber, plastic, or silicone nipple substitute given to an infant or toddler to suckle upon between feedings to quiet its distress by satisfying the need to suck when it does not need to eat. Pacifiers normally have three parts: an elongated teat, a handle, and a mouth shield which prevents the child from swallowing or choking on it.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Infant bed</span> Small bed for infants and very young children

An infant bed is a small bed especially for infants and very young children. Infant beds are a historically recent development intended to contain a child capable of standing. The cage-like design of infant beds restricts the child to the bed. Between one and two years of age, children are able to climb out and are moved to a toddler bed to prevent an injurious fall while escaping the bed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cradleboard</span> Indigenous baby carrier

Cradleboards are traditional protective baby-carriers used by many indigenous cultures in North America, throughout northern Scandinavia among the Sámi, and in the traditionally nomadic cultures of Central Asia. There is a variety of styles of cradleboard, reflecting the diverse artisan practices of indigenous cultures. Many Central Asian communities and some indigenous communities in North America still use cradleboards.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bronchopulmonary dysplasia</span> Medical condition

Bronchopulmonary dysplasia is a chronic lung disease which affects premature infants. Premature (preterm) infants who require treatment with supplemental oxygen or require long-term oxygen are at a higher risk. The alveoli that are present tend to not be mature enough to function normally. It is also more common in infants with low birth weight (LBW) and those who receive prolonged mechanical ventilation to treat respiratory distress syndrome. It results in significant morbidity and mortality. The definition of bronchopulmonary dysplasia has continued to evolve primarily due to changes in the population, such as more survivors at earlier gestational ages, and improved neonatal management including surfactant, antenatal glucocorticoid therapy, and less aggressive mechanical ventilation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Supine position</span> Lying horizontally with the face and torso facing up

The supine position means lying horizontally with the face and torso facing up, as opposed to the prone position, which is face down. When used in surgical procedures, it grants access to the peritoneal, thoracic and pericardial regions; as well as the head, neck and extremities.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Safe to Sleep</span> Public health initiative to promote safe sleeping positions for babies

The Safe to Sleep campaign, formerly known as the Back to Sleep campaign, is an initiative backed by the US National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) at the US National Institutes of Health to encourage parents to have their infants sleep on their backs to reduce the risk of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, or SIDS. The target age group of the campaign is 0–1 years of age, because this is when babies are at the greatest risk of experiencing SIDS. Since "Safe to Sleep" was launched in 1994, the incidence of SIDS has declined by more than 50%. However, there has been a rise in infant sleep-related suffocation events. Consequently, the campaign has broadened its goal to focus on safe sleep conditions and further preventative measures.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tummy time</span> Colloquialism related to child-rearing

Tummy time is a colloquialism for placing infants in the prone position while awake and supervised, to encourage development of the neck and trunk muscles and prevent skull deformations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hip dysplasia</span> Joint abnormality

Hip dysplasia is an abnormality of the hip joint where the socket portion does not fully cover the ball portion, resulting in an increased risk for joint dislocation. Hip dysplasia may occur at birth or develop in early life. Regardless, it does not typically produce symptoms in babies less than a year old. Occasionally one leg may be shorter than the other. The left hip is more often affected than the right. Complications without treatment can include arthritis, limping, and low back pain. Females are affected more often than males. Risk factors for hip dysplasia include female sex, family history, certain swaddling practices, and breech presentation whether an infant is delivered vaginally or by cesarean section. If one identical twin is affected, there is a 40% risk the other will also be affected. Screening all babies for the condition by physical examination is recommended. Ultrasonography may also be useful.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Harvey Karp</span> American pediatrician

Harvey Neil Karp, FAAP is an American pediatrician, author, and child development specialist. He is best known for his book "The Happiest Baby on the Block" and its accompanying DVD, that use his "5 S's" approach to infant care. He is also the creator of the Snoo, a smart bassinet.

Tobacco smoking during pregnancy causes many detrimental effects on health and reproduction, in addition to the general health effects of tobacco. A number of studies have shown that tobacco use is a significant factor in miscarriages among pregnant smokers, and that it contributes to a number of other threats to the health of the foetus.

The sleeping position is the body configuration assumed by a person during or prior to sleeping. It has been shown to have health implications, particularly for babies.

Felix Würtz was a surgeon of the 16th century.

Sleep training is a set of parental intervention techniques with the end goal of increasing nightly sleep in infants and young children, addressing “sleep concerns”, and decreasing nightime signalling. Although the diagnostic criteria for sleep issues in infants is rare and limited, sleep training is usually approached by parent(s) or caregivers self identifying supposed sleep issues.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bedside sleeper</span> Bed for an infant attached to bed in which parent sleeps

A bedside sleeper, also referred to as a sidecar sleeper or bedside bassinet, is a bassinet or baby cot that attaches to the parents' bed, allowing newborns to sleep next to their parents safely. This is a form of safe co-sleeping, and has little risks associated with sudden infant death syndrome, unlike bedsharing. Bedside sleepers are a component of rooming-in, a practice followed in hospitals to keep the baby by the mother's bed, giving her time to establish a stronger bond with her baby.

Infant and toddler safety are those actions and modifications put into place to keep babies and toddlers safe from accidental injury and death. Many accidents, injuries and deaths are preventable.

Newborn care and safety are activities and precautions recommended for new parents or caregivers. It is an educational goal of many hospitals and birthing centers to promote newborn care and safety as parents take their infant home.

References

  • Adolph, Karen E.; Karasik (Vishnevetsky), Lana B.; Tamis-LeMonda, Catherine S. (2010). Moving Between Cultures: Cross-Cultural Research on Motor Development. In: Marc H. Bornstein (Hg.). Handbook of cross-cultural developmental science, Vol. 1, Domains of development across cultures. New York. (S. 61–88)
  • Akman, Alp; Korkmaz, Ayşe; Aksoy, M. Cemalettin; Yazici, Muharrem; Yurdakök, Murat, Tekinalp, Gülsevin (2007). Evaluation of risk factors in developmental dysplasia of the hip: results of infantile hip ultrasonography. In: The Turkish Journal of Pediatrics, 49, S. 290–294.
  • Bacon, C. J.; Bell, S. A.; Clulow, E E; Beattie, A. B. (1991). How mothers keep their babies warm. Archives of Disease in Childhood, 66, S. 627–632.
  • Blair, Peter S.; Sidebotham, Peter; Evason-Coombe, Carol; Edmonds, Margaret; Fleming, Peter. (2009). Hazardous cosleeping environments and risk factors amenable to change: case-control study of SIDS in south west England. British Medical Journal, 339, b3666.
  • BMJ 2009;339:b3666 doi:10.1136/bmj.b3666 yo
  • Bloch, Aaron (1966). The Kurdistani Cradle Story: A Modern Analysis of This Centuries-Old Infant Swaddling Practice. In: Clinical Pediatrics, 5, 641–645.
  • Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1995). "Swaddling". The International Standard Bible Encyclopedia (reprint, revised ed.). Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co. pp. 670. ISBN   978-0-8028-3784-4. books.google.com Retrieved 12/15/2009.
  • Bystrova, Ksenia; Widström, Ann-Marie; Matthiesen, Ann-Sofi; Ransjö-Arvidson, Anna-Berit; Welles-Nyström; Barbara, Vorontsov, Igor; Uvnäs-Moberg, Kerstin (2003). Skin-to-skin contact may reduce negative consequences of "the stress of being born": a study on temperature in newborn infants, subjected to different ward routines in St. Petersburg. In: Acta Pædiatr, 92, S. 320–326.
  • Bystrova, Ksenia; Widström, Ann-Marie; Matthiesen, Ann-Sofi; Ransjö-Arvidson, Anna-Berit; Welles-Nyström; Barbara, Vorontsov, Igor; Uvnäs-Moberg, Kerstin (2007 a). The effect of Russian Maternity Home routines on breastfeeding and neonatal weight loss with special reference to swaddling. In: Early Human Development, 83, S. 29–39.
  • Bystrova, Ksenia; Widström, Ann-Marie; Matthiesen, Ann-Sofi; Ransjö-Arvidson, Anna-Berit; Welles-Nyström; Barbara, Vorontsov, Igor; Uvnäs-Moberg, Kerstin (2007 b). Early lactation performance in primiparous and multiparous women in relation to different maternity home practices. A randomised trial in St. Petersburg. In: International Breastfeeding Journal, 2, S. 9-23.
  • Bystrova, Ksenia (2008). Skin-to-skin contact and early suckling in the postpartum: effects on temperature, feeding and mother-infant interaction. Stockholm.
  • Cadogan, William (1748). An essay upon nursing and the management of children from their birth to three years of age. London.
  • Caglayan, Suat; Yaprak, Isin; Seçkin, Ebru; Kansoy, Savas; Aydinlioglu Halil (1991). A different approach to sleep problems of infancy: swaddling above the waist. In: The Turkish Journal of Pediatrics, 33, S. 117–120.
  • Chaarani, M.W.; Al Mahmeid, M.S.; Salman, A.M. (2002). Developmental dysplasia of the hip before and after increasing community awareness of the harmful effects of swaddling. In: Qatar Medical Journal, 11 (1), S. 40–43.
  • Cheng, Tina L.; Partridge, J. Colin (1993). Effect of Bundling and High Environmental Temperature on Neonatal Body Temperature. In: Pediatrics, 92, S. 238–240.
  • Chisholm, James S. (1983). Navajo infancy: an ethological study of child development. New York.
  • Danzinger, Lotte, Frankl, Liselotte (1934). Zum Problem der Funktionsreifung: erster Bericht über Entwicklungsprüfungen an albanischen Kindern. In: Zeitschrift für Kinderforschung, 43, S. 219–254.
  • DeMause, Lloyd (2002). The Emotional Life of Nations. Other Press. p. 322. ISBN   978-1-892746-98-6.
  • DeMeo, James (2006). Saharasia: The 4000 BCE Origins of Child Abuse, Sex-Repression, Warfare and Social Violence, In the Deserts of the Old World (Revised Second ed.). Natural Energy Works. ISBN   978-0-9621855-5-7.
  • Dennis, Wayne (1940 a). Infant Reaction to Restraint: An Evaluation of Watson's Theory. In: Transactions of the New York Academy of Sciences, 2 (2), S. 202–219.
  • Dennis, Wayne (1940 b). The Hopi Child. New York.
  • Fearon, Isabel; Kisilevsky, Barbara; Mains, Sylvia; Muir, Darwin W.; Tranmer, Joan. (1997). Swaddling After Heel Lance: Age-Specific Effects on Behavioral Recovery in Preterm Infants. In: Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 18 (4), S. 222–232.
  • Franco, Patricia; Seret, Nicole; van Hees, Jean-Noël; Scaillet, Sonia; Groswasser, José; Kahn, André (2005). Influence of Swaddling on Sleep and Arousal Characteristics of Healthy Infants: Pediatrics, 115, 1307–1311.
  • Frenken, Ralph (2011 a). Gefesselte Kinder: Geschichte und Psychologie des Wickelns. Wissenschaftlicher Verlag Bachmann. Badenweiler.
  • Frenken, Ralph (2011 b). Psychology and history of swaddling: Part two – The abolishment of swaddling from the 16th century until today. In: The Journal of Psychohistory, 39 (3), p. 219-245.
  • Gerard, Claudia, Harris, Kathleen A., Thach, Bradley T., (2002 a). Spontaneous Arousals in Supine Infants While Swaddled and Unswaddled During Rapid Eye Movement and Quiet Sleep: Pediatrics, 110, S. e70-e77
  • Gerard, C. M.; Harris, K. A.; Thach, B. T. (2002). "Spontaneous Arousals in Supine Infants While Swaddled and Unswaddled During Rapid Eye Movement and Quiet Sleep". Pediatrics. 110 (6): e70. doi: 10.1542/peds.110.6.e70 . PMID   12456937.
  • Gerard, Claudia M.; Harris Kathleen A., Thach, Bradley T. (2002 b). Physiologic studies on swaddling: An ancient child care practice, which may promote the supine position for infant sleep. Journal of Pediatrics, 141, S. 398–404.
  • Gilbert, R., Rudd, P; Berry, P. J.: Fleming, P. J.; Hall, E.; White, D. G.; Oreffo, V. O., James, P.; Evans, J. A. (1992). Combined effect of infection and heavy wrapping on the risk of sudden unexpectedinfant death. In: Archives of Disease in Childhood, 67, S. 171–177.
  • Gilbert, R. (1994). The changing epidemiology of SIDS. In: Archives of Disease in Childhood, 70, S. 445–449.
  • Kennell, J. H.; McGrath, S.K. (2003). Beneficial effects of skin-to-skin contact. In: Acta Paediatrica, 92, S. 272–273.
  • Kremli, Mamoun K.; Alshahid, Ahmed H.; Khoshhal, Khalid I.; Zamzam, Mohammed M. (2003). The pattern of developmental dysplasia of the hip: In: Saudi Medical Journal, 24 (10), S. 1118–1120.
  • Kutlu, Abdurrahman; Memik, Recep; Mutlu, Mahmut; Kutlu, Ruhusen; Arslan, Ahmet (1992). Congenital Dislocation of the Hip and Its Relation to Swaddling Used in Turkey. In: Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics, 12, S. 598–602.
  • Lipton, Earle L., Steinschneider, Alfred, Richmond, Julius B. (1965). Swaddling, a Child Care Practice: Historical, Cultural, and Experimental Observations: Pediatrics, 35, S. 521–567.
  • Long, Tony (2007). Adding swaddling to behaviour modification in infant care did not reduce excessive crying in healthy infants <13 weeks of age at randomisation. Evidence Based Nursing,10, S. 42.
  • Long, T. (2007). "Adding swaddling to behaviour modification in infant care did not reduce excessive crying in healthy infants <13 weeks of age at randomisation". Evidence-Based Nursing. 10 (2): 42. doi:10.1136/ebn.10.2.42. PMID   17384094. S2CID   32511252.
  • McNamara, F.; Lijowska, A. S.; Thach, B. T. (2002). "Spontaneous arousal activity in infants during NREM and REM sleep". The Journal of Physiology. 538 (Pt 1): 263–9. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2001.012507. PMC   2290006 . PMID   11773333.
  • Mafart, B.; Kéfi, R.; Béraud-Colomb, E. (2007). Palaeopathological and Palaeogenetic Study of 13 Cases of Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip with Dislocation in a Historical Population from Southern France. In: International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 17, S. 26–38.
  • Mahan, Susan T.; Kasser, James R., (2008). Does Swaddling Influence Developmental Dysplasia of the Hip? Pediatrics, 121, S. 177–178.
  • Meyer, L. E.; Erler, T. (2009). Schlafqualität bei Säuglingen: Polysomnographisch gestützter Vergleich unter Wickel-(Swaddling-) Bedingungen. In: Somnologie, 13, S. 24–28.
  • Nelson, Edmund Anthony Severn; Schiefenhoevel, Wulf; Haimerl, Felizitas (2000). Child Care Practices in Nonindustrialized Societies. In: Pediatrics, 105, S. e75.
  • Odent, Michel (12/23/2007). "The Future of Suicide". Birth Works, Inc. birthpsychology.com Retrieved 12/15/2009.
  • Papousek, Mechthild; Schieche, Michael; Wurmser, Harald (Eds.) (2004) Regulationsstörungen der frühen Kindheit. Frühe Risiken und Hilfen im Entwicklungskontext der Eltern-Kind-Beziehungen. Bern.
  • Richardson, Heidi L.; Walker, Adrian M.; Horne, Rosemary (2009). Minimizing the Risks of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: To Swaddle or Not to Swaddle? In: The Journal of Pediatrics, 155, 475–481.
  • Short, Mary A.; Brooks-Brunn, Jo Ann, Reves, Deborah S.; Yeager, Janet, Thorpe, Jean Ann (1996) The Effects of Swaddling Versus Standard Positioning on Neuromuscular Development in Very Low Birth Weight Infants. In: Neonatal Network, 15 (4). S. 25–31.
  • Sim, Alison (1998). The Tudor Housewife. McGill-Queen's Press. pp. 26. ISBN   978-0-7509-3774-0.
  • Task Force on Infant Sleep Position and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (2000). Changing concepts of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: Implications for infant sleeping environment and sleep position. In: Pediatrics, 105 (3), S. 650–656.
  • Thach, Bradley T. (2009). Does Swaddling Decrease or Increase the Risk for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome? In: The Journal of Pediatrics, 155, S. 461–462.
  • Thompson, Charles John S. (March 1922). "Greco-Roman votive offerings for health in the Wellcome Historical Medical Museum". Health (Wellcome Library, London, UK: Hazell, Watson and Viney).
  • Archives.wellcome.ac.uk
  • Van Gestel, Josephus Petrus Johannes, L’Hoir, Monique Pauline, ten Berge, Maartje, Jansen, Nicolaas Johannes Georgius, Plötz, Frans Berend (2002). Risks of Ancient Practices in Modern Times. In: Pediatrics, 110, S. 78–88.
  • Van Sleuwen, B. E.; L’Hoir, M. P.; Engelberts, A. C.; Westers, P.; Schulpen, T. W. J. (2003). Infant care practices related to cot death in Turkish and Moroccan families in the Netherlands. In: Archives of Disease in Childhood, 88, S. 784–788.
  • Van Sleuwen, B. E., L’Hoir, M. P.; Engelberts, A. C.; Busschers, W. B.; Westers, P.; Blom, M. A. et al. (2006). Comparison of behavior modification with and without swaddling as interventions for excessive crying. In: Journal of Pediatrics, 149 (4), S. 512–517.
  • Van Sleuwen, Bregje E.; Engelberts, Adèle C.; Boere-Boonekamp, Magda M.; Kuis, Wietse, Schulpen, Tom W.J.; L'Hoir, Monique P. (2007). Swaddling: A Systematic Review. In: Pediatrics, 120, S. e1097-e1106.
  • Würtz, Felix (1612). Kinderbüchlein. In: Felix Würtz. Wund-Artzney. Basel. p. 674-730. (First edition 1612, printed 1675): Felix Wuertzen / Weiland des berühmten Wundarztes zu Basel Wund-Artzney / darinnen allerhand schädliche Missbräuche (...).
  • Young Holliday, Diane (2005). Occipital lesions: A possible cost of cradleboards. In: American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 90 (3), S. 283–290.
  • Yurdakok, Kadrye; Yavuz, Tuna; Taylor, Carl E. (1990). Swaddling and Acute Respiratory Infections. In: American Journal of Public Health, 80 (7), S. 873–875.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.