Psychotherapy is the use of psychological methods,particularly when based on regular personal interaction,to help a person change behavior,increase happiness,and overcome problems. Psychotherapy aims to improve an individual's well-being and mental health,to resolve or mitigate troublesome behaviors,beliefs,compulsions,thoughts,or emotions,and to improve relationships and social skills. Numerous types of psychotherapy have been designed either for individual adults,families,or children and adolescents. Certain types of psychotherapy are considered evidence-based for treating some diagnosed mental disorders;other types have been criticized as pseudoscience.
Psychology is an academic and applied discipline involving the scientific study of human mental functions and behavior. Occasionally,in addition or opposition to employing the scientific method,it also relies on symbolic interpretation and critical analysis,although these traditions have tended to be less pronounced than in other social sciences,such as sociology. Psychologists study phenomena such as perception,cognition,emotion,personality,behavior,and interpersonal relationships. Some,especially depth psychologists,also study the unconscious mind.
Counseling psychology is a psychological specialty that began with a focus on vocational counseling,but later moved it's emphasis to adjustment counseling,and then expanded to cover all normal psychology psychotherapy.
The Holland Codes or the Holland Occupational Themes (RIASEC) refers to a taxonomy of interests based on a theory of careers and vocational choice that was initially developed by American psychologist John L. Holland.
John Lewis Holland was an American psychologist and Professor Emeritus of Sociology at Johns Hopkins University. He was the creator of the career development model,Holland Occupational Themes,commonly known as the Holland Codes.
Gregg Henriques is an American psychologist. He is a professor for the Combined-Integrated Doctoral Program,at James Madison University,in Harrisonburg,Virginia,US.
Larry E. Beutler ABPP is a clinical psychologist.
Allen Eric Bergin is a clinical psychologist known for his research on psychotherapy outcomes and on integrating psychotherapy and religion. His 1980 article on theistic values was groundbreaking in the field and elicited over 1,000 responses and requests for reprints,and including those from Carl Rogers and Albert Bandura. Bergin is also noted for his interchanges with probabilistic atheist Albert Ellis.
Arnold Allan Lazarus was a South African-born clinical psychologist and researcher who specialized in cognitive therapy and is best known for developing multimodal therapy (MMT). A 1955 graduate of South Africa's CHIPS University of the Witwatersrand,Lazarus' accomplishments include authoring the first text on cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) called Behaviour Therapy and Beyond and 17 other books,over 300 clinical articles,and presidencies of psychological associations;he received numerous awards including the Distinguished Psychologist Award of the Division of Psychotherapy from the American Psychological Association,the Distinguished Service Award from the American Board of Professional Psychology,and three lifetime achievement awards. Lazarus was a leader in the self-help movement beginning in the 1970s writing books on positive mental imagery and avoiding negative thoughts. He spent time teaching at various universities in the United States including Rutgers University,Stanford University,Temple University Medical School,and Yale University,and was executive director of The Lazarus Institute,a mental health services facility focusing on CBT.
Common factors theory,a theory guiding some research in clinical psychology and counseling psychology,proposes that different approaches and evidence-based practices in psychotherapy and counseling share common factors that account for much of the effectiveness of a psychological treatment. This is in contrast to the view that the effectiveness of psychotherapy and counseling is best explained by specific or unique factors that are suited to treatment of particular problems.
Jerry S. Wiggins (1931–2006) was an American personality and clinical psychologist known for developing scales to assess the traits in the circumplex model,writing and editing texts on personality theory and psychometrics and for developing measures of interpersonal behavior.
Rodney L. Lowman is an American psychologist,academic administrator and entrepreneur whose major contributions have been in the areas of career assessment and counseling,ethical issues in Industrial and Organizational Psychology,the integration of clinical psychology and I-O psychology and helping to develop the field of consulting psychology. In a study of the most prolific contributors to the Consulting Psychology Journal:Practice and Research,Lowman was rated the second highest contributor for articles for the period 1992–2007.
Bob G. Knight,is the former associate dean of the USC Davis School of Gerontology,the Merle H. Bensinger Professor of Gerontology and Psychology and the director of the Tingstad Older Adult Counseling Center. He is best known for research and theory development on cross-cultural issues in stress and coping during family caregiving for dementia and also for theory and scholarship on adapting psychotherapy for work with older adults.
Robert Rocco Cottone is a psychologist,ethicist,counselor and poet and has been a professor in the Department of Counseling and Family Therapy at the University of Missouri–St. Louis since 1988,where he is a colleague of the social activist Mark Pope. He is also the founder of the Church of Belief Science. Academically,he is best known for his socially oriented theories of counseling and psychotherapy. In the mid-1980s he developed a “systemic theory of vocational rehabilitation”,which constitutes the first comprehensive social theory of vocational rehabilitation. He has been widely cited for his later work on advanced theories of psychotherapy,and he has been rated as having one of the highest publishing records among his peers. He published his first book,Theories and Paradigms of Counseling and Psychotherapy,in 1992,which defined Kuhnian paradigms of mental health treatment. He then developed a fully social model of decision making,the social constructivism model,taking decisions out of the head,so-to-speak,and placing them within the sphere of social discourse. His social theorizing advanced from that of social systems to social constructions.
Gerald Paul Koocher is an American psychologist and past president of the American Psychological Association (APA). His interests include ethics,clinical child psychology and the study of scientific misconduct. He is Dean Emeritus Simmons University and also holds an academic appointment at Harvard Medical School. Koocher has over 300 publications including 16 books and has edited three scholarly journals including Ethics &Behavior which he founded. Koocher was implicated as an author of the so-called "torture memos" that allowed psychologists to participate in torture during interrogations in the Hoffman Report,an APA investigation into psychologists' involvement in interrogation at Guantanamo Bay,Cuba.
Paul T. P. Wong is a Canadian clinical psychologist and professor. His research career has gone through four stages,with significant contributions in each stage:learning theory,social cognition,existential psychology,and positive psychology. He is most known for his integrative work on death acceptance,meaning therapy,and second wave positive psychology. He has been elected as a fellow for both the American Psychological Association and the Canadian Psychological Association.
Clinton W. McLemore is an American psychologist and author.
Jo-Ida C. Hansen is a counseling psychologist known for her research on career and work planning and measurement of vocational interests. She is Professor Emerita of Psychology at the University of Minnesota. She is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association,the American Psychological Society,the American Counseling Association,and the American Association of Applied and Preventive Psychology
Dr. Paul L. Hewitt is a Full Professor in the Department of Psychology,an Associate Member of the Psychotherapy Program in the Faculty of Medicine at the University of British Columbia,and a Registered Psychologist in British Columbia,Canada. He is a Fellow of the Canadian Psychological Association and of its Section on Clinical Psychology. He has won numerous awards. In 2017,Hewitt was named one of the top 10 Canadian clinical psychology professors for research productivity and,in 2019,he was awarded the Canadian Psychological Association’s Donald O. Hebb Award for Distinguished Contributions to Psychology as a Science. Dr. Hewitt is a researcher and clinician and has had a private practice since 1988 which focuses on psychodynamic/interpersonal assessment and psychotherapy for individuals experiencing difficulties from perfectionistic behavior,early trauma,depression,anxiety,personality,and interpersonal problems.
Nadya A. Fouad is an American vocational psychologist. She is the Editor-in-Chief of Journal of Vocational Behavior and distinguished professor and chair of the Department of Educational Psychology at the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee.
