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Greenland is a North American autonomous territory of the Kingdom of Denmark. It is the largest country within the Kingdom and one of three countries which form the Kingdom,the others being Denmark proper and the Faroe Islands;the citizens of all three countries are citizens of Denmark. As Greenland is one of the Overseas Countries and Territories of the European Union,citizens of Greenland are also granted European Union citizenship. The capital and largest city of Greenland is Nuuk. Greenland lies between the Arctic and Atlantic oceans,east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. It is the world's largest island,as well as the northernmost area of the world –Kaffeklubben Island off the northern coast is the world's northernmost undisputed point of land,and Cape Morris Jesup on the mainland was thought to be so until the 1960s.
Vinland,Vineland,or Winland was an area of coastal North America explored by Vikings. Leif Eriksson landed there around 1000 AD,nearly five centuries before the voyages of Christopher Columbus and John Cabot. The name appears in the Vinland Sagas,and describes Newfoundland and the Gulf of Saint Lawrence as far as northeastern New Brunswick. Much of the geographical content of the sagas corresponds to present-day knowledge of transatlantic travel and North America.
The history of Greenland is a history of life under extreme Arctic conditions:currently,an ice sheet covers about eighty percent of the island,restricting human activity largely to the coasts.
Ellesmere Island is Canada's northernmost and third largest island,and the tenth largest in the world. It comprises an area of 196,236 km2 (75,767 sq mi),slightly smaller than Great Britain,and the total length of the island is 830 km (520 mi).
Erik Thorvaldsson,known as Erik the Red,was a Norse explorer,described in medieval and Icelandic saga sources as having founded the first European settlement in Greenland. Erik most likely earned the epithet "the Red" due to the color of his hair and beard. According to Icelandic sagas,Erik was born in the Jæren district of Rogaland,Norway,as the son of Thorvald Asvaldsson;to which Thorvald would later be banished from Norway,and would sail west to Iceland with Erik and his family. During Erik's life in Iceland,he married Þjódhild Jorundsdottir and would have four children,with one of Erik's sons being the well-known Icelandic explorer Leif Erikson. Around the year of 982,Erik was exiled from Iceland for three years,to which Erik would spend his time exploring Greenland,eventually culminating in Erik founding the first successful European settlement on the island. Erik would later die on the island around 1003 CE due to an epidemic during the winter.
Bjarni Herjólfsson was a Norse-Icelandic explorer who is believed to be the first known European discoverer of the mainland of the Americas,which he sighted in 986.
Leif Erikson,also known as Leif the Lucky,was a Norse explorer who is thought to have been the first European to set foot on continental America,approximately half a millennium before Christopher Columbus. According to the sagas of Icelanders,he established a Norse settlement at Vinland,which is usually interpreted as being coastal North America. There is ongoing speculation that the settlement made by Leif and his crew corresponds to the remains of a Norse settlement found in Newfoundland,Canada,called L'Anse aux Meadows,which was occupied approximately 1,000 years ago.
The Thule or proto-Inuit were the ancestors of all modern Inuit. They developed in coastal Alaska by the year 1000 and expanded eastward across northern Canada,reaching Greenland by the 13th century. In the process,they replaced people of the earlier Dorset culture that had previously inhabited the region. The appellation "Thule" originates from the location of Thule in northwest Greenland,facing Canada,where the archaeological remains of the people were first found at Comer's Midden. The links between the Thule and the Inuit are biological,cultural,and linguistic.
The Norse exploration of North America began in the late 10th century,when Norsemen explored areas of the North Atlantic colonizing Greenland and creating a short term settlement near the northern tip of Newfoundland. This is known now as L'Anse aux Meadows where the remains of buildings were found in 1960 dating to approximately 1,000 years ago. This discovery helped reignite archaeological exploration for the Norse in the North Atlantic. This single settlement,located on the island of Newfoundland and not on the North American mainland,was abruptly abandoned.
Zichmni is the name of an explorer-prince who appears in a 1558 book by Caterino Zeno of Venice,allegedly based on letters and a map dating to the year 1400 by the author's ancestors,brothers Nicolòand Antonio Zeno. Zichmni is described as a great lord of some islands off the southern coast of Frislanda,a possibly fictitious island claimed to be larger than Ireland and located south of Iceland.
The Zeno brothers,Nicolò and Antonio,were Italian noblemen from the Republic of Venice who lived during the 14th century. They came to prominence in 1558,when their descendant,NicolòZeno the Younger,published a map and a series of letters purporting to describe an exploration made by the brothers of the north Atlantic and Arctic waters in the 1390s. The younger Nicolòclaimed the documents were discovered in a storeroom of his family home.
Skræling is the name the Norse Greenlanders used for the peoples they encountered in North America. In surviving sources,it is first applied to the Thule people,the proto-Inuit group with whom the Norse coexisted in Greenland after about the 13th century. In the sagas,it is also used for the peoples of the region known as Vinland whom the Norse encountered and fought during their expeditions there in the early 11th century.
Helluland is the name given to one of the three lands,the others being Vinland and Markland,seen by Bjarni Herjólfsson,encountered by Leif Erikson and further explored by Thorfinn Karlsefni Thórdarson around AD 1000 on the North Atlantic coast of North America. As some writers refer to all land beyond Greenland as Vinland,Helluland is sometimes considered a part of Vinland.
The Farfarers:Before the Norse is a non-fiction book by Farley Mowat,setting out a theory about pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact. Mowat's thesis is that before the Vikings,North America was discovered and settled by Europeans from Orkney. They reached Canada after a generation-spanning migration that used Iceland and Greenland as 'stepping stones'. Mowat's ideas are controversial and have been accused of being over-speculative. The book has been published in the UK as The Alban Quest.
Great Ireland,also known as White Men's Land (Hvítramannaland),and in Latin similarly as Hibernia Major and Albania,was a land said by various Norsemen to be located near Vinland. In one report,in the Saga of Eric the Red,some skrælingar captured in Markland described the people in what was supposedly White Men's Land,to have been "dressed in white garments,uttered loud cries,bore long poles,and wore fringes." Another report identifies it with the Albani people,with "hair and skin as white as snow."
The Vinland Sagas are two Icelandic texts written independently of each other in the early 13th century—The Saga of the Greenlanders and The Saga of Erik the Red. The sagas were written down between 1220 and 1280 and describe events occurring around 970–1030.
The Canadian Centenary Series is a nineteen-volume history of Canada published between 1963 and 1987 as an extended Canadian Centennial project. The collection resulted from the initiative of two of Canada's leading 20th century historians,W. L. Morton and D. G. Creighton. Morton served as the initial executive editor,and Creighton served as the advisory editor. The editors approached leading Canadian historians to write the individual volumes. The series was published by the Canadian publishing house,McClelland &Stewart.
Grœnlendinga saga is one of the sagas of Icelanders. Like the Saga of Erik the Red,it is one of the two main sources on the Norse colonization of North America. The saga recounts events that purportedly happened around 1000 and is preserved only in the late 14th century Flateyjarbók manuscript.
The Greenlandic Inuit are the indigenous and most populous ethnic group in Greenland. Most speak Greenlandic and consider themselves ethnically Greenlandic. People of Greenland are citizens of Denmark.
Herjolfsnes was a Norse settlement in Greenland,50 km northwest of Cape Farewell. It was established by Herjolf Bardsson in the late 10th century and is believed to have lasted some 500 years. The fate of its inhabitants,along with all the other Norse Greenlanders,is unknown. The site is known today for having yielded remarkably well-preserved medieval garments,excavated by Danish archaeologist Poul Nörlund in 1921. Its name roughly translates as Herjolf's Point or Cape.
References
- 1 2 3 4 Memorable Manitobans: Tryggvi Julius Oleson (1912-1963).
- ↑ The Norsemen in America (Ottawa: Canadian Historical Association, 1963) (CHA Historical Booklet No. 14), p. 2.
- 1 2 J.M. Bumsted, "Oleson, Tryggvi Julius", in Dictionary of Manitoba Biography (Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 1999), p. 192.
- ↑ Tryggvi J. Oleson, Early Voyages and Northern Approaches (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart Ltd., 1963.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Graham A. MacDonald, "Tryggvi J. Oleson and the Origins of Thule Culture: A Controversy Revisited", Manitoba History, Number 15, Spring 1988.
- ↑ David B. Quinn, "Review: Early Voyages and Northern Approaches, 1000–1632 by Tryggvi J. Oleson" Canadian Historical Review, Volume 46, Number 1, March 1965.
- ↑ J. H. Parry, "Reviewed Work: Early Voyages and Northern Approaches, 1000-1632 by Tryggvi J. Oleson", Speculum, Vol. 40, No. 3 (Jul., 1965), pp. 533-535.
- ↑ William E. Taylor, Jr., "Reviewed Work: Early Voyages and Northern Approaches by Tryggvi J. Oleson", Arctic, Vol. 17, No. 1 (March 1964), pp. 61-62.
- ↑ Wilcomb E. Washburn, "Review: Early Voyages and Northern Approaches, 1000–1632", American Historical Review, Volume 70, Issue 3, April 1965, pp. 802–803.
- ↑ Thomas E. Lee, “Review,” Culture, 28 (1), 1967.
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