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The legal status of transgender people varies greatly around the world. Some countries have enacted laws protecting the rights of transgender individuals, but others have criminalized their gender identity or expression. In many cases, transgender individuals face discrimination in employment, housing, healthcare, and other areas of life.
A cisgender person has a gender identity that matches their sex assigned at birth. A person whose sex was assigned male at birth and identifies as a boy or a man, or someone whose sex was assigned female at birth and identifies as a girl or a woman, is considered cisgender. This is the case for the majority of people.
Gender identity is the personal sense of one's own gender. Gender identity can correlate with a person's assigned sex or can differ from it. In most individuals, the various biological determinants of sex are congruent, and consistent with the individual's gender identity. Gender expression typically reflects a person's gender identity, but this is not always the case. While a person may express behaviors, attitudes, and appearances consistent with a particular gender role, such expression may not necessarily reflect their gender identity. The term gender identity was coined by psychiatry professor Robert J. Stoller in 1964 and popularized by psychologist John Money.
Stonewall is a lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) rights charity in the United Kingdom. It is the largest LGBT rights organisation in Europe.
Transfeminism, or trans feminism, is a branch of feminism focused on transgender women and informed by transgender studies.
Gender variance or gender nonconformity is behavior or gender expression by an individual that does not match masculine or feminine gender norms. A gender-nonconforming person may be variant in their gender identity, being transgender or non-binary, or they may be cisgender. In the case of transgender people, they may be perceived, or perceive themselves as, gender-nonconforming before transitioning, but might not be perceived as such after transitioning. Transgender adults who appear gender-nonconforming after transition are more likely to experience transphobic discrimination.
Gender incongruence is the state of having a gender identity that does not correspond to one's sex assigned at birth. This is experienced by people who identify as transgender or transsexual, and often results in gender dysphoria. The causes of gender incongruence have been studied for decades. The most studied factors are biological, especially brain structure differences with relation to biology and sexual orientation. Environmental factors have also been proposed.
The classification of transsexual and gender non-conforming people into distinct groups has been attempted since the mid-1960s.
LGBT movements in the United States comprise an interwoven history of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and allied movements in the United States of America, beginning in the early 20th century and influential in achieving social progress for lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender and transsexual people.
Christine Burns is a British political activist best known for her work with Press for Change and, more recently, as an internationally recognised health adviser. Burns was awarded an MBE in 2005 in recognition of her work representing transgender people. In 2011, she ranked 35th on the Independent on Sunday's annual Pink List of influential lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people in the United Kingdom.
A transgender person is someone whose gender identity or gender expression does not correspond with the sex they were assigned at birth. Many experience gender dysphoria, which they may seek to alleviate through transitioning, often adopting a different name and set of pronouns in the process. They may pursue gender affirming care such as hormone replacement therapy and various gender-affirming surgeries. Not all transgender people desire these treatments and others may be unable to access them for financial or medical reasons. Those who do desire to medically transition to another sex may identify as transsexual.
Transsexual people experience a gender identity that is inconsistent with their assigned sex, and desire to permanently transition to the sex or gender with which they identify, usually seeking medical assistance to help them align their body with their identified sex or gender.
Intersex Human Rights Australia (IHRA) is a voluntary organisation for intersex people that promotes the human rights and bodily autonomy of intersex people in Australia, and provides education and information services. Established in 2009 and incorporated as a charitable company in 2010, it was formerly known as Organisation Intersex International Australia, or OII Australia. It is recognised as a Public Benevolent Institution.
Multiple countries legally recognize non-binary or third gender classifications. These classifications are typically based on a person's gender identity. In some countries, such classifications may only be available to intersex people, born with sex characteristics that "do not fit the typical definitions for male or female bodies."
Intersex rights in New Zealand are protections and rights afforded to intersex people. Protection from discrimination is implied by the Human Rights Act and the Bill of Rights Act, but remains untested. The New Zealand Human Rights Commission states that there has seemingly been a "lack of political will to address issues involved in current practices of genital normalisation on intersex children".
Transgender rights in the United Kingdom have varied significantly over time, with the British transgender community facing ongoing challenges not experienced by cisgender Britons. These include various laws and public attitudes in regards to identity documents, as well as anti-discrimination measures used by or pertaining to transgender people, in the areas of employment, education, housing and social services, amongst others.
Transgender rights in the Federal Republic of Germany are regulated by the Transsexuellengesetz since 1980, and indirectly affected by other laws like the Abstammungsrecht. The law initially required transgender people to undergo sex-reassignment surgery in order to have key identity documents changed. This has since been declared unconstitutional. The German government has pledged to replace the Transsexuellengesetz with the Selbstbestimmungsgesetz, which would remove the financial and bureaucratic hurdles necessary for legal gender and name changes. Discrimination protections on the basis of gender identity and sexual orientation vary across Germany, but discrimination in employment and the provision of goods and services is in principle banned countrywide.
Mermaids is a British charity and advocacy organisation that supports gender variant and transgender youth. It also provides inclusion and diversity training. Mermaids was founded in 1995 by a group of parents of gender nonconforming children and became a charitable incorporated organisation in 2015.
The Gender Identity Development Service (GIDS) is a nationally operated health clinic in the United Kingdom that specialises in working with children with gender identity issues, including gender dysphoria. Launched in 1989, GIDS is commissioned by NHS England and takes referrals from across the UK, although it is operated at a Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust site. GIDS is the only gender identity clinic for people under 18 in England and Wales and is the subject of much controversy. In July 2022, the NHS decided to close GIDS and replace it with regional healthcare centres in 2023, following the release of an interim report on the provision of gender identity services for children and adolescents conducted by paediatrician Hilary Cass. In May 2023, it was announced that the closure would be delayed until 2024.
This article addresses the history of transgender people across the British Isles in the United Kingdom, the British colonies and the Kingdom of England until the present day. Transgender people were historically recognised in the UK by varying titles and cultural gender indicators, such as dress. People dressing and living differently from their sex assignment at birth and contributing to various aspects of British history and culture have been documented from the 14th century to the present day. In the 20th century, advances in medicine, social and biological sciences and transgender activism have influenced transgender life in the UK.
References
- ↑ Abbott, Stephen (10 January 2007). "Charity blasts PCT for proposed sex change cuts". Richmond and Twickenham Times. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
But the Gender Trust said the move "would put medicine back 30 years in its understanding of what transsexualism is.
- ↑ Bradbury, Jennifer (11 August 2004). "Important to gain acceptance". Evening Chronicle. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
A spokesman for the Gender Trust, a UK charity which offers advice, education, information and support on gender identity issues to transsexuals and professional people who come across transsexuals in the course of their work, said of Nadia's success on BB: "We feel it has been a positive experience. It's raised the general public's awareness that transsexuals are just ordinary people."
- ↑ Radnedge, Aidan (12 September 2011). "Child who wants sex change goes back to school as girl". Metro. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
"Michelle Bridgman, a psychotherapist and project manager for the Gender Trust charity, described the child's bullies as 'barbaric'.
- ↑ Bourke, Amy (4 April 2007). "Employers challenged over trans policies". Pink News. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
Not long before the Gender Equality duty (GED) comes into force, the Gender Trust has said that employers are often surprised what a turbulent process changing gender can be.
- ↑ "Transsexuals win extra change from the lottery" . The Independent. 14 January 1997. Archived from the original on 18 June 2022. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
A charity for transsexuals is among 65 recipients of lottery money grants announced today by the National Lottery Charities Board. The Gender Trust, of Horsham and Henfield, West Sussex, is awarded pounds 33,700 in grants to health, disability and care projects totalling pounds 9.6m.
- ↑ Ford, Coreena (12 January 2003). "Stuck in the middle". Sunday Sun. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
There are many support groups in the UK for intersex people and those with gender-identity problems, including . . . Cross + Roads Gender Identity Support and Transwatch UK: 01388-607925 or e-mail paula@crossroads-gid-support.org.uk or andrea@crossroads-gid-support.org.uk The Gender Trust: 07000-790347. ATR-X Support Group: 01606-44943. Mermaids (family support group for children and teenagers with gender-identity issues): 07020-935066.
- ↑ "Ask The Panel for advice". Times Higher Education. 8 June 2007. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
They can also seek guidance from professional organisations such as Press for Change, The Gender Trust (www.gendertrust.org.uk) or TheGender Identity and Research Education Society (www.gires.org.uk).