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Liberation theology is a theological approach emphasizing the "liberation of the oppressed". It engages in socio-economic analyses, with social concern for the poor and political liberation for oppressed peoples and addresses other forms of perceived inequality.
The Philippine Independent Church, officially referred to by its Spanish name Iglesia Filipina Independiente (IFI) and colloquially called the Aglipayan Church, is an independent Christian denomination, in the form of a nationalist church, in the Philippines. Its nationalist schism from the Roman Catholic Church was proclaimed during the American colonial period in 1902, following the end of the Philippine–American War, by members of the Unión Obrera Democrática Filipina due to the pronounced mistreatment of Filipinos by Spanish priests and partly influenced by the unjust executions of José Rizal and Filipino priests and prominent secularization movement figures Mariano Gomez, José Burgos, and Jacinto Zamora, during earlier Spanish colonial rule when Roman Catholicism was the state religion in the country.
Gregorio Aglipay Cruz y Labayán was a Filipino former Roman Catholic priest and revolutionary during the Philippine Revolution and Philippine–American War who became the first head of the Iglesia Filipina Independiente (IFI), the first-ever wholly Filipino-led independent Christian Church in the Philippines in the form of a nationalist church.
Islam in the Philippines is the second largest religion in the country, and the faith was the first-recorded monotheistic religion in the Philippines. Historically, Islam reached the Philippine archipelago in the 14th century, through contact with Muslim Malay and Arab merchants along Southeast Asian trade networks, in addition to Yemeni missionaries from the tribe of Alawi of Yemen from the Persian Gulf, southern India, and their followers from several sultanates in the wider Malay Archipelago. The first missionaries then followed in the late 14th and early 15th centuries. They facilitated the formation of sultanates and conquests in mainland Mindanao and Sulu. Those who converted to Islam came to be known as the Moros, with Muslim conquest reaching as far as Tondo that was later supplanted by Bruneian Empire vassal-state of Maynila.
Black theology, or black liberation theology, refers to a theological perspective which originated among African-American seminarians and scholars, and in some black churches in the United States and later in other parts of the world. It contextualizes Christianity in an attempt to help those of African descent overcome oppression. It especially focuses on the injustices committed against African Americans and black South Africans during American segregation and apartheid, respectively.
Albularyo or albulario is a Filipino term for a witch doctor, folk healer or medicine man, derived from Spanish herbolario (herbalist). They practice folk medicine and use medicinal plants in their trade.
Minjung theology emerged in the 1970s from the experience of South Korean Christians in the struggle for social justice. It is a people's theology, and, according to its authors, "a development of the political hermeneutics of the Gospel in terms of the Korean reality." It is part of a wider Asian theological ferment, but it was not designed for export. It "is firmly rooted in a particular situation, and growing out of the struggles of Christians who embrace their own history as well as the universal message of the Bible."
An ecclesial base community is a relatively autonomous Christian religious group that operates according to a particular model of community, worship, and Bible study. The 1968 Medellín, Colombia, meeting of Latin American Council of Bishops played a major role in popularizing them under the name basic ecclesial communities. These are small groups, originating in the Catholic Church in Latin America, who meet to reflect upon scripture and apply its lessons to their situation.
Joaquin G. Bernas SJ was a Jesuit priest, lawyer, college professor and writer who was Dean Emeritus of the Ateneo de Manila Law School in Makati, Philippines. He was a member of the 1986 Constitutional Commission which drafted the 1987 Philippine Constitution.
William Henry Scott was a historian of the Cordillera Central and pre-Hispanic Philippines.
The Philippine Propaganda Movement encompassed the activities of a group based in Spain but coming from the Philippines, composed of Indios, Mestizos, Insulares and Peninsulares who called for political reforms in the Philippines in the late 19th century, and produced books, leaflets, and newspaper articles to educate others about their goals and issues they were trying to solve. They were active approximately from 1880 to 1898, and especially between 1880 and 1895, before the Philippine Revolutionary War against Spain began.
The history of the Philippines from 1565 to 1898 is known as the Spanish colonial period, during which the Philippine Islands were ruled as the Captaincy General of the Philippines within the Spanish East Indies, initially under the Viceroyalty of New Spain, based in Mexico City, until the independence of the Mexican Empire from Spain in 1821. This resulted in direct Spanish control during a period of governmental instability there. The Philippines was under direct royal governance from 1821 to 1898.
Contextual theology or contextualizing theology refers to theology which has responded to the dynamics of a particular context.
Francisco Funaay Claver, S.J. was a Filipino Jesuit, cultural anthropologist and human rights activist. As a Roman Catholic prelate, he is renowned for his writings on ecclesiology and social justice, and his efforts to institutionalize Vatican II reforms in the Philippine Catholic Church. As a human rights activist, Claver was one of the most persistent critics of the Marcos dictatorship among Philippine Catholic Church leaders. Claver was at the forefront of civil society groups that opposed the Marcos regime's World Bank-funded Chico River Dam project, which would have caused the displacement of Indigenous peoples living in the area. He was also responsible for drafting the 1986 Philippine bishops' statement, which was considered a key moment in the People Power Revolution that overthrew the Marcos dictatorship. Claver is considered one of the "intellectual minds" in the ranks of the bishops of the Catholic Church in Asia.
Asian feminist theology is a Christian feminist theology developed to be especially relevant to women in Asia and women of Asian descent. Inspired by both liberation theology and Christian feminism, it aims to contextualize them to the conditions and experiences of women and religion in Asia.
Christians for Socialism is a worldwide political and cultural movement focused on social inequality and economic injustice, inspired by liberation theology. The movement was founded in 1971 and was active in Chile until 1973. The movement was widely supported in Chile by those who supported Allende's government, as Allende offered to work with the Church in setting up his Socialist structure. The movement disbanded following the 1973 military coup in which Allende's government was overthrown.
Francisco Caracciolo Urreta Visayas de Gainza was the 25th bishop of the Diocese of Nueva Cáceres. He was born in the city of Calahorra, in the province of Logroño, Spain.
Stephen Bennett Bevans, SVD is an American Catholic priest, theologian, and professor emeritus at Catholic Theological Union in Chicago, Illinois. He is known for his book Models of Contextual Theology.
Agnes M. Brazal is a Filipina theologian, known for her work in feminist theology, a theology of migration, and cybertheology.
Anarchism in the Philippines has its roots in the anti-colonial struggle against the Spanish Empire, becoming influential in the Philippine Revolution and the country's early trade unionist movement. After being supplanted by Marxism-Leninism as the leading revolutionary tendency during the mid-20th century, it experienced a resurgence as part of the punk subculture, following the fragmentation of the Communist Party of the Philippines.
References
- ↑ Levy L., Lanaria (August 6, 2017). "Book Review. Panagkutay: Bringing Us Right Into the Lumad Lifeworld". MindaNews . Archived from the original on November 26, 2020. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
- ↑ Gordon, Eric A. (August 7, 2019). "Christian Communism: Meet the hosts of 'The Magnificast' podcast". People's World . Longview Publishing. Archived from the original on January 19, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
- ↑ Elizarde-Miller, Drew (January 2, 2017). "Why We Need a Filipino Jesus". Sojourners . ISSN 0364-2097. Archived from the original on January 4, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
- ↑ "The 'Church of the Poor' in Our Time". The Manila Times . December 16, 2018. Archived from the original on April 29, 2021. Retrieved April 29, 2021.
- 1 2 "Filipino nuns reject life in convent, take 'theology of struggle' to slums Written by Henry Kamm". Arizona Republic. February 14, 1981. p. 57. Archived from the original on 2021-08-26. Retrieved 2021-08-26.