Tribhuvana Mahadevi II also known as Prithivi Mahadevi, was the queen regnant of the Indian Bhauma-Kara dynasty's Kingdom of Toshala in Kalinga [1] in 890-896 AD. [2]
She was born to king Janmejaya I of the Somavamshi dynasty kingdom. She was married to Subhakara IV or Kusumahara II (r. 865-882). The couple had no survivning heir. When her spouse died, he was succeeded by his brother Sivakaradeva III (r. 882-890).
When king Sivakaradeva III died in 890, she succeeded him on the throne. This was possibly because of the influence of her father. She is known to have given great tribute to her father in her charters. According to the Brahmesvara inscription of Somavamsi from the reign of King Udyotakesari Mahabhavagupta, her father Janmejaya “drew to himself the fortune of the King of Odra country, who was killed in battle by his Kunta.”
Her reign was supported by her father. When the Kalachuri king Sankaragana invaded Kosala, and her father Janmejaya I engaged in combat with the aggressor, the Bhauma-Kara dynasty’s officials supported a coup by the queen's sister-in-law, the widow of Sivakaradeva III, who deposed Tribhuvana Mahadevi II and replaced her on the throne as Tribhuvana Mahadevi III. [3]
After the deposition, former queen Tribhuvana Mahadevi II returned to live with her father in Kosala.
Uttama, also known as Madhurantaka, was a Chola Emperor who ruled from 970 CE to 985 CE in present-day Tamil Nadu, India. According to Tiruvalangadu plates of Rajendra Chola, Madhurantaka Uttama's reign is placed after Aditya II. The latter may have been a co-regent of Parantaka II and seems to have died before he could formally ascend the throne. Uttama was the cousin of Parantaka II and was the son of the illustrious Sembiyan Mahadevi and Gandaraditya.
Kalinga is a historical region of India. It is generally defined as the eastern coastal region between the Ganges and the Godavari rivers, although its boundaries have fluctuated with the territory of its rulers. The core territory of Kalinga now encompasses all of Odisha and some part of northern Andhra Pradesh. At its widest extent, the Kalinga region also included parts of present-day Chhattisgarh, extending up to Amarkantak in the west. In the ancient period it extended until the bank of the Ganges river.
Rani Durgavati was the queen regent of Gondwana in 1550–1564 AD. She married King Dalpat Shah, the son of King Sangram Shah of Gondwana. She served as regent of Gondwana during the minority of her son, Vir Narayan, from 1550 until 1564. She is chiefly remembered for defending Gondwana against the Mughal Empire.
Western Odisha is the western part of the state of Odisha in India, extending from the Kalahandi district in the south to the Sundargarh district in the north.
The Bhanja dynasty is a dynasty that originated in the northern and central regions of modern Odisha before the Gupta Empire became an imperial power. The dynasty, of ancient local Kshatriya lineage as documented by Hermann Kulke, succeeded the Vindhyatabi branch of the Nagas of Padmavati, who ruled from the Keonjhar district of Odisha and included Satrubhanja of the Asanpat inscription. The Bhanj later became feudatories of the Bhauma-Kara dynasty.
The Shailodbhava dynasty ruled parts of eastern India during the 6th-8th centuries. Their core territory was known as Kongoda-mandala, and included parts of the present-day Ganjam, Khordha and Puri districts in the Odisha state. Their capital was located at Kongoda, which is identified with modern Banapur.
The Bhauma dynasty, also known as Kara dynasty, ruled in eastern India between 8th and 10th centuries. Their kingdom, called Toshala, included parts of present-day Odisha.
The Somavamshi or Keshari dynasty ruled parts of present-day Odisha in eastern India between the 9th and the 12th centuries. Their capitals included Yayatinagara and Abhinava-Yayatinagara.
Paramavaishnavi Goswamini Devi or Tribhuvana Mahadevi I was the first female ruler of the Bhaumakara Dynasty in ancient Odisha and the widow of king Santikara I who ascended the throne of Toshali or Utkala between the years 843 A.D to 845 A.D and ruled until 850 A.D after the premature death of her ruling son Subhakara III. Some historians believe that she might have ruled as long as 863 A.D abdicating the throne for her grandson Santikara II after he turned older and eligible to run the administration.
Maharaja Sivakara Deva I or Sivakara Unmattasimha/Unamattakeshari was a powerful monarch of the Bhaumakara dynasty who ruled in the late tertiary part of the 8th century A.D. He was the descendant of Ksemankara Deva who is believed to be the founder of the Bhaumakara rule in ancient Odra and also the earliest organizer of the Varna system in the region. Sivakara Deva I pursued a career of conquest in the eastern part of India establishing the Bhaumakaras as the supreme power in the whole region during his lifetime. According to the Talcher plate of Sivakaradeva III, Sivakaradeva I alias Unmattasimha defeated the king of Radha(south-West Bengal). When Unmattasimha was ruling in Orissa, Bengal was still in a state of disorder, and therefore the Radha king defeated by him can not be identified. However, Sivakara I either started ruling from 756 CE or 786 CE. He subjugated the Eastern Ganga rulers of Kalinga as his vassals. His dominions stretched from the border of Bengal in the north to the river Godavari in the south. He was a devout Buddhist who in 790 built the Sholampura Buddha Vihara and who adopted the epithets of Paramopasaka and Paramatathgata meaning a devout worshiper of Buddha which has been mentioned in the Neulpur charter of the Bhaumakaras. He sent a Buddhist scholar as an emissary to the Chinese emperor Te-tsong or Dezong with valuable Mahayana Buddhist manuscripts and established a new era of maritime trade and cultural relationship between ancient Odisha and China.
The Panduvamshis or Pandavas were an Indian dynasty that ruled the historical Mekala region in present-day Chhattisgarh state of India, during the 6th and the 7th centuries. The Panduvamshi kings, who were Shaivites, claimed descent from the legendary Pandavas and also claimed to be members of the lunar dynasty. They may have been Gupta feudatories, and may have been related to the Panduvamshis of Dakshina Kosala, but this cannot be said with certainty.
The Panduvamshis or Pandavas were an Indian dynasty that ruled the historical Dakshina Kosala region in present-day Chhattisgarh state of India, during the 7th and the 8th centuries. They may have been related to the earlier Panduvamshis of Mekala: both dynasties claimed lunar lineage and descent from the legendary Pandavas.
Tribhuvana Mahadevi III, was the queen regnant of the Indian Bhauma-Kara dynasty's Kingdom of Toshala in 896-905 AD.
Gauri Mahadevi was the queen regnant of the Indian Bhauma-Kara dynasty's Kingdom of Toshala in c. 910-916. It is possible that she was in fact regent during the minority of her daughter queen Dandi Mahadevi, rather than a monarch in her own right.
Dandi Mahadevi was the queen regnant of the Indian Kingdom of Odisha circa 916-936.
Vakula Mahadevi, was the queen regnant of the Indian Bhauma-Kara dynasty's Kingdom of Toshala in circa 936–940.
Dharma Mahadevi was the queen regnant of the Indian Bhauma-Kara dynasty's Kingdom of Toshala in circa 940-950.
Dalpat Shah was the 49th ruler of the Garha Kingdom, which controlled the Indian region of Gondwana. His reign was short, he died in 1550, leaving the kingdom in the hands of his able wife Rani Durgavati, acting as a regent for their son Vir Narayan.
Next female rulers were Tribhuvana Mahadevi II (890-896AD) and Tribhuvana Mahadevi III (896-905AD).