The Cultural Revolution (CR),formally known as the Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution,was a sociopolitical movement in the People's Republic of China (PRC). It was launched by Mao Zedong in 1966 and lasted until his death in 1976. Its stated goal was to preserve Chinese communism by purging remnants of capitalist and traditional elements from Chinese society. Though it failed to achieve its main objectives,the CR marked the effective return of Mao to the center of power. This came after a period of relative absence for Mao,who had been sidelined by the more moderate Seven Thousand Cadres Conference in the aftermath of the Great Leap Forward and the following Great Chinese Famine,which occurred while he was still chairman of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP).
Laogai,short for laodong gaizao (劳动改造),which means reform through labor,is a criminal justice system involving the use of penal labor and prison farms in the People's Republic of China (PRC). Láogǎi is different from láojiào,or re-education through labor,which was the abolished administrative detention system for people who were not criminals but had committed minor offenses,and was intended to "reform offenders into law-abiding citizens". Persons who were detained in the laojiao were detained in facilities that were separate from those which comprised the general prison system of the laogai. Both systems,however,were based on penal labor.
Zhang Chunqiao was a prominent Chinese political theorist,writer,and politician. He came to the national spotlight during the late stages of the Cultural Revolution,and was a member of the ultra-Maoist group dubbed the "Gang of Four".
The Anti-Rightist Campaign in the People's Republic of China,which lasted from 1957 to roughly 1959,was a political campaign to purge alleged "Rightists" within the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) and the country as a whole. The campaign was launched by Chairman Mao Zedong,but Deng Xiaoping and Peng Zhen also played an important role. The Anti-Rightist Campaign significantly damaged democracy in China and turned the country into a de facto one-party state.
The Jinggang Mountains,historically rendered as Chingkang Mountains are a mountain range of the Luoxiao Mountains System,in the border region of Jiangxi and Hunan Provinces.
Ohrdruf was a German forced labour and concentration camp located near Ohrdruf,south of Gotha,in Thuringia,Germany. It was part of the Buchenwald concentration camp network.
Wang Zhen was a Chinese political figure who was one of the Eight Elders of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). He was the 4th Vice President of China and served under Chinese Presidents Yang Shangkun and Li Xiannian. Wang Zhen was the first Vice Chairman to serve in the Central Advisory Commission,under Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping.
On the Ten Major Relationships is a speech by Mao Zedong which outlines how the People's Republic of China would construct socialism different from the model of development undertaken by the Soviet Union. It was delivered by Mao during an enlarged session of a Politburo meeting of the Chinese Communist Party on April 25,1956 and further elaborated in the 7th Supreme State Conference on May 2 the same year.
Yuan Wencai,also Yuan Xuansan was a former bandit chieftain who operated in the Jinggang Mountains of Jiangxi,from 1923,and then joined the Chinese Communist Party,becoming a protégé
Wang Zuo,also Wang Yunhui (王雲輝) or Wang Yunfei (王雲飛),nicknamed Nandougu (南斗牯),was a former bandit chieftain who operated in the Jinggang Mountains of Jiangxi,from 1923,and then joined the Chinese Communist Party,becoming a protégéof Mao Zedong during their formative period in the Jiangxi Soviet. However,this cost him his own life in the following power struggle within the Communist Party of China.
Wang Ruowang was a Chinese author and dissident who was imprisoned various times for political reasons by both the Kuomintang and the Communist government of China for advocating reform and liberalization. His name at birth was "Shouhua",but he was most commonly known by his pen name,"Ruowang". He was a prolific essayist and literary critic.
Extermination through labour is a term that was adopted to describe forced labor in Nazi concentration camps whose inmates were held in very bad conditions and suffered a very high mortality rate;in some camps most prisoners died within a few months of incarceration. In the 21st century,research has questioned whether there was a general policy of extermination through labor in the Nazi concentration camp system because of widely varying conditions between camps. German historian Jens-Christian Wagner argues that the camp system involved the exploitation of forced labor of some prisoners and the systematic murder of others,especially Jews,with only limited overlap between these two groups.
Wang Bing is a Chinese director,often referred to as one of the foremost figures in documentary film-making. Wang is the founder of his own production company,Wang Bing Studios,which produces most of his films. His movie on Chinese labour camps,The Ditch,was included in the 2010 Venice Film Festival as the film sorpresa.
Jiabiangou Labor Camp is a former farm labor camp (laogai) located in the area under the administration of Jiuquan in the northwestern desert region of Gansu Province. The camp was in use during the Anti-Rightist Campaign in the years from 1957 to 1961. During its operation,it held approximately 3,000 political prisoners,of whom about 2,500 died at Jiabiangou,mostly of starvation.
In World War II,Nazi Germany established brothels in the concentration camps to increase productivity among inmates,although these institutions were used mostly by Kapos,"prisoner functionaries" and the criminal element,because regular inmates,penniless and emaciated,were usually too debilitated and wary of exposure to Schutzstaffel (SS) schemes. In the end,the camp brothels did not produce any noticeable increase in the prisoners' productivity levels,but instead,created a market for coupons among the camp VIPs.
Conrad Yama,was an American theatre,film,and television actor.
The Internment of Chinese-Indians was the forced relocation and incarceration of 3000 Chinese-Indians in an internment camp in Deoli,Rajasthan during Sino-Indian War in 1962. They were detained without trial as per Defence of India Act,1962. The internees were released in a phase by phase manner until the last internee was released in 1967. After the internment,many Chinese-Indians were resettled with equal rights,and some were deported or coerced to leave India. Nearly all internees had their properties sold off or looted.
Dead Souls is a 2018 documentary film directed by Wang Bing and documents the testimony of survivors of the hard-labor camp in the Gobi Desert in Gansu,China.The film was Shot from 2005 to 2017 and covers most of China's provinces,visiting more than 120 survivors of the Jiabiangou and Mingshui reeducation camps,which were set up by China's Communist regime in the late 1950s. The film premiered at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival.
The Continuous Revolution Theory is an element of Maoism. This is often subsumed under the subject of the Cultural Revolution.
