Tamil units of measurement

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The Tamil units of measurement is a system of measurements that was traditionally used in ancient Tamil-speaking parts of South India.

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These ancient measurement systems spanned systems of counting, distances, volumes, time, weight as well as tools used to do so. While modern India uses the metric system International System of Units (Tamil Nadu state included), some of these older day measurement systems, especially those of counting, are still used today.

Other units that have persisted are those of area – the 'ma' (not to be confused with the dollar-cent) and the ‘ground’, both used to measure land and the ‘molam’ which has been relegated to measuring the length of a sandanam garland sold on streets.

There are several similarities between the measurement system used in Tamil Nadu and that used by the Indus Valley civilisation. Recent excavation studies from Keezhadi reveal existence of an older non-vedic civilisation in Tamil Nadu. [1] New discovery suggest possibilities of source of ancient Indian mathematicians in Tamil Nadu. [2] [ clarification needed ]

Units of time in ancient Tamil history

Area Measurement

In Jaffna, Sri Lanka For House property

Varaku Culture (V.C.)

Paddy Culture (P.C.)


Units of ancient trade

Balance weights

Thanga edaihal

  • 4 nel eḍai (நல் எடை) = 1 kuṉṟimaṇi (குன்றிமணி)
  • 2 kuṉṟimaṇi (குன்றிமணி) = 1 māñcāḍi (மஞ்சாடி)
  • 1 māñcāḍi (மஞ்சாடி) = 1 paṇaveḍai (பணவெடை)
  • 5 paṇaveḍai (பணவெடை) = 1 kaḻañcu (கழஞ்சு)
  • 8 paṇaveḍai (பணவெடை) = 1 varāgaṉeḍai (வராகனெடை)
  • 20 paṇaveḍai (பணவெடை) = 4 kaḻañcu (கழஞ்சு) = 1 kaqhsu (கஃசு)
  • 80 paṇaveaḍai (பணவெடை)= 16 kaḻañcu (கழஞ்சு)= 4 kaqhsu (கஃசு)= 1 palam (பலம்)
  • 1.5 Kaḻan
  • cu (கழஞ்சு) = 8 grams or one sovereign/pavun.

The above is not in line with South Indian Inscriptions. 2 kuṉṟima குன்றிமணி = 1 māñcāḍi மஞ்சாடி 20 māñcāḍi மஞ்சாடி = 1 kaḻañcu கழஞ்சு Ceylon Currency and Coins by H W Codrington page 10 too agrees with 20 māñcāḍi = 1 kaḻañcu.

Porutkal yedaihal

  • 32 kuṉṟimaṇi = 1 varāgaṉeḍai
  • 10 varāgaṉeḍai = 1 palam
  • 40 palam = 1 veesai
  • 1000 palam = 1 kā
  • 6 veesai = 1 tulām
  • 8 veesai = 1 maṇangu
  • 20 maṇangu = 1 pāram.

Grain volume

1 padi = 1800 avarai pods = 12,800 miḷagu seeds = 14,400 nel grains = 14,800 payaṟu grains = 38,000 arisi grains = 115,200 sesame ellu seeds

Fluid volume

Length

Likeness (Sārttal)

Likeness has attributes of tone, sound, colour and shape for comparison of a given substance with a known standard.

Whole numbers

Oldtamilcharactersold.jpg The following are the traditional numbers of the Ancient Tamil Country, Tamizhakam.

Rank10110210310410510610910121015101810201021
Wordsபத்துநூறுஆயிரம்பத்தாயிரம்நூறாயிரம்மெய்யிரம்தொள்ளுண்ஈகியம்நெளைஇளஞ்சிவெள்ளம்ஆம்பல்
Character௰௲௱௲௲௲௲௲௲௲௲௲௲௲௲௲௲௲௲௲௲௲௲௲௱௲௲௲௲௲௲௲௲௲௲௲௲௲
Readingpathunūruāyirampattāyiramnūraiyirammeiyyiramtollunīkiyamneļaiiļañciveļļamāmpal

Tamil texts also elaborate the following sanskritized version :

Malaysian text elaborates the following version

Fractions

Currency

Divisions of a Day

சிறுபொழுது (Daily)
1. காலை (kālai): 6 am-10 am
2. நண்பகல் (naṇpagal): 10 am-2 pm
3. எற்பாடு (eṟpāḍu): 2 pm-6 pm
4. மாலை (mālai): 6 pm-10 pm
5. இடையாமம் (iḍaiyāmam): 10 pm-2 am
6. வைகறை (vaikaṟai): 2 am-6 am

Divisions of the Year

பெரும்பொழுது (பெரும்பொழுது என்பது யாது எனில் பன்னிரு மாதங்களை ஆறாய்ப் பகுத்தது)

1. இளவேனில் (Iḷavēṉil): சித்திரை , வைகாசி
2. முதுவேனில் (Mutuvēṉil) :ஆனி , ஆடி
3. கார்காலம் (Kārkālam): ஆவணி, புரட்டாசி
4. குளிர்காலம் (Kuḷirkālam): ஐப்பசி ,கார்த்திகை
5. முன்பனிக் காலம்(Muṉpaṉik kālam): மார்கழி , தை
6. பின்பனிக் காலம் (Piṉpaṉik kālam): மாசி , பங்குனி

See also

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References

  1. "Keezhadi Excavation". Sivaganga District. Retrieved 13 July 2020.
  2. Issac, Anna (19 September 2019). "Major discovery in Tamil Nadu's Keezhadi: A possible link to Indus Valley Civilisation". The news minute. Heverlee, Belgium: The news minute. Retrieved 28 January 2020.

Sources