The expression junk science is used to describe scientific data,research,or analysis considered by the person using the phrase to be spurious or fraudulent. The concept is often invoked in political and legal contexts where facts and scientific results have a great amount of weight in making a determination. It usually conveys a pejorative connotation that the research has been untowardly driven by political,ideological,financial,or otherwise unscientific motives.
Frederick Seitz was an American physicist and a pioneer of solid state physics and lobbyist.
The R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (RJR) is an American tobacco manufacturing company based in Winston-Salem,North Carolina,and headquartered at the RJR Plaza Building. Founded by R. J. Reynolds in 1875,it is the second-largest tobacco company in the U.S.. The company is a wholly owned subsidiary of Reynolds American,after merging with the U.S. operations of British American Tobacco in 2004.
The Heidelberg Appeal,authored by Michel Salomon,was an appeal directed against the findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. The Heidelberg Appeal's goal was similar to the later published Leipzig Declaration. Before the publication,Fred Singer,who has initiated several petitions like the Heidelberg Appeal,and Michel Salomon,had organized a conference in Heidelberg,which led to that document. It was published at the last day of the Rio Summit 1992 and warned governments that they don't base their policy on environmental policy,which they regarded as "pseudoscientific arguments or false and nonrelevant data." It was brought forward by the tobacco and asbestos industry,to support the climate-denying Global Climate Coalition. According to SourceWatch the appeal is "a scam perpetrated by the asbestos and tobacco industries in support of the Global Climate Coalition". Both industries had no direct reason to deny global warming,but rather wanted to promote their "sound science" agenda,which basically states that industry-funded science is good science and science contradicting those science is bad science or "junk science".Proof is needed that asbestos and tobacco industries are the financiers or organizers of that event.
Premier was an American brand of smokeless cigarettes which was owned and manufactured by the R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company (RJR). Premier was released in the United States in 1988. It was the first commercial heated tobacco product. However,it was difficult to use and tasted unpleasant;as a result,it was unpopular with consumers. A commercial failure,the brand was a significant financial loss for RJR and was quickly taken off the market.
Joe Camel was the advertising mascot for Camel cigarettes from late 1987 to July 12,1997,appearing in magazine advertisements,billboards,and other print media.
RJR Nabisco,Inc.,was an American conglomerate,selling tobacco and food products,headquartered in the Calyon Building in Midtown Manhattan,New York City. RJR Nabisco stopped operating as a single entity in 1999;however,both RJR and Nabisco still exist.
Passive smoking is the inhalation of tobacco smoke,called secondhand smoke (SHS),or environmental tobacco smoke (ETS),by persons other than the intended "active" smoker. It occurs when tobacco smoke enters an environment,causing its inhalation by people within that environment. Exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke causes disease,disability,and death. The health risks of secondhand smoke are a matter of scientific consensus. These risks have been a major motivation for smoke-free laws in workplaces and indoor public places,including restaurants,bars and night clubs,as well as some open public spaces.
The George C. Marshall Institute (GMI) was a nonprofit conservative think tank in the United States. It was established in 1984 with a focus on science and public policy issues and had an initial focus in defense policy. Starting in the late 1980s,the institute advocated for views in line with environmental skepticism,most notably climate change denial. The think tank received extensive financial support from the fossil fuel industry.
Bennett S. LeBow is an American businessman and philanthropist. He is the current chairman of the board of Vector Group.
Steven J. Milloy is a lawyer,lobbyist,author and Fox News commentator. His close financial and organizational ties to tobacco and oil companies have been the subject of criticism,as Milloy has consistently disputed the scientific consensus on climate change and the health risks of second-hand smoke.
Nicotine marketing is the marketing of nicotine-containing products or use. Traditionally,the tobacco industry markets cigarette smoking,but it is increasingly marketing other products,such as electronic cigarettes and heated tobacco products. Products are marketed through social media,stealth marketing,mass media,and sponsorship. Expenditures on nicotine marketing are in the tens of billions a year;in the US alone,spending was over US$1 million per hour in 2016;in 2003,per-capita marketing spending was $290 per adult smoker,or $45 per inhabitant. Nicotine marketing is increasingly regulated;some forms of nicotine advertising are banned in many countries. The World Health Organization recommends a complete tobacco advertising ban.
Winston is an American brand of cigarettes,currently owned and manufactured by ITG Brands,subsidiary of Imperial Tobacco in the United States and by Japan Tobacco outside the U.S. The brand is named after the town where R. J. Reynolds started his business which is Winston-Salem,North Carolina. As of 2017,Winston has the seventh-highest U.S. market share of all cigarette brands,according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Maxwell Report.
The Advancement of Sound Science Center (TASSC),formerly The Advancement of Sound Science Coalition,was an industry-funded lobby group and crisis management vehicle,and was created in 1993 by Phillip Morris and APCO in response to a 1992 United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) report which identified secondhand smoke as a "confirmed" human carcinogen. TASSC's stated objectives were to:(1) discredit the EPA report;(2) fight anti-smoking legislation;and (3) pro-actively pass legislation favourable to the tobacco industry.
Patrick Cleveland Reynolds is an American anti-smoking activist and former actor.
APCO Worldwide is an independent global public affairs and strategic communications consultancy. With more than 600 employees in 35 worldwide locations,it is also the fifth largest independently owned PR firm in the United States. Headquartered in Washington,D.C.,APCO was founded in 1984 by Margery Kraus,who is now the firm's Executive Chairman.
William Ralph Seagraves was an American executive. For 13 years he was the president of R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company’s Special Events Operations. His help in introducing Winston cigarette advertising into NASCAR and National Hot Rod Association (NHRA) lead him to be inducted in the International Motorsports Hall of Fame in 2008. He is the 2021 recipient of the NASCAR Hall of Fame’s Landmark Award.
Vuse is an electronic cigarette produced by R. J. Reynolds Vapor Company,a subsidiary of the Reynolds American tobacco company. In 2015,it was the most popular e-cigarette in the United States with 33% market share in Nielsen-tracked channels However,Vuse lost its top position in 2017,when Juul overtook it to become the most popular e-cigarette in the US. As of August 2018,Vuse controlled 10% percent of the American e-cigarette market,compared to Juul's 72% market share. By April 2022,Vuse was at 35% and Juul was at 33%.
Good Epidemiological Practices or Good Epidemiology Practices (GEP) was a set of guidelines produced by the U.S. Chemical Manufacturers Association (CMA) in 1991 to improve epidemiologic research practices. It was then adopted by the tobacco industry around 1993 as part of its "sound science" program to counter criticisms of the industry on health and environmental issues such as secondhand smoke. It failed to make much impact on the US and European regulators,but may have had more influence in its later manifestations in Asia and particularly China.
The tobacco industry playbook,tobacco strategy or simply disinformation playbook describes a strategy devised by the tobacco industry in the 1950s to protect revenues in the face of mounting evidence of links between tobacco smoke and serious illnesses,primarily cancer. Much of the playbook is known from industry documents made public by whistleblowers or as a result of the Tobacco Master Settlement Agreement. These documents are now curated by the UCSF Truth Tobacco Industry Documents project and are a primary source for much commentary on both the tobacco playbook and its similarities to the tactics used by other industries,notably the fossil fuel industry. It is possible that the playbook may even have originated with the oil industry.
