Taxonomic impediment

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Conservationists, ecologists, biodiversity scientists, lawmakers, and many others rely heavily on taxonomic information to manage, conserve, use, and share our biodiversity. The world-wide shortage of this important taxonomic information, the gaps in our taxonomic knowledge, and the shortage of trained taxonomists and curators to fill this need has come to be known as the taxonomic impediment. The importance of this phenomenon was recognized by the Convention on Biological Diversity, signed at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, [1] and initiatives have occurred that have not yet solved the problem. [2]

Contents

The greatest contributions of taxonomy to science and humanity are yet to come. Against formidable odds and with minimal funding, equipment, infrastructure, organization and encouragement, taxonomists have discovered, described, and classified nearly 1.8 million species. While increasing attention is being paid to making this substantial amount of accumulated taxonomic information more easily accessible, comparatively little attention has been paid to opening access to the research resources required by taxonomists themselves. Benefits associated with ease of access to museum records (e.g. Global Biodiversity Information Facility) or 'known' species (e.g. Encyclopedia of Life) are seriously restricted when such information is untested for validity or is simply unavailable, as is the case for three-quarters or more of the species on Earth. We act as if taxonomy is done but nothing could be farther from the truth.

The term "taxonomic impediment"

The history of the term "taxonomic impediment" can be traced, with the first documented use in any context being in 1976, [3] though this and a few later uses were made with regards to "aspects of taxonomic poverty other than lack of taxonomic expertise." [4] It was not until the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (COP 2) meeting in Jakarta in 1995 that the term "taxonomic impediment" was first used in the modern sense, referring explicitly to a shortage of taxonomists and lack of support for their research, [4] and subsequently first formally published in the broader scientific literature in 1996. [5]

Impediments to taxonomy

The causes of the current crisis in taxonomy have been ascribed to a loss of perspective in ecology [6] and evolutionary biology as the modern evolutionary synthesis developed during the 1930s and 40s: a conflation of "pattern with process", [7] "confusing the methods and goals of the emerging science of population genetics with those of the established science of taxonomy", [7] which caused the traditional fundamental taxonomy to be disparaged, and consequently underfunded.

It is argued that some initiatives that aim to bypass the bottleneck of insufficient taxonomic expertise continue to draw funds away from solving the fundamental problem. [8] [9] [10]

See also

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Family (biology)</span> Taxonomic rank between genus and order

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References

  1. ↑ "Convention on Biological Diversity: the Global Taxonomic Initiative". 20 March 2020.
  2. ↑ Wheeler, Q.D. (2008). "Taxonomic shock and awe". In Q.D. Wheeler (ed.). The New Taxonomy. Vol. 76. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 211–226.
  3. ↑ Taylor, R.W. (1976) Submission to the Australian Senate Standing Committee on Social Environment Inquiry into the impact on the Australasian environment of the current Woodchip Industry Programme pp. 3724–3731. Australian Senate Official Hansard, Canberra.
  4. 1 2 Evenhuis, N.L. (2007). Helping solve the “other” Taxonomic Impediment: Completing the eight steps to Total Enlightenment and Taxonomic Nirvana. Zootaxa 1407: 3-12.
  5. ↑ Hoagland, K.E. (1996) The taxonomic impediment and the Convention of Biodiversity. Association of Systematics Collections Newsletter 24: 61–62, 66–67.
  6. ↑ Bortolus A. 2008. Error cascades in the biological sciences: the unwanted consequences of using bad taxonomy in ecology. AMBIO 37: 114-118.
  7. 1 2 Wheeler, Q.D. (2008). "Introductory: Toward the New Taxonomy". In Q.D. Wheeler (ed.). The New Taxonomy. Vol. 76. Boca Raton: CRC Press. pp. 1–17.
  8. ↑ de Carvalho, M.R.; Bockmann, F.A.; Amorim, D.S.; Brandao, C.R.F.; de Vivo, M.; de Figueiredo, J.L.; Britski, H.A.; de Pinna, M.C.C.; Menezes, N.A.; Marques, F.P.L.; Papavero, N.; Cancello, E.M.; Crisci, J.V.; McEachran, J.D.; Schelly, R.C.; Lundberg, J.G.; Gill, A.C.; Britz, R.; Wheeler, Q.D.; Stiassny, M.L.J.; Parenti, L.R.; Page, L.M.; Wheeler, W.C.; Faivovich, J.; Vari, R.P.; Grande, L.; Humphries, C.J.; DeSalle, R.; Ebach, M.C.; Nelson, G.J. (2007). "Taxonomic impediment or impediment to taxonomy? A commentary on systematics and the cybertaxonomic-automation paradigm". Evolutionary Biology. 34 (3–4): 140–143. doi:10.1007/s11692-007-9011-6.
  9. ↑ Bortolus, A., 2012a. Guiding authors to reliably use taxonomic names. Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 418.
  10. ↑ Bortolus, A., 2012b. Good habits come first in Science too: a reply to Straka and Starzomski. Trends Ecol. Evol. 27, 655.
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