The University of Massachusetts Boston is a public research university in Boston,Massachusetts,United States. It is the only public research university in Boston and the third-largest campus in the five-campus University of Massachusetts system. UMass Boston is the third most diverse university in the United States.
Supplemental Security Income (SSI) is a means-tested program that provides cash payments to disabled children,disabled adults,and individuals aged 65 or older who are citizens or nationals of the United States. SSI was created by the Social Security Amendments of 1972 and is incorporated in Title 16 of the Social Security Act. The program is administered by the Social Security Administration (SSA) and began operations in 1974.
The United States Social Security Administration (SSA) is an independent agency of the U.S. federal government that administers Social Security,a social insurance program consisting of retirement,disability and survivor benefits. To qualify for most of these benefits,most workers pay Social Security taxes on their earnings;the claimant's benefits are based on the wage earner's contributions. Otherwise benefits such as Supplemental Security Income (SSI) are given based on need.
The disability rights movement is a global social movement that seeks to secure equal opportunities and equal rights for all people with disabilities.
Special education is the practice of educating students in a way that accommodates their individual differences,disabilities,and special needs. This involves the individually planned and systematically monitored arrangement of teaching procedures,adapted equipment and materials,and accessible settings. These interventions are designed to help individuals with special needs achieve a higher level of personal self-sufficiency and success in school and in their community,which may not be available if the student were only given access to a typical classroom education.
People with disabilities in the United States are a significant minority group,making up a fifth of the overall population and over half of Americans older than eighty. There is a complex history underlying the U.S. and its relationship with its disabled population,with great progress being made in the last century to improve the livelihood of disabled citizens through legislation providing protections and benefits. Most notably,the Americans with Disabilities Act is a comprehensive anti-discrimination policy that works to protect Americans with disabilities in public settings and the workplace.
Service and supports for people with disabilities are those government or other institutional services and supports specifically provided to enable people who have disabilities to participate in society and community life. Some such services and supports are mandated or required by law,some are assisted by technologies that have made it easier to provide the service or support while others are commercially available not only to persons with disabilities,but to everyone who might make use of them.
Developmental disability is a diverse group of chronic conditions,comprising mental or physical impairments that arise before adulthood. Developmental disabilities cause individuals living with them many difficulties in certain areas of life,especially in "language,mobility,learning,self-help,and independent living". Developmental disabilities can be detected early on and persist throughout an individual's lifespan. Developmental disability that affects all areas of a child's development is sometimes referred to as global developmental delay.
Inclusion in education refers to all students being able to access and gain equal opportunities to education and learning. It arose in the context of special education with an individualized education program or 504 plan,and is built on the notion that it is more effective for students with special needs to have the said mixed experience for them to be more successful in social interactions leading to further success in life. The philosophy behind the implementation of the inclusion model does not prioritize,but still provides for the utilization of special classrooms and special schools for the education of students with disabilities. Inclusive education models are brought into force by educational administrators with the intention of moving away from seclusion models of special education to the fullest extent practical,the idea being that it is to the social benefit of general education students and special education students alike,with the more able students serving as peer models and those less able serving as motivation for general education students to learn empathy.
In clinical diagnostic and functional development,special needs refers to individuals who require assistance for disabilities that may be medical,mental,or psychological. Guidelines for clinical diagnosis are given in both the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and the International Classification of Diseases 9th edition. Special needs can range from people with autism,cerebral palsy,Down syndrome,dyslexia,dyscalculia,dyspraxia,dysgraphia,blindness,deafness,ADHD,and cystic fibrosis. They can also include cleft lips and missing limbs. The types of special needs vary in severity,and a student with a special need is classified as being a severe case when the student's IQ is between 20 and 35. These students typically need assistance in school,and have different services provided for them to succeed in a different setting.
The American Association on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities (AAIDD) is an American non-profit organization focusing on intellectual disability and related developmental disabilities. AAIDD has members in the United States and more than 50 other countries.
A group home,congregate living facility,care home,adult family home,etc.,is a structured and supervised residence model that provides assisted living and medical care for those with complex health needs. Traditionally,the model has been used for children or young people who cannot live with their families or afford their own homes,people with chronic disabilities who may be adults or seniors,or people with dementia and related aged illnesses. Typically,there are no more than six residents,and there is at least one trained caregiver there 24 hours a day. In some early "model programs",a house manager,night manager,weekend activity coordinator,and four part-time skill teachers were reported. Originally,the term group home referred to homes of 8 to 16 individuals,which was a state-mandated size during deinstitutionalization. Residential nursing facilities,also included in this article,may be as large as 100 individuals in 2015,which is no longer the case in fields such as intellectual and developmental disabilities. Depending on the severity of the condition requiring one to need to live in a group home,some clients are able to attend day programs and most clients are able to live normal lifestyles.
Inclusion,in relation to persons with disabilities,is defined as including individuals with disabilities in everyday activities and ensuring they have access to resources and opportunities in ways that are similar to their non-disabled peers. Disability rights advocates define true inclusion as results-oriented,rather than focused merely on encouragement. To this end,communities,businesses,and other groups and organizations are considered inclusive if people with disabilities do not face barriers to participation and have equal access to opportunities and resources.
Best Buddies International is an American nonprofit 501(c)(3) organization. It consists of volunteers that create opportunities for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD). The program's main purpose is to allow volunteers to be paired up with a buddy with an intellectual and developmental disability and provide them with a friend or a mentor. Best Buddies is the world's largest organization dedicated to ending the social,physical and economic isolation of the 200 million people with IDD. It is an international movement that has spread to over 54 countries worldwide.
Intellectual disability (ID),also known as general learning disability in the United Kingdom and formerly mental retardation,is a generalized neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by significantly impaired intellectual and adaptive functioning. It is defined by an IQ under 70,in addition to deficits in two or more adaptive behaviors that affect everyday,general living. Intellectual functions are defined under the DSM-5 as reasoning,problem‑solving,planning,abstract thinking,judgment,academic learning,and learning from instruction and experience,and practical understanding confirmed by both clinical assessment and standardized tests. Adaptive behavior is defined in terms of conceptual,social,and practical skills involving tasks performed by people in their everyday lives.
Community integration,while diversely defined,is a term encompassing the full participation of all people in community life. It has specifically referred to the integration of people with disabilities into US society from the local to the national level,and for decades was a defining agenda in countries such as Great Britain. Throughout recent decades,community integration programs have been increasingly effective in improving healthcare access for people with disabilities. They have been valued for providing a "voice for the voiceless"
Council for Canadians with Disabilities (CCD),formerly known as the Coalition of Provincial Organizations of the Handicapped (COPOH),was created by people with disabilities in 1976 to provide support for all people with disabilities who seek the opportunity to go to school,work,volunteer,have a family,and participate in recreational,sport and cultural activities. The CCD is a national human rights organization of people with disabilities working for an accessible and inclusive Canada. In the 1970s,the CCD became a permanent part of the disability rights movement and it became a fluid entity that includes people with a range of different disabilities. To manage the work that will lead to the achievement of this goal,CCD established the following Committees to guide their activities in key areas:
- Human Rights Committee:Identifies Human Rights Committee issues of concern to persons with disabilities that could be addressed through law reform initiatives.
- Social Policy Committee:Identifies Social Policy Committee issues of national concern to persons with disabilities.
- Transportation Committee
- International Development Committee:Provides advice to CCD National Council on reforms that would improve the effect of Canada's foreign aid and policy on persons with disabilities.
- Access to Technology Committee.
Jack Patrick Lewis is an American state legislator from Framingham,Massachusetts. A Democrat,he was sworn in as a member of the Massachusetts House of Representatives on January 4,2017.
Post-secondary education for students with intellectual disabilities in the United States refers to the opportunities and challenges faced by these students when pursuing higher education. Historically,individuals with intellectual disabilities (ID) have faced barriers in accessing post-secondary education,primarily due to restrictions in federal student aid and academic prerequisites. However,the enactment of the Higher Education Opportunity Act of 2008 introduced significant changes,allowing students with ID to qualify for federal student grants and work-study programs. Over the last two decades,there has been a growth in specialized PSE programs designed for students with ID,focusing on fostering skills beyond traditional academic achievements,such as increased independence,self-determination,and employment readiness.
Singapore does not have a formal definition of disability. Singapore signed on to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in 2013 and coordinates the Enabling Masterplan with both government and non governmental organisations.
