The Cream in the Well

Last updated

The Cream in the Well is a full-length tragedy play written by Lynn Riggs. Completed in 1940 and copyrighted the same year after opening in Washington D.C., it had a twenty-four week run on Broadway at The Booth Theatre. [1] The plot takes place in 1906 in Indian Territory, leading up to the statehood of Oklahoma. Set during the Allotment period, the play follows the ratification of the Curtis Act. Backlash from newspaper critics influenced the play's initial reception: the portrayal of incestuous relationships was considered especially controversial. [2] Later critics have praised The Cream in the Well for creating Cherokee characters and non-Native characters that demonstrate the “rhythm and poetic quality” [3] of regional speech.

Contents

Character list

Sawters family

Relations of the Sawters family

Synopsis

Act I, Scene I

The entirety of the play takes place at the farmhouse of the Sawters family near Big Lake, Oklahoma in 1906. [4]   Bina, the youngest child, and Dave, the father, are described as speaking colloquially, while Lou Sawters, the family's matriarch, and Julie and Clabe, the elder two children, are portrayed as having a more formal cadence. [4] Before the commencement of the play, Clabe has left the farm to join the United States Navy, and Julie has left and since returned from the Cherokee Female Seminary. [4]

The family is preparing for the arrival of Opal and Gard Dunham, neighbors of the family, for dinner. Before marrying Gard, Opal was engaged to Clabe. Similarly, Gard once confessed his love for Julie, but was refused. As Bina, Lou, and Julie prepare for the couple's arrival, Dave arrives at the farm with a letter from Clabe. In the letter, Clabe asserts that he intends to never return to the farm; he further states that it was Julie who convinced him to leave in the first place. Finally, in a postscript to his letter, Clabe claims that “something awful and evil” [5] compels Julie. Julie becomes upset and runs upstairs mere moments before the arrival of Opal and Gard. She returns soon after, gives a brooch to Bina that had originally been given to her by Clabe, and invites Opal and Gard to stay the night.

Scene II

As the family and their guests prepare for bed, Opal confronts Julie with the knowledge that the other kept Clabe from marrying her, which Julie admits. Julie then antagonizes Opal to the point of hysteria, causing her to flee the home. Lou enters the room and insists that Julie is intentionally cruel. Bina enters distraught and explains that Opal drowned while trying to row home. As Lou and Bina withdraw to help recover the body, Julie angrily asks a portrait of Clabe if this is what he wanted.

Scene III

At Opal's bedside, Gard agrees to help Dave on the farm. As he ruminates over the loss of Opal and whether or not it is significant to him, Dave tells him about the Sawter family's initial home. He explains that the family had a previous farm with a fresh water well near Verdigris, but that for an unclear reason, any cream that the family would attempt to keep cool by lowering into the well would inevitably spoil. Later, Julie privately voices regret at her part in Opal's death. Gard enters then and explains that he still loves Julie. At the end of their conversation, Julie bitterly agrees to marry him.

Act II, Scene I

Time passes, and it is Thanksgiving Day. Bina, Lou, and Dave are preparing for the arrivals of Clabe and Julie, the latter of whom now lives with Gard. Julie and Gard arrive, Gard in a state of serious inebriation. He bickers with the family, but their conversation is interrupted by the arrival of Clabe and his friend Blocky. After the group exchanges greetings, Julie descends from the stair, wearing the brooch that she gave to Bina. She and Clabe embrace. He explains that he has been discharged, and that he doesn't know if he will return to the farm or not. Julie insists that he take Blocky up on an offer to become a lawyer, and Clabe asks why she wants him to leave so suddenly. Gard bristles, lashes out at both Clabe and Julie, and collapses. The family disperses, leaving Lou and Julie alone. Lou says that she intends to tell Clabe that Julie corrupts those she becomes close to, despite Julie's protests.

Scene II

After dinner, Clabe says he intends to stay on the farm. Julie expresses that she would like to be friends as they once were. He becomes angry and confesses that he purchased her brooch with money that he earned as a sex worker, presumably one who had sex with other men. When Julie reacts with disgust, he states that “even to think about evil is death”. [6] Clabe then demands that Julie admits that they are in love with each other, and she becomes conflicted. Julie acknowledges that there is love between them, but she maintains that it is taboo, saying that she can't face it. She resolves to walk into the lake and drown to avert the need for either of them to reckon with their feelings for each other. Clabe initially protests but eventually recognizes that he doesn't want to stop her, and Julie makes her way to the water. As she does so, she insists that Clabe forget her, invoking his belief that evil cannot be acknowledged. She exits, and Bina enters, asking where Julie is. After a while, she realizes that she doesn't care, and she begins to cheerily play a song on the organ.

Themes and Motifs

Views about women

According to Jason Michael, Lynn Riggs's works with women characters share a theme of tragedy. In the case of Julie Sawters, the main reason for her unhappy ending was her inability to come to terms with her dwindling relationship with Clabe Sawters. [7] Examining Julie's autonomy, which leads to her inner guilt and suicide, Michael states that almost all of Riggs's women either wind up emotionally or physically dead. [7]

Craig Womack argues that Julie's suicide represents a return to conformity for Clabe, asserting that the secrecy surrounding the incestuous relationship mirrors that which surrounded many gay relationships at the time. [8] He observes that the play preserves the gay character while killing off the woman, a substitution that he considers "not an improvement". [9]

Views about men

Jason Michael states that the men in Lynn Riggs's work are much more "numerous" and "diverse" in their natures and rewards. [10] According to Michael, the dominant theme that accounts for Clabe Sawters is that of the "Troubled Idealistic Poet-Boy." [10] Clabe is surrounded by characters that shape his archetype such as his father, who fails to understand the poetic, soft side of Clabe, along with his sister Julie who had a morally forbidden love with Clabe. [11] Michael also states that archetypal men like Clabe have trouble following social norms usually as a result of their alienation within a society that does not make sense to them. [12]

Views about same-sex relationships

As noted by Jason Michael, there are no surviving, written records of how complex characters like Clabe Sawters were handled by the actors or received by the general public. [12] The theme of homosexuality or homoeroticisms surfaces when Clabe engages with U.S. Navy men looking for gay sexual encounters around ports. Michael argues that Clabe's participation in paid sexual labor gets lost under the melodramatic nature of Clabe's other scenes. [13]

Craig Womack maintains that the play shies away from an acceptance of gayness, with Julie advising Clabe to forget her (and by extension, all romantic feelings that are considered deviant) in her final moments, reinforcing the play's refusal to endorse its own gay themes. [13] Womack relates this apprehension to events in Lynn Riggs' personal life, noting that the playwright likely died without the support necessary to accept his own identity as a gay man. [14]

Reception & Interpretations

The Booth Theatre, home to the Broadway premiere of The Cream in the Well. Booth Theatre (48295953591).jpg
The Booth Theatre, home to the Broadway premiere of The Cream in the Well.

Reception

The reception of The Cream in the Well was largely negative upon its premiere on Broadway. Critical aversion to the play often stemmed from the play's engagement with taboo themes such as incest and homosexuality. The New York Times critic, Brooks Atkinson, stated that it was difficult to find further meaning beyond well-written prose. [2] [15] Atkinson described Julie as an "intelligent woman" who "radiates death and destruction wherever she goes." [15] In 1941, Riggs read The Cream in the Well to a group of his friends. Following the reading, his peer Ann Webster and others wrote letters to The New York Times's "Drama Mailbag". On March 9, Webster's letter was published stating, "... The play is a picture of the world today." [16] In this letter, Webster took time to respond to Atkinson's view of Julie, saying, "If Mr. Riggs had brought in something easy for Julie to do as an expression of her creative life force, then there would have been no dramatic problem." [16]

Through critical reviews, starting with the opening night article in The New York Times that described The Cream in the Well as "The Lynn Riggs Play, With an Oklahoma Background", [17] Lynn Riggs's play was tied in conversation to the land of Oklahoma and the people in it. A Commonweal critic was under the impression that Riggs was attempting to write Greek tragedy, but with Oklahoma farmers in place of royalty, [1] while in Webster's letter she asserts that the play fits into the "proportions of a Greek tragedy." [16]   The Cream in the Well came to Broadway in a time of war, when the focus in popular American theater was on musicals as a means of escapism. [18] Riggs has been described as a playwright who “has never shown the slightest desire to adjust his work to the current demands of Broadway.” [19] Meanwhile, contemporary criticism tilts more towards positive. Phyllis Cole Braunlich describes The Cream in the Well as “powerful dramatic literature.” [1]

Intersectional criticism

Modern academic criticism of the plays of Lynn Riggs, including The Cream in the Well, has focused on the intersectionality of the author's identity as a gay, Indigenous playwright. Craig Womack has argued that the play is one of only two by Riggs with an explicitly gay event, citing Clabe's prostitution as one such occurrence. Womack further states that The Cream in the Well is one of Riggs's most direct portrayals of Indigenous themes. [20] In evaluating the roles of race and sexuality in the play, Womack argues that gay identity is "far more transgressive than race", citing the willingness of the characters to openly discuss racial issues, and their comparative reluctance to discuss sexuality, as evidence. [21]

Vivian Baker Donaldson proposes that the role the taboo of incest plays in the show is a stand-in for a taboo of the time: homosexuality. [2] In the show, the word “incest” is not spoken by the characters. Donaldson points out, “the word, alone, is bad magic”. When Clabe urges Julie to say what is between them, he states, “Let's say it out plain, and see if it can hurt us.” [22]

Womack has also argued that Riggs’ portrayal of Oklahoma as a whole, which ranges from idyllic to nightmarish, conveys a deeper attempt at understanding himself as a gay man, and further, an Indigenous one. [23] He writes that Riggs’ fixation on a time in Oklahoman history that was “kinder and gentler” than the early 20th century betrayed a lack of framework at the time for conveying a gay, Indigenous character. [23] The emergence of Clabe Sawter as a character who can be interpreted as both presents a rare instance of directness for Riggs, according to Womack. [20]

Further reading

  1. Braunlich, P., & Riggs, L. (2002). Haunted by home: The life and letters of Lynn Riggs. University of Oklahoma Press.
  2. LaVelle, John P. (1999). “The General Allotment Act “Eligibility” Hoax: Distortions of Law, Policy, and History in Derogation of Indian Tribes” Wíčazo Ša Review 14 (1): 251–302. https://doi.org/10.2307/1409527

Related Research Articles

<i>Carousel</i> (musical) 1945 musical by Rodgers and Hammerstein

Carousel is the second musical by the team of Richard Rodgers (music) and Oscar Hammerstein II. The 1945 work was adapted from Ferenc Molnár's 1909 play Liliom, transplanting its Budapest setting to the Maine coastline. The story revolves around carousel barker Billy Bigelow, whose romance with millworker Julie Jordan comes at the price of both their jobs. He participates in a robbery to provide for Julie and their unborn child; after it goes tragically wrong, he is given a chance to make things right. A secondary plot line deals with millworker Carrie Pipperidge and her romance with ambitious fisherman Enoch Snow. The show includes the well-known songs "If I Loved You", "June Is Bustin' Out All Over" and "You'll Never Walk Alone". Richard Rodgers later wrote that Carousel was his favorite of all his musicals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Nancy Walker</span> American actress (1922–1992)

Nancy Walker was an American actress and comedian of stage, screen, and television. She was also a film and television director. During her five-decade-long career, she may be best remembered for her long-running roles as Mildred on McMillan & Wife and Ida Morgenstern, who first appeared on several episodes of The Mary Tyler Moore Show and later became a prominent recurring character on the spinoff series Rhoda.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mary Lynn Rajskub</span> American actress and comedian

Mary Lynn Rajskub is an American actress and comedian who is best known for portraying Chloe O'Brian in the action thriller series 24 and Gail the Snail in It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia. Rajskub was a regular cast member on HBO's Mr. Show with Bob and David, appeared in The Larry Sanders Show, Brooklyn Nine Nine, and Veronica's Closet, and such films as Dude, Where's My Car?, Firewall, Sweet Home Alabama, Punch-Drunk Love, Mysterious Skin, Little Miss Sunshine, Sunshine Cleaning, Safety Not Guaranteed, and The Kings of Summer, among others.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diana Lynn</span> American actress (1926–1971)

Diana Marie Lynn was an American actress. She built her career by starring in Paramount Pictures films and various television series during the 1940s and 1950s. Two stars on Hollywood Walk of Fame are dedicated to her name.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eileen Grimshaw</span> Fictional character from Coronation Street

Eileen Grimshaw is a fictional character from the British ITV soap opera Coronation Street. Portrayed by Sue Cleaver, the character first appeared on-screen during the episode airing on 3 May 2000. Her storylines have often included her relationships with Dennis Stringer, Ed Jackson, Pat Stanaway, Jerry Morton, Jesse Chadwick, Paul Kershaw, Adrian Mortimer and Michael Rodwell, as well as her marriage to serial criminal mastermind Pat Phelan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Betty Lynn</span> American actress (1926–2021)

Elizabeth Ann Theresa Lynn was an American actress. She played Thelma Lou, Deputy Barney Fife's girlfriend, on The Andy Griffith Show. During the 1940s and 1950s, she appeared in many films, including Sitting Pretty (1948), June Bride (1948), the original Cheaper by the Dozen (1950), and Meet Me in Las Vegas (1956). She also played a major role in an episode of the television series Little House on the Prairie.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lynn Riggs</span> American dramatist

Rollie Lynn Riggs was an American author, poet, playwright and screenwriter. His 1931 play Green Grow the Lilacs was adapted into the landmark musical Oklahoma!.

It's a Scandal! It's a Outrage! is a song from the 1943 musical Oklahoma!. It was first performed on Broadway by Joseph Buloff.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thelma Lou</span> Fictional character

Thelma Lou, or Thel by boyfriend Barney Fife, is a character on the American television sitcom The Andy Griffith Show (1960-1968). The character appeared in 26 episodes, starting with the first-season episode, "Cyrano Andy". Thelma Lou was portrayed by Betty Lynn.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gino Esposito</span> Soap opera character

Gino Esposito is a fictional character from the Australian soap opera Neighbours, played by Shane McNamara. The character made his first appearance during the episode broadcast on 11 August 2000. The character was originally played by Claude Stevens. McNamara was cast in the role when the character was reintroduced in 2001. Gino owned a hair salon called A Good Hair Day, which employed both Lyn Scully and Janelle Timmins. Script producer Luke Devenish called Gino "a [gay] stereotype" and a comedic character, similar to Mr. Humphries from British sitcom Are You Being Served?.

<i>Liliom</i> 1909 play by the Hungarian playwright Ferenc Molnár

Liliom is a 1909 play by the Hungarian playwright Ferenc Molnár. It was well known in its own right during the early to mid-20th century, but is best known today as the basis for the Rodgers and Hammerstein 1945 musical Carousel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Julie Goldman</span>

Julie Goldman is an American comedian, actress, and podcaster. She is best known for her work on Bravo’s The People’s Couch, and HBO’s Curb Your Enthusiasm. In 2016, she started a podcast with her comedy partner Brandy Howard, called Dumb Gay Politics, which recaps politics and reality TV.

<i>This Is My Life</i> (1992 film) 1992 film by Nora Ephron

This Is My Life is a 1992 American comedy-drama film. It stars Julie Kavner as a working class single mother trying to break into stand-up comedy who struggles to juggle her newfound fame with her existing responsibilities as a parent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Angie Debo</span> American historian (1890–1988)

Angie Elbertha Debo, was an American historian who wrote 13 books and hundreds of articles about Native American and Oklahoma history. After a long career marked by difficulties, she was acclaimed as Oklahoma's "greatest historian" and acknowledged as "an authority on Native American history, a visionary, and an historical heroine in her own right."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Calamity Jane</span> American frontierswoman

Martha Jane Canary, better known as Calamity Jane, was an American frontierswoman, sharpshooter, and storyteller. In addition to many exploits, she was known for being an acquaintance of Wild Bill Hickok. Late in her life, she appeared in Buffalo Bill's Wild West show and at the 1901 Pan-American Exposition. She is said to have exhibited compassion to others, especially to the sick and needy. This facet of her character contrasted with her daredevil ways and helped to make her a noted frontier figure. She was also known for her habit of wearing men's attire.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lena Dunham</span> American writer and actress (born 1986)

Lena Dunham is an American writer, director, actress, and producer. She is the creator, writer, and star of the HBO television series Girls (2012–2017), for which she received several Emmy Award nominations and two Golden Globe Awards. Dunham also directed several episodes of Girls and became the first woman to win the Directors Guild of America Award for Outstanding Directing – Comedy Series. Prior to Girls, Dunham wrote, directed, and starred in the semi-autobiographical independent film Tiny Furniture (2010), for which she won an Independent Spirit Award for Best First Screenplay. Her second feature film, Sharp Stick, written and directed by Dunham, was released in 2022. Her third film, Catherine Called Birdy, had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 12, 2022. It was released in a limited release on September 23, 2022, by Amazon Studios, prior to streaming on Prime Video on October 7, 2022.

<i>Drowning in Fire</i> Novel by Craig Womack

Drowning in Fire is a novel by Craig Womack published in 2001 by The University of Arizona Press. The story follows a young queer person, Josh Henneha, coming of age in the Muscogee Creek Nation in Eufaula, Oklahoma. The novel is told across the 20th century through the perspectives of Josh and his great aunt Lucille Self.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Maguire, James H. (1989). "Haunted by Home: The Life and Letters of Lynn Riggs by Phyllis Cole Braunlich". Western American Literature. 24 (2): 180–181. doi:10.1353/wal.1989.0076. ISSN   1948-7142. S2CID   165414551.
  2. 1 2 3 Baker Donaldson, Vivian (1984). The Incest Taboo and Lynn Riggs' Territory Folk (MA thesis). College of William & Mary. p. 73. Paper 1539625257.
  3. ↑ Braunlich, Phyllis Cole (1990). "The Oklahoma Plays of R. Lynn Riggs". World Literature Today. 64 (3): 390–394. doi:10.2307/40146628. ISSN   0196-3570. JSTOR   40146628.
  4. 1 2 3 Riggs, Lynn. The Cream in the Well. pp.2, Act I, Scene I.
  5. ↑ Riggs, Lynn. The Cream in the Well. pp.19, Act I, Scene I.
  6. ↑ Riggs, Lynn. The Cream in the Well. pp. 74, Act II, Scene II.
  7. 1 2 Michael, Jason. “Lynn Riggs: Forgotten Genius.” VCU Scholars Compass, 2014, pp. 20                 https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3351/
  8. ↑ Womack, Craig (2009). Art as Performance, Story as Criticism: Reflections on Native Literary Aesthetics. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 136. ISBN   978-0-8061-4065-0.
  9. ↑ Womack, Craig (2009). Art as Performance, Story as Criticism: Reflections on Native Literary Aesthetics. University of Oklahoma. p. 137. ISBN   978-0-8061-4065-0.
  10. 1 2 Michael, Jason. “Lynn Riggs: Forgotten Genius.” VCU Scholars Compass, 2014, pp. 26                https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3351/
  11. ↑ Michael, Jason. “Lynn Riggs: Forgotten Genius.” VCU Scholars Compass, 2014, pp. 27                https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3351/
  12. 1 2 Michael, Jason. “Lynn Riggs: Forgotten Genius.” VCU Scholars Compass, 2014, pp. 36                 https://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/3351/
  13. 1 2 Womack, Craig (2009). Art as Performance, Story as Criticism: Reflections on Native Literary Aesthetics. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 135. ISBN   978-0-8061-4065-0.
  14. ↑ Womack, Craig (2009). Art as Performance, Story as Criticism: Reflections on Native Literary Aesthetics. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 128. ISBN   978-0-8061-4065-0.
  15. 1 2 Atkinson, Brooks (January 21, 1941). "Lynn Riggs's 'The Cream in the Well' Has a Farm Background in the Old Indian Territory". The New York Times.
  16. 1 2 3 Webster, Ann (March 9, 1941). ""Cream in the Well"". The New York Times.
  17. ↑ "OPENING TONIGHT OF 'CREAM IN WELL'; The Lynn Riggs Play, With an Oklahoma Background, to Be Seen at Booth TWO OTHERS ARE DELAYED Tanyard Street's' Premiere Put Off Indefinitely -- 'Talley Method' Now Due Feb. 10". The New York Times. January 20, 1941.
  18. ↑ "The Best Broadway Shows From The 1940s". Student Resources. 2016-01-15. Retrieved 2021-11-08.
  19. ↑ Vestal, Stanley (1929). "Lynn Riggs: Poet and Dramatist". Southwest Review. 15 (1): 64–71. ISSN   0038-4712. JSTOR   43466057.
  20. 1 2 Womack, Craig (2005). "Review of The Cherokee Night and Other Plays". Studies in American Indian Literatures. 17: 114–121, 128–129. doi:10.1353/ail.2005.0038. S2CID   161966600. ProQuest   210689333 – via Proquest.
  21. ↑ Womack, Craig (2009). Art as Performance, Story as Criticism: Reflections on Native Literary Aesthetics. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 124. ISBN   978-0-8061-4065-0.
  22. ↑ Riggs, Lynn. The Cream in the Well. pp. 75, Act II, Scene II.
  23. 1 2 Womack, Craig (1999). Red on Red: Native American Literary Separatism. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. ISBN   0-8166-3022-4.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.