Timeline of Mekelle

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This is timeline of Mekelle, a city and capital of Tigray Region, Ethiopia.

History

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mekelle</span> Capital of Tigray Region, Ethiopia

Mekelle, or Mekele, is a special zone and capital of the Tigray Region of Ethiopia. Mekelle was formerly the capital of Enderta awraja in Tigray. It is located around 780 kilometres (480 mi) north of the Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa, with an elevation of 2,254 metres (7,395 ft) above sea level. Administratively, Mekelle is considered a Special Zone, which is divided into seven sub-cities. It is the economic, cultural, and political hub of northern Ethiopia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tigray People's Liberation Front</span> Left-wing nationalist political party in Ethiopia

The Tigray People's Liberation Front, also called the Tigrayan People's Liberation Front, is a left-wing ethnic nationalist, paramilitary group, and the former ruling party of Ethiopia. It was classified as a terrorist organization by the Ethiopian government from May 2021 until its removal from the list in March 2023. In older and less formal text and speech it is known as Woyane or Weyané.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Debretsion Gebremichael</span> Former President of the Tigray Region

Debretsion Gebremichael is an Ethiopian politician serving as the chairman of Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF). He was previously the president of the Tigray Region. His position as titular head of the Tigray Region was disputed by the federal government of Ethiopia who in November 2020 appointed Mulu Nega as the chief executive of the Transitional Government of Tigray, succeeded by Abraham Belay. From July 2021 to March 2023, Debretsion again led the Tigray Region, while Abraham Belay left the transitional government to become Ethiopia's minister of Defence.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tigray War</span> Armed conflict in Ethiopia from 2020 to 2022

The Tigray War was an armed conflict that lasted from 3 November 2020 to 3 November 2022. The war was primarily fought in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia between forces allied to the Ethiopian federal government and Eritrea on one side, and the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) on the other.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mekelle offensive</span> Airstrike as part of the Tigray War in Ethiopia

The Mekelle offensive was a military campaign fought between the armed forces of Ethiopia and the Tigray Region to reach the city of Mekelle in the Tigray Region, from 17 November to 28 November 2020. It was part of the Tigray War.

This timeline of the Tigray War is part of a chronology of the military engagements of the Tigray War, a civil war that began in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia in early November 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ethnic discrimination in Ethiopia</span>

Ethnic discrimination in Ethiopia during and since the Haile Selassie epoch has been described using terms including "racism", "ethnification", "ethnic identification, ethnic hatred, ethnicization", and "ethnic profiling". During the Haile Selassie period, Amhara elites perceived the southern minority languages as an obstacle to the development of an Ethiopian national identity. Ethnic discrimination occurred during the Haile Selassie and Mengistu Haile Mariam epochs against Hararis, Afars, Tigrayans, Eritreans, Somalis and Oromos. Ethnic federalism was implemented by Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) leader Meles Zenawi and discrimination against Amharas, Ogaden, Oromos and other ethnic groups continued during TPLF rule. Liberalisation of the media after Abiy Ahmed became prime minister in 2018 led to strengthening of media diversity and strengthening of ethnically focussed hate speech. Ethnic profiling targeting Tigrayans occurred during the Tigray War that started in November 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">War crimes in the Tigray War</span>

All sides of the Tigray War have been repeatedly accused of committing war crimes since it began in November 2020. In particular, the Ethiopian federal government, the State of Eritrea, the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) and Amhara Special Forces (ASF) have been the subject of numerous reports of both war crimes and crimes against humanity.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Famine in northern Ethiopia (2020–present)</span> Famine occurred during the Tigray War

Beginning with the onset of the Tigray War in November 2020, acute food shortages leading to death and starvation became widespread in northern Ethiopia, and the Tigray, Afar and Amhara Regions in particular. As of August 2022, there are 13 million people facing acute food insecurity, and an estimated 150,000–200,000 had died of starvation by March 2022. In the Tigray Region alone, 89% of people are in need of food aid, with those facing severe hunger reaching up to 47%. In a report published in June 2021, over 350,000 people were already experiencing catastrophic famine conditions. It is the worst famine to happen in East Africa since 2011–2012.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tigray Defense Forces</span> Nationalist armed group in Ethiopia

The Tigray Defense Forces, colloquially called the Tigray Army, is a paramilitary group located in the Tigray region of Ethiopia. It was founded by former generals of the Ethiopian Military in 2020 to combat federal forces enforcing national government mandates in the Tigray region, culminating in 2020 with the outbreak of the Tigray War. The TDF has made use of guerilla tactics and strategies. Human rights groups including Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch have reported that the TDF has committed war crimes against civilians including gang rape and extrajudicial killing during their occupation of both the Afar and Amhara regions. According to the Ethiopian Ministry of Justice, TDF combatants have been found liable for upwards of 540 civilians casualties. as of 28 December 2021.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">TDF–OLA joint offensive</span> 2021 military campaign into Ethiopia as part of the Tigray War

The TDF–OLA joint offensive was a rebel offensive in the Tigray War and the OLA insurgency starting in late October 2021 launched by a joint rebel coalition of the Tigray Defense Forces (TDF) and Oromo Liberation Army (OLA) against the Ethiopian National Defense Forces (ENDF) and government. The TDF and OLA took control of several towns south of the Amhara Region in the direction of the Ethiopian capital Addis Ababa in late October and early November. Claims of war crimes included that of the TDF extrajudicially executing 100 youths in Kombolcha, according to deral authorities.

This Timeline of the Tigray War is part of a chronology of the military engagements of the Tigray War, a civil war that began in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia in early November 2020.

This Timeline of the Tigray War is part of a chronology of the military engagements of the Tigray War, a civil war that began in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia in early November 2020.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tigrayan nationalism</span> Ethnic nationalism

Tigrayan nationalism is an ethnic nationalism that advocates the interests of Tigrayan people in Ethiopia. Inspired predominantly by the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) with its predecessor Tigray Liberation Front (TLF), this type of nationalism holds that Tigrayans are an independent group with unique ancestry, heritage, history and culture outside Ethiopia. As such, they claim Tigray is the source of Ethiopian civilization and utterly a benefactor of state-building without other local ethnic groups. Tigrayan nationalists accuse Amharas of imposing their cultural, economic and political hegemony over Tigrayans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dedebit Elementary School airstrike</span> 2022 airstrike in the Tigray Region, Ethiopia

In the late hours of 7 January 2022, the Ethiopian Air Force (ETAF) carried out an airstrike on a camp for internally displaced persons (IDP) set up in Dedebit Elementary School, located in the Tigray Region of Ethiopia. Between 56 and 59 people were killed in the attack, and at least 30 others were left injured.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fall of the Derg regime</span> 1991 downfall of the Ethiopian ruling junta

The fall of the Derg, also known as Downfall of the Derg, was a military campaign that resulted in the defeat of the ruling Marxist–Leninist military junta, the Derg, by the rebel coalition Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) on 28 May 1991 in Addis Ababa, ending the Ethiopian Civil War. The Derg took power after deposing Emperor Haile Selassie and the Solomonic dynasty, an imperial dynasty of Ethiopia that began in 1270. The Derg suffered from insurgency with different factions, and separatist rebel groups since their early rule, beginning with the Ethiopian Civil War. The 1983–1985 famine, the Red Terror, and resettlement and villagization made the Derg unpopular with the majority of Ethiopians tending to support insurgent groups like the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) and Eritrean People's Liberation Front (EPLF).

The 1995 Ethiopian Federal Constitution formalizes an ethnic federalism law aimed at undermining long-standing ethnic imperial rule, reducing ethnic tensions, promoting regional autonomy, and upholding unqualified rights to self-determination and secession in a state with more than 80 different ethnic groups. But the constitution is divisive, both among Ethiopian nationalists who believe it undermines centralized authority and fuels interethnic conflict, and among ethnic federalists who fear that the development of its vague components could lead to authoritarian centralization or even the maintenance of minority ethnic hegemony. Parliamentary elections since 1995 have taken place every five years since enactment. All but one of these have resulted in government by members of the Ethiopian People's Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF) political coalition, under three prime ministers. The EPRDF was under the effective control of the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF), which represents a small ethnic minority. In 2019 the EPRDF, under Abiy, was dissolved and he inaugurated the pan-ethnic Prosperity Party which won the 2021 Ethiopian Election, returning him as prime minister. But both political entities were different kinds of responses to the ongoing tension between constitutional ethnic federalism and the Ethiopian state's authority. Over the same period, and all administrations, a range of major conflicts with ethnic roots have occurred or continued, and the press and availability of information have been controlled. There has also been dramatic economic growth and liberalization, which has itself been attributed to, and used to justify, authoritarian state policy.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eritrean involvement in the Tigray War</span> Eritrea in the Tigray War

Since the start of Tigray War in November 2020, the Eritrean government has been heavily involved in the war against the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) in support of the Ethiopian government.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ethiopia–Tigray peace agreement</span> Peace treaty signed in 2022

The Ethiopia–Tigray peace agreement, commonly called the Pretoria Agreement or the Cessation of Hostilities Agreement (CoHA), is a peace treaty between the government of Ethiopia and the Tigray People's Liberation Front (TPLF) that was signed 2 November 2022, wherein both parties agreed to a "permanent cessation of hostilities" to end the Tigray War. The agreement was made effective the next day on 3 November, marking the two-year anniversary of the war.

Anti-Eritrean sentiment is a broad opposition, bias, discrimination and hatred against Eritrea, its government and people. Anti-Eritrean attitude is prevalent amongst Tigrayan elites, who were crucial parts for downfall of the Derg regime in 1991. The 1998 border war exacerbated their relations as both parties accused each other for the territorial claims. Eritrean involvement in the Tigray War further aggravated anti-Eritrean feelings amongst Tigrayans.

References

  1. ↑ Taddesse, Madhane (1995). Salt, Trade and Urbanization: the Story of Mäqälä Town, 1872-1935. Addis Ababa: Addis Ababa University.
  2. ↑ Sakkwar, Taddese (2000). የመቀሌ ከመሰራረትና እድገት[Foundation and Growth of Mäqälä Town]. Mekelle.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  3. ↑ "Local history of Ethiopia : Debre Tabor - Delo wereda" (PDF). 7 October 2022.
  4. ↑ Okazaki, Rumi (November 2011). "Deterioration of Heritage by Informal Urbanization in Mekelle, Ethiopia". Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering. 10 (2): 343–350. doi: 10.3130/jaabe.10.343 . ISSN   1346-7581. S2CID   109528178.
  5. ↑ "Revisiting resistance in Italian-occupied Ethiopia". 7 October 2022.
  6. ↑ Marcus, Harold G. (2002-02-22). A History of Ethiopia. University of California Press. ISBN   978-0-520-92542-7.
  7. ↑ Woldemariam, Michael, ed. (2018), "The Second Wave of Rebellion: Tigrayans, Oromos, Afars, and Somalis, 1973–2008", Insurgent Fragmentation in the Horn of Africa: Rebellion and its Discontents, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 185–208, ISBN   978-1-108-42325-0 , retrieved 2022-10-07
  8. ↑ "When Britain bombed Tigray into submission". Martin Plaut. 2019-10-06. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
  9. ↑ "City profile Mekelle" (PDF). 7 October 2022.
  10. ↑ "City profile Mekelle" (PDF). 7 October 2022.
  11. ↑ Lockot, Hans Wilhelm (1998). Bibliographia Aethiopica II: The Horn of Africa in English Literature. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN   978-3-447-03611-5.
  12. ↑ "11. starving tigray, 1984-88" (PDF). Human Rights Watch .
  13. ↑ "Ethiopia is situated in northeast Africa" (PDF). Amnesty International . 7 October 2022.
  14. ↑ "EVIL DAYS" (PDF). Human Rights Watch . 7 October 2022.
  15. ↑ "The Battle of Shire – February 1989 | Ethiopian Review | Page 2 - Ethiopian News" . Retrieved 2022-10-07.
  16. ↑ Cooper, Tom; Fontanellaz, Adrien (2018-07-31). Ethiopian-Eritrean Wars. Volume 2: Eritrean War of Independence, 1988-1991 & Badme War, 1998-2001. Helion and Company. ISBN   978-1-913118-35-8.
  17. ↑ Dixon, Jeffrey S.; Sarkees, Meredith Reid (2015-10-22). A Guide to Intra-state Wars. SAGE. ISBN   978-0-87289-775-5.
  18. ↑ "15. ARMED DECISION: THE NORTH" (PDF). 7 October 2022.
  19. ↑ "Local history of Ethiopia" (PDF). 7 October 2022.
  20. ↑ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Chronology for Tigreans in Ethiopia". Refworld. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
  21. ↑ "Eritrea/Ethiopia, Awards on Military Objectives | How does law protect in war? - Online casebook". casebook.icrc.org. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
  22. ↑ "ETHIOPIA COUNTRY REPORT OCTOBER 2003" (PDF). 7 October 2022.
  23. ↑ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | U.S. Department of State Country Report on Human Rights Practices 2002 - Ethiopia". Refworld. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
  24. ↑ "UNMEE: United Nations Mission in Ethiopia and Eritrea". peacekeeping.un.org. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
  25. ↑ "Ethiopia says its military has taken control of capital in defiant Tigray region". Washington Post. ISSN   0190-8286 . Retrieved 2022-10-07.
  26. ↑ "Ethiopia: Government launches offensive on Mekelle - Vatican News". www.vaticannews.va. 2020-11-28. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
  27. ↑ "Ethiopia's PM Abiy promises 'final' offensive in Tigray". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
  28. ↑ "Ethiopia: Unlawful Shelling of Tigray Urban Areas". Human Rights Watch. 2021-02-11. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
  29. ↑ "Ethiopia's Tigray crisis: 'How we survived when Mekelle was shelled'". BBC News. 2020-12-20. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
  30. ↑ "Tigray conflict: Report calls for accountability for violations and abuses by all parties". Ethiopian Human Rights Commission - EHRC. 2021-11-03. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
  31. ↑ Paravicini, Giulia; Houreld, Katharine; Endeshaw, Dawit (2021-06-29). "Tigray's former rulers back in Mekelle, Ethiopian government declares ceasefire". Reuters. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
  32. ↑ "Interim government of Tigray flees as rebels seize capital". The Guardian. 2021-06-28. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
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