The House of Breath

Last updated
The House of Breath
TheHouseOfBreath.jpg
First edition
Author William Goyen
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Genre Semi-autobiographical novel
Publisher Random House
Publication date
1950
Media typePrint
Pages181 pp
ISBN 978-0-8101-5067-6 (TriQuarterly Books/Northwestern University Press, Fiftieth Anniversary Edition)
Followed by Ghost and Flesh: Stories and Tales  

The House of Breath is a novel written by the American author William Goyen. It was his first book, published in 1950. It is not a novel in the usual sense in that it lacks traditional plot and character development. Upon its publication, reviewers noted the book for its unusual literary technique and style. Goyen called it a series of “arias”. Some critics have called it not a novel at all but a work to be read as poetry, over and over. The book touches on themes of family (kinship), human sexuality, place, time, and memory. It received critical acclaim upon its publication, not commercial success, but it did lead the way for support of the author’s further work through fellowships.

Contents

Background

Goyen began to sketch parts of the novel during World War II, when he served on the aircraft carrier USS Casablanca. [1] [2] After the war he and Navy friend Walter Berns moved to Taos, New Mexico, where they lived near benefactor Frieda Lawrence (widow of D.H. Lawrence) to pursue writing. [3] Publications of several short stories followed, and Goyen was awarded the Southwest Review Literary Fellowship in 1949, which supported his continuing work on the book. It is an autobiographical work, [2] but not in the sense that people might usually think of autobiography. Goyen once remarked, “Everything is auto-biography for me.” [4]

Origin of book title

In an interview with The Paris Review in 1976 (on the occasion of the publication of the book’s Twenty-fifth Anniversary Edition), Goyen relates how he happened upon the title. He was serving on an aircraft carrier during World War II at the time: [2]

Suddenly—it was out on a deck in the cold—I saw the breath that came from me. And I thought that the simplest thing that I know is what I belong to and where I came from and I just called out to my family as I stood there that night, and it just . . . I saw this breath come from me and I thought—in that breath, in that call, is "their" existence, is their reality . . . and I must shape that and I must write about them—"The House of Breath".

Alternate titles Goyen considered were Cries Down a Well, Six Elegies, and Six American Portraits. [2]

Book summary

Two epigraphs open the book. The first is from a character in the book, Aunt Malley Ganchion: “What kin are we all to each other, anyway?” The second is the famous quote from French poet Rimbaud: “JE est un autre.” [5] Literally translated, it means “I is another.” Goyen scholar Reginald Gibbons noted this “has the effect of alerting the reader in advance to the multiplicity of selves who narrate the book, all of them also in some sense the author-narrator “Goyen.”” [6] Davis interprets both thus: [7]

Kinship juxtaposed to otherness. The character from within the novel, Aunt Malley, poses the broad and basic question of William Goyen's writing: What is kinship? What do we owe to other people as relatives, as human beings? What is the basis and nature of our obligations, our debts? This questioning makes room for gestures such as Rimbaud's (or rather Goyen’s as he ventriloquizes this separation). And so the capitalized and insistent "I" (JE) calls out its strangeness, a sense of distance already implied in the shadow of the porch, the precarious umbrella, already waiting in kinship, its shadowy trace.

The book is narrated by several people, most notably a man returning after a long absence to his abandoned family home in Charity, Texas; other characters in the man’s family narrate their own sections, as do inanimate objects (a river, the wind, the woods). The text does not adhere to the usual structure of a novel: there is no “plot” to develop, and characters and events are explored deeply as moments of life are recalled. The book is thus composed of linked accounts of people who lived in the town, loosely connected by the first-person narrator. “The focus of the novel is the leaving and returning of the self-exiled “children” of Charity—the interrelatedness of people and place.” [8]

Main characters

Themes

Primary themes of the book include family (kinship), time, memory, sexuality, place and the identity it brings, and the Christ figure. [9] [10] The book is noted for being “a meditation on the nature of identity and origins, memory, and time’s annihilation of life.” [10] Some later scholars have focused on the book’s treatment of male homosexuality. [11]

Critical response and reception

The House of Breath was received with critical success and puzzlement. Critics appreciated Goyen’s lyric and evocative prose but at the same time did not think it always worked in the author’s favor. Goyen’s family and the people in Trinity, Texas were troubled by what appeared to be the book’s disturbing autobiographical look at a “fictional”

In her New York Times review, writer Katherine Anne Porter (best known for her novel Ship of Fools ) wrote: “The House of Breath is not a well-made novel, indeed it is not a novel at all but a sustained evocation of the past….” [12] But she concludes her review: “the writing as a whole is disciplined on a high plane, and there are long passages of the best writing, the fullest and richest and most expressive, that I have read in a very long time—complex in form, and beautifully organized…”

A review in Harper’s Magazine noted: [13]

Some will label its style confused, pretentious, neo-Thomas Wolfe with homosexual overtones. To others it will seem poetic magic of the most poignant beauty and intensity. Here is unquestionably a new and remarkable talent and a book which can be read, like poetry, over and over for deeper meanings and unexpected flashes of insight.

Well-known literary critic Northrop Frye wrote at the time that it was “a remarkable book.” [14] Another reviewer called the book “absorbing” and “moving.” [15]

The publication of the book brought some literary fame to Goyen, both in New York and in Texas. He would later recall that he felt that “everyone he met in the literary world wanted a piece of him, wanted to admire him as the moment’s fashion, and yet at the same time he felt that others were angry at him for his moment of public recognition.” [1] He would also recall later that he was “just about disinherited” by his family after the book’s publication, and “fell out of favor with many people” in his home town. [2]

Later critics have addressed the book’s exploration and presentation of male homosexuality. [11] [16]

Literary technique and style

Various critics and reviewers have called the style that the book is written in as abstract, psychological, lyrical, poetic, surreal, experimental, mythic, and fantastic. [9] [11] Goyen scholar Reginald Gibbons stated that the work “pondered the problem of how to think about the past, about the life of feeling that one had had in the past…” [4]

Of the form his book takes, Goyen stated in an interview: [2]

The form of that novel is the way it was written. It was slow, although it poured from me and a whole lot of it was simply given to me, absolutely put into my mouth. There were great stretches when nothing came. Then it poured out . . . in pieces, if that’s possible. So I thought of it as fragments . . . that was what established its form.

Goyen recalled afterwards that the book was “like a series of related ‘’arias’’…” [10] Gibbons said that, with The House of Breath, “Goyen invented a new form of the novel.” [10]

Publication history

Most of the final text was published in magazines before the entire novel was first published in 1950. [2] It was a critical but not commercial success, and soon fell out of print. However, in 1952 the book was translated in Germany by Ernst Robert Curtius (who also translated T.S. Eliot's The Waste Land) and Elizabeth Schnack and in France by Maurice Edgar Coindreau (William Faulkner's translator). [4] Goyen’s work enjoyed more success in Europe than in America, and the book never went out of print there. [2]

In 1975 in the U.S., the book was reprinted as a Twenty-fifth Anniversary Edition, with a brief introductory note from the author, and “with changes that downplayed the novel’s erotic charge.” [10] In 2000, TriQuarterly Books (Northwestern University Press) printed the original version, as a Fiftieth Anniversary Edition, with an afterword by Reginald Gibbons, former editor of TriQuarterly magazine and Goyen scholar. [10] [17]

Adaptation

Goyen adapted the book into a play of the same name, published in 1956. In 1971 he adapted the book into a play titled House of Breath Black/White. Trinity Square Repertory Company (Providence, Rhode Island) staged this adaptation, in which three characters were duplicated by black and white actors. [18]

Honors

In the year of its first edition, The House of Breath won the MacMurray Award for best first novel by a Texan. The book was also nominated for the first National Book Award for Fiction. [4] [19] An excerpt from the book, “Her Breath on the Windowpane,” was selected for publication in The Best American Short Stories 1950. In 1952, when the French translation was published, it won the French Halperin-Kaminsky Prize. [4]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William S. Burroughs</span> American writer and visual artist (1914–1997)

William Seward Burroughs II was an American writer and visual artist. He is widely considered a primary figure of the Beat Generation and a major postmodern author who influenced popular culture and literature. Burroughs wrote eighteen novels and novellas, six collections of short stories and four collections of essays, and five books have been published of his interviews and correspondences; he was initially briefly known by the pen name William Lee. He also collaborated on projects and recordings with numerous performers and musicians, made many appearances in films, and created and exhibited thousands of visual artworks, including his celebrated "Shotgun Art".

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Henry James</span> American and British writer (1843–1916)

Henry James was an American-British author. He is regarded as a key transitional figure between literary realism and literary modernism, and is considered by many to be among the greatest novelists in the English language. He was the son of Henry James Sr. and the brother of philosopher and psychologist William James and diarist Alice James.

<i>Master and Commander</i> 1969 novel by Patrick OBrian

Master and Commander is a nautical historical novel by the English author Patrick O'Brian, first published in 1969 in the US and 1970 in the UK. The book proved to be the start of the 20-novel Aubrey–Maturin series, set largely in the era of the Napoleonic Wars, on which O'Brian continued working until his death in 2000.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Truman Capote</span> American author (1924–1984)

Truman Garcia Capote was an American novelist, screenwriter, playwright, and actor. Several of his short stories, novels, and plays have been praised as literary classics, including the novella Breakfast at Tiffany's (1958) and the true crime novel In Cold Blood (1966). His works have been adapted into more than 20 films and television productions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas Wolfe</span> American novelist (1900–1938)

Thomas Clayton Wolfe was an American writer. The Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Fiction states that "Wolfe was a major American novelist of the first half of the twentieth century, whose longterm reputation rests largely on the impact of his first novel, Look Homeward, Angel (1929), and on the short fiction that appeared during the last years of his life." Along with William Faulkner, he is considered one of the two most important authors of the Southern Renaissance within the American literary canon. He remains an important writer in modern American literature, as one of the first masters of autobiographical fiction, and is considered among North Carolina's most famous writers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ern Malley hoax</span> Fictional poet and literary hoax

The Ern Malley hoax, also called the Ern Malley affair, is Australia's most famous literary hoax. Its name derives from Ernest Lalor "Ern" Malley, a fictitious poet whose biography and body of work were created in one day in 1943 by conservative writers James McAuley and Harold Stewart in order to hoax the Angry Penguins, a modernist art and literary movement centred around a journal of the same name, co-edited by poet Max Harris and art patron John Reed, of Heide, Melbourne.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stella Gibbons</span> 20th-century British writer

Stella Dorothea Gibbons was an English author, journalist, and poet. She established her reputation with her first novel, Cold Comfort Farm (1932) which has been reprinted many times. Although she was active as a writer for half a century, none of her later 22 novels or other literary works—which included a sequel to Cold Comfort Farm—achieved the same critical or popular success. Much of her work was long out of print before a modest revival in the 21st century.

<i>For Special Services</i> Novel by John Gardner (British writer)

For Special Services, first published in 1982, was the second novel by John Gardner featuring Ian Fleming's secret agent, James Bond. Carrying the Glidrose Publications copyright, it was first published in the United Kingdom by Jonathan Cape and in the United States by Coward, McCann & Geoghegan. Cover designed by Bill Botten.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Colm Tóibín</span> Irish novelist and writer

Colm Tóibín is an Irish novelist, short story writer, essayist, journalist, critic, playwright and poet.

<i>Ravelstein</i> 2000 novel by Saul Bellow

Ravelstein is Saul Bellow's final novel. Published in 2000, when Bellow was eighty-five years old, it received widespread critical acclaim. It tells the tale of a friendship between a university professor and a writer, and the complications that animate their erotic and intellectual attachments in the face of impending death. The novel is a roman à clef written in the form of a memoir. The narrator is in Paris with Abe Ravelstein, a renowned professor, and Nikki, his lover. Ravelstein, who is dying, asks the narrator to write a memoir about him after he dies. After his death, the narrator and his wife go on holiday to the Caribbean. The narrator catches a tropical disease and flies back to the United States to convalesce. Eventually, on recuperation, he decides to write the memoir.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">William Goyen</span> American writer, editor, and teacher

Charles William Goyen was an American novelist, short story writer, playwright, poet, editor, and teacher. Born in a small town in East Texas, these roots would influence his work for his entire life.

<i>And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks</i> 1945 novel by Jack Kerouac and William S. Burroughs

And the Hippos Were Boiled in Their Tanks is a novel by Jack Kerouac and William S. Burroughs. It was written in 1945, a full decade before the two authors became famous as leading figures of the Beat Generation, and remained unpublished in complete form until 2008.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thomas Mallon</span> American novelist, essayist, and critic (born 1951)

Thomas Mallon is an American novelist, essayist, and critic. His novels are renowned for their attention to historical detail and context and for the author's crisp wit and interest in the "bystanders" to larger historical events. He is the author of ten books of fiction, including Henry and Clara, Two Moons, Dewey Defeats Truman, Aurora 7, Bandbox, Fellow Travelers, Watergate, Finale, Landfall, and most recently Up With the Sun. He has also published nonfiction on plagiarism, diaries, letters and the Kennedy assassination, as well as two volumes of essays.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Henry Blake Fuller</span> American dramatist

Henry Blake Fuller was an American novelist and short story writer. He was born and worked in Chicago, Illinois. He is perhaps the earliest novelist from Chicago to gain a national reputation. His exploration of city life was seen as revelatory, and later in his life he was perhaps the earliest established American author to explore homosexuality in fiction.

<i>A House and Its Head</i> 1935 novel by Ivy Compton-Burnett

A House and Its Head is a 1935 novel by Ivy Compton-Burnett, republished in 2001 by New York Review Books with an afterword by Francine Prose and in 2021 by Pushkin Press with an introduction by Hilary Mantel. The novel, which focuses on an upper-middle class Victorian household in the 1880s, explores themes such as family secrets and the subordination of women by men. When asked in 1962 which of her novels were her favourites, Compton-Burnett referred to Manservant and Maidservant and "the first two-thirds" of A House and Its Head.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Robert Phillips (poet)</span> American poet and academic (1938–2022)

Robert Schaeffer Phillips was an American poet and professor of English at the University of Houston. He was the author or editor of more than 30 volumes of poetry, fiction, poetry criticism and other works.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Philipp Meyer</span> American novelist

Philipp Meyer is an American fiction writer, and is the author of the novels American Rust and The Son, as well as short stories published in The New Yorker and other places. Meyer also created and produced the AMC television show based on his novel. Meyer won the 2009 Los Angeles Times Book Prize, was the recipient of a 2010 Guggenheim Fellowship and was a finalist for the 2014 Pulitzer Prize. He won the 2014 Lucien Barrière prize in France and the 2015 Prix Littérature-Monde Prize in France. In 2017 he was named a Chevalier (Knight) in France's Ordre des Arts et des Lettres.

Reginald Gibbons is an American poet, fiction writer, translator, and literary critic. He is the Frances Hooper Professor of Arts and Humanities, Emeritus, at Northwestern University. Gibbons has published numerous books, including 11 volumes of poems, translations of poetry from ancient Greek, Spanish, and co-translations from Russian. He has published short stories, essays, reviews and art in journals and magazines, has held Guggenheim Foundation and NEA fellowships in poetry and a research fellowship from the Center for Hellenic Studies in Washington D.C. For his novel, Sweetbitter, he won the Anisfield-Wolf Book Award; for his book of poems, Maybe It Was So, he won the Carl Sandburg Prize. He has won the Folger Shakespeare Library's O. B. Hardison, Jr. Poetry Prize, and other honors, among them the inclusion of his work in Best American Poetry and Pushcart Prize anthologies. His book Creatures of a Day was a Finalist for the 2008 National Book Award for poetry. His other poetry books include Sparrow: New and Selected Poems, Last Lake and Renditions, his eleventh book of poems. Two books of poems are forthcoming: Three Poems in 2024 and Young Woman With a Cane in 2025. He has also published two collections of very short fiction, Five Pears or Peaches and An Orchard in the Street.

John Stewart Wynne is an American author of novels, short stories and poetry, as well as a Grammy-nominated producer of spoken word recordings.

Parents' Day is a 1951 novel by Paul Goodman. Written as autobiographical fiction based on the author's experiences teaching at the upstate New York progressive boarding school Manumit during the 1943–1944 year, the book's narrator grapples with his homosexuality and explores a series of sexual attractions and relationships that culminates in his being fired by the school. Goodman wrote the novel as part of a Reichian self-analysis begun in 1946 to better understand his own life. He struggled to find a publisher and ultimately self-published through a friend's small press. Reviewers remarked on unease in Goodman's sexual revelations, lack of self-awareness, and lack of coherence in the text. Parents' Day sold poorly and has been largely forgotten, save for some recognition as an early gay American novel.

References

  1. 1 2 Goyen, William (1998). "Afterword". In Reginald Gibbons (ed.). Half a Look of Cain: A Fantastical Narrative. Triquarterly. ISBN   978-0-8101-5088-1.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Phillips, Robert. "William Goyen, The Art of Fiction No. 63". Paris Review. Winter 1976 (68). Retrieved 2010-12-09.
  3. Richards, Gary (2006). "William Goyen". In Joseph M. Flora; Amber Vogel; Bryan Albin Giemza (eds.). Southern writers: a new biographical dictionary. Louisiana State University Press. p. 468.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 Goyen, William (2009). Reginald Gibbons (ed.). Goyen: Autobiographical Essays, Notebooks, Evocations, Interviews. University of Texas Press. p. 220. ISBN   978-0-292-72225-5.
  5. "Je est un autre". Art & Popular Culture. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
  6. Gibbons, Reginald. "Poetry in Eden". Center for the Writing Arts, Northwestern University. Retrieved 2010-12-12.
  7. Davis, Clark (2009). "William Goyen and the Strangeness of Reading". Raritan Spring. 28 (4): 138–57.
  8. Peede, Jon (1999). "GOYEN, William". In Steven R. Serafin (ed.). The Continuum Encyclopedia of American Literature. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 455–56.
  9. 1 2 Davis, Clark (Autumn 2004). "The hungry art of William Goyen". Southern Review. 40 (4): 816–28.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Goyen, William (1999). "Afterword". In Reginald Gibbons (ed.). The House of Breath (Fiftieth Anniversary Edition). Triquarterly Books. ISBN   978-0-8101-5067-6.
  11. 1 2 3 Richards, Gary. "Writing the Fairy Huckleberry Finn: William Goyen's and Truman Capote's Genderings of Male Homosexuality". Journal of Homosexuality. 34 (3 & 4): 67–86. doi:10.1300/j082v34n03_05.
  12. Unrue, Darlene (2008). This Strange, Old World and Other Book Reviews by Katherine Anne Porter. University of Georgia Press. ISBN   978-0-8203-3353-3.
  13. Jackson, Katherine (September 1950). "Books in Brief". Harper's Magazine: 109–111.
  14. Frye, Northrop (Winter 1951). "Review: Novels on Several Occasions". The Hudson Review. 3 (4): 611–19. JSTOR   3847599.
  15. Flint, F. Cudworth (Jan–Mar 1952). "New Novels by New Novelists". The Sewanee Review. 60 (1): 157–79. JSTOR   27538124.
  16. Phillips, Robert (1979). William Goyen . Boston: Twayne.
  17. "Title Detail: The House of Breath". NU Press. Retrieved 2010-12-24.
  18. Van Zandt, Roland. "Review: House of Breath, Black/White by William Goyen". Educational Theatre Journal. 22 (1): 99–101.
  19. Phillips, Robert (2003). The Madness of Art: Interviews With Poets and Writers. Syracuse University Press. ISBN   978-0-8156-0783-0.