Turbo-diesel

Last updated

LR19JTurbo.JPG
1990 Land Rover 19J engine (turbocharger is towards the top-right corner of image)
BMW E28 engine 2 16.09 JM.jpg
1983-1988 BMW M21 engine (turbocharger is near the bottom of the image)

The term turbo-diesel, also written as turbodiesel and turbo diesel, refers to any diesel engine equipped with a turbocharger. As with other engine types, turbocharging a diesel engine can significantly increase its efficiency and power output, especially when used in combination with an intercooler. [1]

Contents

Turbocharging of diesel engines began in the 1920s with large marine and stationary engines. Trucks became available with turbo-diesel engines in the mid-1950s, followed by passenger cars in the late 1970s. Since the 1990s, the compression ratio of turbo-diesel engines has been dropping.

Principle

Diesel engines are typically well suited to turbocharging due to two factors:

As per turbocharged petrol engines, an intercooler can be used to cool the intake air and therefore increase its density. [4]

History

The turbocharger was invented in the early 20th century by Alfred Büchi, a Swiss engineer and the head of diesel engine research at the Gebrüder Sulzer engine manufacturing company. The turbocharger was originally intended to be used on diesel engines, since Büchi's patent of 1905 noted the efficiency improvements that a turbocharger could bring to diesel engines. [5] [6] [7] However, the first production turbocharged engines to be manufactured did not occur until 1925, 10-cylinder turbo-diesel marine engines used by the German passenger ships Preussen and Hansestadt Danzig. [8] [9] The turbocharger increased the power output from 1,750 PS (1,287 kW) to 2,500 PS (1,839 kW). [10] In 1925, Büchi invented sequential turbocharging, which according to Helmut Pucher (2012) marks the beginning of modern turbocharging technology. [11]

By the late 1920s, several manufacturers were producing large turbo-diesels for marine and stationary use, such as Sulzer Bros., MAN, Daimler-Benz, and Paxman. [12] [13] Subsequent improvements in technology made feasible the use of turbochargers on smaller engines that ran at higher engine speeds, so turbo-diesel locomotive engines began appearing in the late 1940s. [14] [15] In 1951, MAN built the K6V 30/45 m.H.A., 1 MW prototype engine, which had, for its time, an exceptionally low fuel consumption of just 135.8 g/PSh (184.6 g/kWh), equivalent to an efficiency of 45.7 per cent. [16] This was possible because of the advanced turbocharger design, comprising a five-stage axial compressor combined with a nine-stage radial compressor and an intercooler. [17]

Use of turbo-diesel engines in road-going vehicles began with trucks in the early 1950s. The prototype MAN MK26 truck was unveiled in 1951, [18] followed by the production model MAN 750TL1 turbo-diesel in 1954. [19] The Volvo Titan Turbo truck was also introduced in 1954. [20] By the late 1960s, demand for increasingly powerful truck engines led to turbo-diesels being produced by Cummins, Detroit Diesel, Scania AB, and Caterpillar Inc.

In 1952, the Cummins Diesel Special became the first turbocharged car to compete at the Indianapolis 500 motor race and qualified on pole position. [21] The car was powered by a 6.6 L (403 cu in) inline-six engine producing 283 kW (380 hp). [22] [23]

Research into smaller turbo-diesel engines for passenger cars was undertaken by several companies through the 1960s and 1970s. Rover built a prototype 2.5 L four-cylinder turbo-diesel in 1963,[ citation needed ] and Mercedes-Benz used a five-cylinder intercooled turbo-diesel engine in the 1976 Mercedes-Benz C111-IID experimental vehicle. [24]

The first turbo-diesel production car was the Mercedes-Benz 300SD (W116) saloon, which was sold in the United States from mid-1978 and powered by the OM617 five-cylinder engine. [25] A year later, the Peugeot 604 D Turbo became the first turbo-diesel car to be sold in Europe. Turbo-diesel cars began to be widely built and sold in Europe during the late 1980s and early 1990s, a trend that has continued to the present day. [26] [27]

Since the 1990s, the compression ratio of turbo-diesel engines has been dropping, due to better specific power and better exhaust-emission behaviour of turbocharged engines with a lower compression ratio. Indirect injected engines used to have compression ratios of 18.5 or higher. Following the introduction of common rail engines in the late 1990s, compression ratios decreased to the range of 16.5 to 18.5. Some diesel engines built since 2016 to comply with the Euro 6 exhaust emissions regulations have a compression ratio of 14.0. [28] : 182-183 

Characteristics

Turbocharging can greatly increase the power output of a diesel engine, bringing the peak power-to-weight ratio closer to that of an equivalent petrol engine. [29]

Improvements in power, fuel economy, and noise, vibration, and harshness in both small- and large-capacity turbodiesels over the last decade have spurred their widespread adoption in certain markets, notably in Europe where they (as of 2014) make up over 50% of new car registrations. [30] [31] Turbodiesels are generally considered more flexible for automotive uses than naturally aspirated Diesel engines. Turbodiesels can be designed to have a more acceptable spread of torque over their speed range or, if being built for commercial use, can be designed to improve torque output at a given speed depending on the exact use. Naturally aspirated Diesels, almost without exception, have a lower power output than a petrol engine of the same capacity whilst the same time requiring stronger (and thus heavier) internal components such as the pistons and crankshaft to withstand the greater stresses of the Diesel engine's much higher compression ratio. These factors give naturally aspirated Diesels a poor power-to-weight ratio. Turbocharger units weigh very little but can offer significant power, torque, and efficiency improvements. Fitting a turbocharger can bring a Diesel engine's power-to-weight ratio up to the same level as an equivalent petrol unit, making turbodiesels desirable for automotive use, where manufacturers aim for comparable power outputs and handling qualities across their range, regardless of the type of power unit chosen.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Diesel engine</span> Type of internal combustion engine

The diesel engine, named after Rudolf Diesel, is an internal combustion engine in which ignition of the fuel is caused by the elevated temperature of the air in the cylinder due to mechanical compression; thus, the diesel engine is called a compression-ignition engine. This contrasts with engines using spark plug-ignition of the air-fuel mixture, such as a petrol engine or a gas engine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Turbocharger</span> Exhaust-powered forced-induction device for engines

In an internal combustion engine, a turbocharger is a forced induction device that is powered by the flow of exhaust gases. It uses this energy to compress the intake air, forcing more air into the engine in order to produce more power for a given displacement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fuel injection</span> Feature of internal combustion engines

Fuel injection is the introduction of fuel in an internal combustion engine, most commonly automotive engines, by the means of an injector. This article focuses on fuel injection in reciprocating piston and Wankel rotary engines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Four-stroke engine</span> Internal combustion engine type

A four-strokeengine is an internal combustion (IC) engine in which the piston completes four separate strokes while turning the crankshaft. A stroke refers to the full travel of the piston along the cylinder, in either direction. The four separate strokes are termed:

  1. Intake: Also known as induction or suction. This stroke of the piston begins at top dead center (T.D.C.) and ends at bottom dead center (B.D.C.). In this stroke the intake valve must be in the open position while the piston pulls an air-fuel mixture into the cylinder by producing a partial vacuum in the cylinder through its downward motion.
  2. Compression: This stroke begins at B.D.C, or just at the end of the suction stroke, and ends at T.D.C. In this stroke the piston compresses the air-fuel mixture in preparation for ignition during the power stroke (below). Both the intake and exhaust valves are closed during this stage.
  3. Combustion: Also known as power or ignition. This is the start of the second revolution of the four stroke cycle. At this point the crankshaft has completed a full 360 degree revolution. While the piston is at T.D.C. the compressed air-fuel mixture is ignited by a spark plug or by heat generated by high compression, forcefully returning the piston to B.D.C. This stroke produces mechanical work from the engine to turn the crankshaft.
  4. Exhaust: Also known as outlet. During the exhaust stroke, the piston, once again, returns from B.D.C. to T.D.C. while the exhaust valve is open. This action expels the spent air-fuel mixture through the exhaust port.
<span class="mw-page-title-main">Straight-six engine</span> Internal combustion engine

The inline-six engine is a piston engine with six cylinders arranged in a straight line along the crankshaft. A straight-six engine has perfect primary and secondary engine balance, resulting in fewer vibrations than other designs of six or less cylinders.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Naturally aspirated engine</span> Type of internal combustion engine

A naturally aspirated engine, also known as a normally aspirated engine, and abbreviated to N/A or NA, is an internal combustion engine in which air intake depends solely on atmospheric pressure and does not have forced induction through a turbocharger or a supercharger.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Forced induction</span>

In an internal combustion engine, forced induction is where turbocharging or supercharging is used to increase the density of the intake air. Engines without forced induction are classified as naturally aspirated.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thielert Centurion</span> Series of Diesel cycle aircraft engines for general aviation

The Thielert Centurion is a series of diesel cycle aircraft engines for general aviation originally built by Thielert, which was bought by Aviation Industry Corporation of China's Tecnify Motors subsidiary and is currently marketed by Continental Motors. They are based on heavily modified Mercedes-Benz automotive engines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saab B engine</span> Motor vehicle engine

The Saab B engine is an inline four-cylinder car petrol engine developed by Saab Automobile. A redesign of the Triumph slant-four engine, the B engine displaced 2.0 L and first appeared in 1972. The B engine was used in the Saab 99 and 900 models. Saab began to phase the engine out in 1981.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cummins B Series engine</span> Motor vehicle engine

The Cummins B Series is a family of diesel engines produced by American manufacturer Cummins. In production since 1984, the B series engine family is intended for multiple applications on and off-highway, light-duty, and medium-duty. In the automotive industry, it is best known for its use in school buses, public service buses in the United Kingdom, and Dodge/Ram pickup trucks.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">EMD GP20</span>

An EMD GP20 is a 4-axle diesel-electric locomotive built by General Motors' Electro-Motive Division between November 1959 and April 1962. Power was provided by an EMD 567D2 16-cylinder turbocharged engine which generated 2,000 horsepower (1,500 kW). EMD was initially hesitant to turbocharge their 567-series diesel engine, but was spurred on to do so following successful tests made by Union Pacific in the form of UP's experimental Omaha GP20 units. 260 examples of EMD's production locomotive model were built for American railroads.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Twin-turbo</span> Turbochargers

Sequential turbocharging refers to a forced induction set-up by which an engine uses a smaller (primary) turbocharger for a near immediate response as little kinetic energy from the exhaust gas will be required to place it on an effective area of its compressor MAP; and a larger (secondary) turbocharger to efficiently provide steadily progressive compressed air throughout the engines power band. In Sequential Turbocharging all the Internal Combustion Engines (ICE) exhaust gas is first directed toward the primary turbocharger. However, after the exhaust gas travels through the primary turbocharger it’s directed toward the secondary turbocharger uninterrupted. This is called the “secondary priming phase”. During the secondary priming phase, the primary turbocharger will reach a peak efficient area of its compressor MAP and the secondary turbocharger will enter an effective area of its compressor MAP. Once the secondary turbocharger has been effectively primed per its MAP, and the Primary can no longer effectively use any additional exhaust gas per it’s MAP, the sequential-turbo manifold bypass valve(s) will begin to open accordingly and direct all the excess exhaust gas toward the secondary turbocharger bypassing the primary. These valves open gradually according to sequential turbo-manifold pressure and are specifically designed to allow a high-volume uninterrupted flow path towards the secondary turbocharger when needed, maintaining stability in boost control and turbocharging efficiency throughout the engine’s RPM band.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Supercharger</span> Air compressor for an internal combustion engine

In an internal combustion engine, a supercharger compresses the intake gas, forcing more air into the engine in order to produce more power for a given displacement.

The DiesOtto motor is an experimental automobile engine that "is said to incorporate the benefits of a diesel engine, but runs on gasoline instead."

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Two-stroke diesel engine</span> Engine type

A two-stroke diesel engine is a diesel engine that uses compression ignition in a two-stroke combustion cycle. It was invented by Hugo Güldner in 1899.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of the diesel car</span>

Diesel engines began to be used in automobiles in the 1930s. Mainly used for commercial applications early on, they did not gain popularity for passenger travel until their development in Europe in the 1950s. After reaching a peak in popularity worldwide around 2015, in the aftermath of Dieselgate, the diesel car rapidly fell out of favor with consumers and regulators.

Turbochargers have been used on various petrol engines since 1962, in order to obtain greater power or torque output for a given engine displacement.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mercedes-Benz M176/M177/M178 engine</span> Motor vehicle engine

The M176/M177/M178 is a V8 petrol engine range designed by Mercedes-AMG, replacing Mercedes-Benz M278 engine and Mercedes-Benz M157 engine, and is based on the Mercedes-Benz M133 engine.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Motor 250/400</span> Motor vehicle engine

The Motor 250/400 is the first functional diesel engine. It was designed by Rudolf Diesel, and drawn by Imanuel Lauster. The workshop of the Maschinenfabrik Augsburg built two units, the A-Motor, and the B-Motor. The latter has been on static display at the Deutsches Museum in Munich since testing it came to an end. Throughout the late 1890s, several licensed copies of the Motor 250/400 were made. Most of these copies were very unreliable, which almost caused the diesel engine's demise.

References

  1. ↑ Zinner, Karl; Pucher, Helmut (2012), Aufladung von Verbrennungsmotoren (in German) (4 ed.), Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer, pp. 7–8, 106, ISBN   978-3-642-28989-7
  2. ↑ Pischinger, Stefan; Seiffert, Ulrich (2016). Vieweg Handbuch Kraftfahrzeugtechnik (in German) (8 ed.). p. 348. ISBN   978-3-658-09528-4.
  3. ↑ Reif, Konrad (2017). Grundlagen Fahrzeug- und Motorentechnik (in German). p. 16. ISBN   978-3-658-12635-3.
  4. ↑ Tschöke, Helmut; Mollenhauer, Klaus; Maier, Rudolf (2018). Handbuch Dieselmotoren (in German) (8 ed.). p. 702. ISBN   978-3-658-07696-2.
  5. ↑ Vann, Peter (11 July 2004). Porsche Turbo: The Full History. MotorBooks International.
  6. ↑ Gresh, M; Newnes, Theodore (29 March 2001). Compressor Performance: Aerodynamics for the User.
  7. ↑ "Diesel and gas turbine progress". Diesel Engines, Inc. 26. 1960.
  8. ↑ "The turbocharger turns 100 years old this week". www.newatlas.com. 18 November 2005. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  9. ↑ Doug Woodyard (ed.): Pounder's Marine Diesel Engines and Gas Turbines, 9th edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2009, ISBN   9780080943619, p. 192
  10. ↑ Zinner, Karl; Pucher, Helmut (2012), Aufladung von Verbrennungsmotoren (in German) (4 ed.), Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer, p. 20, ISBN   978-3-642-28989-7
  11. ↑ Zinner, Karl; Pucher, Helmut (2012), Aufladung von Verbrennungsmotoren (in German) (4 ed.), Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer, p. 21, ISBN   978-3-642-28989-7
  12. ↑ Shipbuilding & Marine Engineering International. Whitehall Press. 56. 1933.{{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  13. ↑ Clarke, Donald; Dartford, Mark; Stuttman, H.S. (1994). "How It Works". The New Illustrated Science and Invention Encyclopedia. 6.
  14. ↑ Illustrated Encyclopedia of World Railway Locomotives, P. Ransome-Wallis, Courier Dover Publications, 9 Mar 2001
  15. ↑ Wilson, Jeff (1 December 2009). The Model Railroader's Guide to Diesel Locomotives. Kalmbach Publishing.
  16. ↑ Zinner, Karl; Pucher, Helmut (2012), Aufladung von Verbrennungsmotoren (in German) (4 ed.), Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer, p. 22, ISBN   978-3-642-28989-7
  17. ↑ Zinner, Karl; Pucher, Helmut (2012), Aufladung von Verbrennungsmotoren (in German) (4 ed.), Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer, p. 22, ISBN   978-3-642-28989-7
  18. ↑ "150 Years Rudolf Diesel - MAN History". www.mantruckandbus.com. Archived from the original on 2 July 2012.
  19. ↑ Tipler, John (1 August 1999). Trucks.
  20. ↑ "1950s - Volvo Trucks". www.volvotrucks.com. Archived from the original on 27 January 2017. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  21. ↑ "High Tech is Getting the Cummins Diesel Special Back to Indianapolis". www.cummins.com. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  22. ↑ "Kevin Triplett's Racing History". www.triplettracehistory.blogspot.com. 1 August 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  23. ↑ "Cummins at the Indy 500 - Diesel Alley". www.trucktrend.com. August 2008. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  24. ↑ "Mercedes-Benz C 111". www.mercedes-benz.com. Retrieved 29 September 2019.
  25. ↑ Popular Science (January 1979).{{cite journal}}: Missing or empty |title= (help)
  26. ↑ "Mercedes-Benz unveils a new kind of performance automobile: the turbodiesel 300 SD Sedan". The Rotarian. August 1978.
  27. ↑ Pettitt, Joe (13 May 2005). Sport Compact Turbos & Blowers. CarTech Inc.
  28. ↑ Merker, Günter P.; Teichmann, Rüdiger (2014). Grundlagen Verbrennungsmotoren Funktionsweise, Simulation, Messtechnik (7 ed.). Springer. ISBN   978-3-658-03195-4.
  29. ↑ McCosh, Dan. "Power for the Future". Popular Science (October 1993).
  30. ↑ "Second coming - Diesel in America". www.economist.com. 26 October 2006. Retrieved 27 September 2019.
  31. ↑ "Exxon's contrarian bet on diesel". International New York Times. No. 40, 847. 11 July 2014. p. 15.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.