SmileyWorld Limited,[1]trading asThe Smiley Company,[4] is a brand licensing company based in London, United Kingdom. It claims to hold the rights to the smiley face in over 100 countries.[5][6][7][8] The company creates products including textiles, puzzles, party goods, stationery, automobile accessories, and toys for licensed brand partners and retailers.[9][10]
In 1967, before his use of the smiley face, Franklin Loufrani was already active in the French poster industry. Contemporary reports press described him as a leading figure in the Paris poster boom, noting that he ran a sales promotion firm and was seen as a "pillar of the poster industry".[11] Loufrani was "beaten by another firm" to copyright the word poster in France, but he stated he was determined not to be "caught napping again". To that end, he copyrighted the word psychedelic in France and began working with publisher Hachette on what he described as a "cosmic comic strip", predicting that merchandising around the theme would rival Olympic campaigns.[11] Around the same time, he also introduced a "psychedelic" greeting card, a squiggly design incorporating the number "68", which he claimed to have patented.[12] While these ventures attracted publicity, they foreshadowed his later focus on trademarks and merchandising.[11][12]
Franklin Loufrani worked as a journalist in France during the 1960s and 70s. While working for the newspaper France-Soir, he was tasked with creating a new segment in the paper, focused on good news. The hope was it would lift readers with low spirits, due to the ongoing political fallout in France at the time.[13][14][15] Loufrani created a segment devoted entirely to positive news stories and planned for the segment to have a different design or slogan to help it stand out.[16] It was decided that the segment's design would replace the "o" in France-Soir with a smiley.[17] The segment was first published in the newspaper on January 1, 1972, and was also accompanied with the slogan, "Take The Time To Smile."[18] A recent news story in France-Soir suggested that the segment served as a catalyst for many other European-based newspapers to create similar segments for positive news in the 1970s.[17]
While the use of the smiley brand first appeared in print in France-Soir during 1972, months earlier in October 1971 Loufrani took his design to the French trademark office in order to protect it under copyright. Licensing was gaining momentum in the United States at the time, with many copying the likes of Disney and its success in the licensing space.[19] The move received mixed reactions both at the time and following the success of the smiley, with some observers considering it unusual, while others viewed it as innovative.[20][failed verification] Registering the smiley trademark with the patent office indicated Loufrani’s belief in its potential beyond France-Soir. That same year, he left his position as a journalist and soon began The Smiley Company licensing operation.[21]
The smiley began as a freebie sticker, rather than the commercial enterprise it is today. In 1972, the economy in France still hadn't recovered from the widespread issues in previous years, culminating with the events of May 68 which saw a record 10 million French citizens taking strike action.[22][failed verification] With economic opportunities lacking, Loufrani began handing out stickers to university students in an attempt to raise the profile of the smiley.[21] While changes were taking place socially and politically, young people struggled in the gloomy aftermath of May 68. It was of the main reasons Loufrani was tasked with the positive news segment initially back in 1971 at France-Soir. Loufrani started to trial handing out smiley stickers to young people, mainly at universities.[23] French university students adopted the stickers, which appeared on backpacks, notebooks, and in bars. The stickers were used in various public and private settings as a means of conveying optimism. The trend soon spread beyond university communities, with the wider French public displaying the stickers in urban areas on lampposts, storefronts, and car bumpers.[24]
The rise of the smiley's use in France had made it iconic by the mid-1970s. By 1975, Loufrani had produced and distributed over 10 million stickers. In the process he had a small group of people to assist him with the effort of distribution and also formal commercial channels with institutions and events so the stickers could be handed out. As corporations placed greater emphasis on creative advertising in Europe, the popularity of licensing grew.[25] While smiley had found success in social circles, early commercial deals were mainly part of one-off campaigns. In 1975, Loufrani had his first big commercial break. Due to legal restrictions, M&Ms were unable to launch their famous product in certain European countries.[26] The solution to this was to launch a forerunner to M&M's in Europe, which were known as Bonitos. They had attempted to break the European market with Bonitos since the 1960s, originally starting in The Netherlands.[27] In 1975, they launched the Bonitos in France, and since they couldn't use the iconic "M&M" print on its chocolate discs, they sought a replacement. Bonitos agreed a deal with Loufrani to print a smiley on the front of the chocolate discs in France and elsewhere in Europe. The first major commercial deal continued into working with other American brands, including Levi's who were the first fashion brand to use a smiley on its jeans in the 1970s.[21]
While other smiling faces had been used in marketing and advertising elsewhere globally,[28] many of them used terms such as "happy face" and "smiling face." Loufrani was not the first documented person to use the term "smiley."[29][30][31][13] By the 1990s, Franklin and his son Nicolas Loufrani held trademarks for the symbol in around 70 countries and had licensed the smiley to brands including Levi Strauss & Co.[16] In 1996, the Loufranis founded the Smiley Company in London, England, built around the Smiley brand.[20] In 1997, Nicolas created hundreds of emoticons, including a 3D smiley logo.[32][33][34][35][36] His images, registered with the United States Copyright Office in 1997, were first published as GIF files on the internet in 1998, making them the first graphical emoticons used in technology.[37][38] He launched the SmileyWorld brand shortly thereafter.[39][40] In the early 2000s, the company licensed the rights to their emoticons to telecom companies, including Nokia, Motorola, Samsung, amongst others.[41] Nicolas Loufrani compiled his graphical emoticons, along with other existing images used for communication, into an online dictionary[42] which was divided into categories,[43] and by 2002, the dictionary included over 3,000 images.[44]
In 1997, The Smiley Company filed a trademark application with the United States Patent and Trademark Office. In 2001, Walmart opposed the registration, citing potential confusion between their design and Loufrani's.[45] Nine years later, the USPTO initially sided with Walmart, before another federal court case was brought forward by Smiley in 2009.[46] In 2011, the companies settled out of court.[47]
In 2005, the company announced the creation of the Smiley World Association, later renamed Smiley Fund and now Smiley Movement, as a charitable arm of the company, to which it donates 10 percent of its profits.[48][49] In 2017, the company was responsible for 210 million products, that were sold under partnership and licensing agreements.[50]
License Global magazine listed the company as one of the most influential brands of the 2010s in its December 2020 summary of the brands of the decade list.[2] In early 2021, it was announced that The Smiley Company had produced a short film about the history of the Smiley in the run-up to the 50th anniversary since it was created by Franklin Loufrani.[51]
In 2023, the Smiley company filed SAD lawsuits in the United States District Court for the Southern District of Florida against hundreds of small businesses operating on the Etsy and other online platforms, claiming copyright infringement for use of the word smiley in sales listings and demanding settlements of $2,500 USD each. The lawsuit was ultimately dropped after the businesses hired a collective lawyer.[52][53]
Nicolas Loufrani, CEO of The Smiley Company
Fashion
In 2007, The Smiley Company set up a design studio in London. The company worked with a number of fashion houses from 2007 onwards, including the Moschino campaign, "Smiley for Moschino".[54] In 2017, Smiley partnered with Crocs to create Smiley Jibbitz, charms which could be worn on Crocs.[55] They partnered again in 2021 with a smiley designed croc shoe.[56]
As of 2022, the fashion division of Smiley Company generated €200 million in sales annually.[54]
↑ Dr. Esther Morse (1934-12-20). "THE STORY OF ONE CHINESE FAMILY". The Stuart Advocate. Stuart, Nebraska. p.8. Archived from the original on 2024-10-03. Retrieved 2023-12-01– via Newspapers.com.
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