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Titanium is a chemical element with the symbol Ti and atomic number 22. Found in nature only as an oxide, it can be reduced to produce a lustrous transition metal with a silver color, low density, and high strength, resistant to corrosion in sea water, aqua regia, and chlorine.
Inconel is a nickel-chromium-based superalloy often utilized in extreme environments where components are subjected to high temperature, pressure or mechanical loads. Inconel alloys are oxidation- and corrosion-resistant, when heated, Inconel forms a thick, stable, passivating oxide layer protecting the surface from further attack. Inconel retains strength over a wide temperature range, attractive for high-temperature applications where aluminum and steel would succumb to creep as a result of thermally-induced crystal vacancies. Inconel's high-temperature strength is developed by solid solution strengthening or precipitation hardening, depending on the alloy.
Titanium nitride is an extremely hard ceramic material, often used as a physical vapor deposition (PVD) coating on titanium alloys, steel, carbide, and aluminium components to improve the substrate's surface properties.
Titanium alloys are alloys that contain a mixture of titanium and other chemical elements. Such alloys have very high tensile strength and toughness. They are light in weight, have extraordinary corrosion resistance and the ability to withstand extreme temperatures. However, the high cost of both raw materials and processing limit their use to military applications, aircraft, spacecraft, bicycles, medical devices, jewelry, highly stressed components such as connecting rods on expensive sports cars and some premium sports equipment and consumer electronics.
A superalloy, or high-performance alloy, is an alloy with the ability to operate at a high fraction of its melting point. Key characteristics of a superalloy include mechanical strength, thermal creep deformation resistance, surface stability, and corrosion and oxidation resistance.
Microstructure is the very small scale structure of a material, defined as the structure of a prepared surface of material as revealed by an optical microscope above 25× magnification. The microstructure of a material can strongly influence physical properties such as strength, toughness, ductility, hardness, corrosion resistance, high/low temperature behaviour or wear resistance. These properties in turn govern the application of these materials in industrial practice.
An archwire in orthodontics is a wire conforming to the alveolar or dental arch that can be used with dental braces as a source of force in correcting irregularities in the position of the teeth. An archwire can also be used to maintain existing dental positions; in this case it has a retentive purpose.
Titanium hydride normally refers to the inorganic compound TiH2 and related nonstoichiometric materials. It is commercially available as a stable grey/black powder, which is used as an additive in the production of Alnico sintered magnets, in the sintering of powdered metals, the production of metal foam, the production of powdered titanium metal and in pyrotechnics.
In materials science Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) may be characterized by the variation in composition and structure gradually over volume, resulting in corresponding changes in the properties of the material. The materials can be designed for specific function and applications. Various approaches based on the bulk, preform processing, layer processing and melt processing are used to fabricate the functionally graded materials.
Nickel titanium, also known as nitinol, is a metal alloy of nickel and titanium, where the two elements are present in roughly equal atomic percentages. Different alloys are named according to the weight percentage of nickel; e.g., nitinol 55 and nitinol 60.
Nickel aluminide typically refers to the one of the two most widely used compounds, Ni3Al or NiAl, but can refer to most aluminides from the Ni-Al system. These alloys are widely used due to their corrosion resistance, low-density and easy production. Ni3Al is of specific interest as the strengthening γ' phase precipitate in nickel-based superalloys allowing for high temperature strength up to 0.7-0.8 of its melting temperature. Meanwhile, NiAl displays excellent properties such as low-density (lower than that of Ni3Al), good thermal conductivity, oxidation resistance and high melting temperature. These properties, make it ideal for special high temperature applications like coatings on blades in gas turbines and jet engines. However, both these alloys do have the disadvantage of being quite brittle at room temperature while Ni3Al remains brittle at high temperatures as well. Although, it has been shown that Ni3Al can be made ductile when manufactured as a single crystal as opposed to polycrystalline. Another application was demonstrated in 2005, when the most abrasion-resistant material was reportedly created by embedding diamonds in a matrix of nickel aluminide.
Severe plastic deformation (SPD) is a generic term describing a group of metalworking techniques involving very large strains typically involving a complex stress state or high shear, resulting in a high defect density and equiaxed "ultrafine" grain (UFG) size or nanocrystalline (NC) structure.
The MAX phases are layered, hexagonal carbides and nitrides which have the general formula: Mn+1AXn, (MAX) where n = 1 to 4, and M is an early transition metal, A is an A-group (mostly IIIA and IVA, or groups 13 and 14) element and X is either carbon and/or nitrogen. The layered structure consists of edge-sharing, distorted XM6 octahedra interleaved by single planar layers of the A-group element.
Ti-6Al-4V, also sometimes called TC4, Ti64, or ASTM Grade 5, is an alpha-beta titanium alloy with a high specific strength and excellent corrosion resistance. It is one of the most commonly used titanium alloys and is applied in a wide range of applications where low density and excellent corrosion resistance are necessary such as e.g. aerospace industry and biomechanical applications.
Titanium was first introduced into surgeries in the 1950s after having been used in dentistry for a decade prior. It is now the metal of choice for prosthetics, internal fixation, inner body devices, and instrumentation. Titanium is used from head to toe in biomedical implants. One can find titanium in neurosurgery, bone conduction hearing aids, false eye implants, spinal fusion cages, pacemakers, toe implants, and shoulder/elbow/hip/knee replacements along with many more. The main reason why titanium is often used in the body is due to titanium's biocompatibility and, with surface modifications, bioactive surface. The surface characteristics that affect biocompatibility are surface texture, steric hindrance, binding sites, and hydrophobicity (wetting). These characteristics are optimized to create an ideal cellular response. Some medical implants, as well as parts of surgical instruments are coated with titanium nitride (TiN).
Bioresorbablemetals are metals or their alloys that degrade safely within the body. The primary metals in this category are magnesium-based and iron-based alloys, although recently zinc has also been investigated. Currently, the primary uses of bioresorbable metals are as stents for blood vessels and other internal ducts.
High-entropy alloys (HEAs) are alloys that are formed by mixing equal or relatively large proportions of (usually) five or more elements. Prior to the synthesis of these substances, typical metal alloys comprised one or two major components with smaller amounts of other elements. For example, additional elements can be added to iron to improve its properties, thereby creating an iron-based alloy, but typically in fairly low proportions, such as the proportions of carbon, manganese, and others in various steels. Hence, high-entropy alloys are a novel class of materials. The term "high-entropy alloys" was coined by Taiwanese scientist Jien-Wei Yeh because the entropy increase of mixing is substantially higher when there is a larger number of elements in the mix, and their proportions are more nearly equal. Some alternative names, such as multi-component alloys, compositionally complex alloys and multi-principal-element alloys are also suggested by other researchers.
Dipankar Banerjee is an Indian physical metallurgist, materials engineer and a former chief controller of R&D at the Defence Research and Development Organization (DRDO). Known for his studies on titanium alloys, Banerjee is an elected fellow of all the three major Indian science academies namely Indian Academy of Sciences, Indian National Science Academy and National Academy of Sciences, India as well as the Indian National Academy of Engineering. The Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, the apex agency of the Government of India for scientific research, awarded him the Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize for Science and Technology, one of the highest Indian science awards for his contributions to Engineering Sciences in 1993. He received the fourth highest Indian civilian honour of Padma Shri from the Government of India in 2005.
Titanium foams exhibit high specific strength, high energy absorption, excellent corrosion resistance and biocompatibility. These materials are ideally suited for applications within the aerospace industry. An inherent resistance to corrosion allows the foam to be a desirable candidate for various filtering applications. Further, titanium's physiological inertness makes its porous form a promising candidate for biomedical implantation devices. The largest advantage in fabricating titanium foams is that the mechanical and functional properties can be adjusted through manufacturing manipulations that vary porosity and cell morphology. The high appeal of titanium foams is directly correlated to a multi-industry demand for advancement in this technology.
Nanotech metallurgy is an emerging interdisciplinary domain of materials science and engineering, manufacturing, and nanoscience and engineering to study how nanophases can be applied to significantly improve the processing/manufacturing, micro/nano-structures, and physical/chemical/mechanical behaviors of metals and alloys. This definition was first proposed by Xiaochun Li at the University of California, Los Angeles in 2018.
References
- ↑ Fellah, Mamoun; Labaïz, Mohamed; Assala, Omar; Dekhil, Leila; Taleb, Ahlem; Rezag, Hadda; Iost, Alain (21 July 2014). "Tribological behavior of Ti-6Al-4V and Ti-6Al-7Nb Alloys for Total Hip Prosthesis". Advances in Tribology. 2014: 1–13. doi: 10.1155/2014/451387 .
- ↑ Chlebus, Edward; Kuźnicka, Bogumiła; Kurzynowski, Tomasz; Dybała, Bogdan (1 May 2011). "Microstructure and mechanical behaviour of Ti―6Al―7Nb alloy produced by selective laser melting". Materials Characterization. 62 (5): 488–495. doi:10.1016/j.matchar.2011.03.006.
- ↑ Liu, Xuanyong; Chu, Paul K.; Ding, Chuanxian (24 December 2004). "Surface modification of titanium, titanium alloys, and related materials for biomedical applications". Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports. 47 (3): 49–121. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.472.7717 . doi:10.1016/j.mser.2004.11.001.
- ↑ López, M. F; Gutiérrez, A; Jiménez, J. A (15 February 2002). "In vitro corrosion behaviour of titanium alloys without vanadium". Electrochimica Acta. 47 (9): 1359–1364. doi:10.1016/S0013-4686(01)00860-X.
- ↑ Lütjering, G. (15 March 1998). "Influence of processing on microstructure and mechanical properties of (α+β) titanium alloys". Materials Science and Engineering: A. 243 (1): 32–45. doi:10.1016/S0921-5093(97)00778-8.
- ↑ Ajeel, Sami Abualnoun; Alzubaydi, Thair L.; Swadi, Abdulsalam K. (2007). "Influence of Heat Treatment Conditions on Microstructure of Ti- 6Al-7Nb Alloy As Used Surgical Implant Materials". Engineering and Technology Journal. 25 (Suppl 3). S2CID 55885379.
- ↑ "Properties: Titanium Alloys - Ti6Al7Nb Properties and Applications".
- ↑ Kobayashi, E.; Wang, T.J.; Doi, H.; Yoneyama, T.; Hamanaka, H. (1998). "Mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of Ti–6Al–7Nb alloy dental castings". Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine. 9 (10): 567–574. doi:10.1023/A:1008909408948. PMID 15348689. S2CID 13241089.
- ↑ Bolzoni, Leandro; Hari Babu, N.; Ruiz-Navas, Elisa Maria; Gordo, Elena (2013). "Comparison of Microstructure and Properties of Ti-6Al-7Nb Alloy Processed by Different Powder Metallurgy Routes". Key Engineering Materials. 551: 161–179. doi:10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.551.161. hdl: 10016/20805 . S2CID 137360703.
- ↑ Oliveira, V.; Chaves, R. R.; Bertazzoli, R.; Caram, R. (December 1998). "Preparation and characterization of Ti-Al-Nb alloys for orthopedic implants". Brazilian Journal of Chemical Engineering. 15 (4): 326–333. doi: 10.1590/S0104-66321998000400002 . S2CID 94310566.
- ↑ Sercombe, Tim; Jones, Noel; Day, Rob; Kop, Alan (26 September 2008). "Heat treatment of Ti‐6Al‐7Nb components produced by selective laser melting". Rapid Prototyping Journal. 14 (5): 300–304. doi:10.1108/13552540810907974.
- ↑ Sercombe, Tim; Jones, Noel; Day, Rob; Kop, Alan (26 September 2008). "Heat treatment of Ti‐6Al‐7Nb components produced by selective laser melting". Rapid Prototyping Journal. 14 (5): 300–304. doi:10.1108/13552540810907974.
- ↑ Lütjering, G. (15 March 1998). "Influence of processing on microstructure and mechanical properties of (α+β) titanium alloys". Materials Science and Engineering: A. 243 (1): 32–45. doi:10.1016/S0921-5093(97)00778-8.
- ↑ Elias, C. N.; Lima, J. H. C.; Valiev, R.; Meyers, M. A. (1 March 2008). "Biomedical applications of titanium and its alloys". JOM. 60 (3): 46–49. Bibcode:2008JOM....60c..46E. doi:10.1007/s11837-008-0031-1. S2CID 12056136.
- ↑ Kobayashi, E.; Wang, T.J.; Doi, H.; Yoneyama, T.; Hamanaka, H. (1 October 1998). "Mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of Ti–6Al–7Nb alloy dental castings". Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine. 9 (10): 567–574. doi:10.1023/A:1008909408948. PMID 15348689. S2CID 13241089.
- ↑ Disegi, John (November 2008). Implant Materials (PDF) (2nd ed.). Synthes. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 December 2015.
- ↑ Milne, Ian; Ritchie, R. O.; Karihaloo, B. L. (25 July 2003). Standardized titanium and titanium alloys. p. 163. ISBN 9780080490731. in Sumita, M.; Hanawa, T.; Ohnishi, I.; Yoneyama, T. (2003). "Failure Processes in Biometallic Materials". Comprehensive Structural Integrity. pp. 131–167. doi:10.1016/B0-08-043749-4/09143-6. ISBN 978-0-08-043749-1.