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The Khanate of Khiva was a Central Asian polity that existed in the historical region of Khwarezm in Central Asia from 1511 to 1920, except for a period of Afsharid occupation by Nader Shah between 1740 and 1746. Centred in the irrigated plains of the lower Amu Darya, south of the Aral Sea, with the capital in the city of Khiva, the country was ruled by a Turco-Mongol tribe, the Khongirads, who came from Astrakhan. It covered present western Uzbekistan, southwestern Kazakhstan and much of Turkmenistan before Russian arrival at the second half of the 19th century.
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Isfandiyar Khan, or Asfandiyar Khan, born Isfandiyar Jurji Bahadur, was the Khan of Khiva between September 1910 and 1 October 1918, the 53rd Khan of Khiva, and the 12th Khongirad ruler of the Uzbeks. He was overthrown and executed by Junaid Khan in 1918.
Seyid Islam Khodja was the Grand Vizier of the Khiva Khanate from 1898 until his death in 1913.
Junaid Khan was a military commander from the Turkmen Yomud tribe who was the (last) de facto ruler of the State of Khorezm from 1918 to 1920, Chief of the Armed Forces (Serdar-Kerim) of Khorezm during the tumultuous years after the Russian October Revolution.
The Qajar Principality of Merv was an independent principality that existed in Central Asia from c.1747 to 1788. It was ruled by the 'Izz al-Dinlu clan of the Qajars of Merv, who had been governors of the oasis since Safavid times. It gained its' independence after the death of Nader Shah in 1747 and had good relations with the ruler of Bukhara, Daniyal Biy. When his son, Shah Murad took over in 1785, he launched a campaign that killed the ruler of the principality, Bayram 'Ali Khan Qajar. By 1788 the entire oasis was conquered and annexed to Bukhara. The last ruler, Mohammad Husayn Khan, fled to Iran.
References
- 1 2 3 Becker, Seymour (2004-08-02). Russia's Protectorates in Central Asia: Bukhara and Khiva, 1865-1924. Routledge. pp. 181, 182, 183. ISBN 9781134335831.
- ↑ Sokol, Edward Dennis (2016). The Revolt of 1916 in Russian Central Asia. JHU Press. p. 136. ISBN 978-1-4214-2050-9.
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