USLHT Arbutus (1933 ship)

Last updated
USLHT Arbutus.jpg
USLHT Arbutus in 1933 just before her launch
History
Pennant of the United States Lighthouse Service.png US flag 44 stars.svgUnited States
NameUSLHT Arbutus
OperatorUnited States Lighthouse Service
BuilderPusey and Jones Corporation
Cost$239,800
Launched25 March 1933
IdentificationSignal Letters: WWEA
FateTransferred to US Coast Guard
Flag of the United States Coast Guard.svg Flag of the United States (1912-1959).svg United States
NameUSCGC Arbutus
OperatorUnited States Coast Guard
Acquired1 July 1939
Decommissioned10 January 1967
IdentificationSignal letters: NRWD
FateSold to Marine Explorations Company
unknown registration
NameArbutus
Operator
  • Marine Explorations Co. 1969-1976?
  • Treasure Salvors 1976?-1983
FateSank at anchor in 1983
General characteristics as built in 1933
Displacement997 tons fully loaded
Length174 ft 7 in (53.21 m)
Beam33 ft (10 m)
Draft12 ft 3 in (3.73 m)
Depth of hold14 ft 6 in (4.42 m)
Installed power2x 500 horsepower steam engines

USLHT Arbutus was built as a lighthouse tender for the Massachusetts coast. She served in that role from her launch in 1933 until World War II. In 1939, the Lighthouse Service was merged into the United States Coast Guard and the ship became USCGC Arbutus. During the war she was under United States Navy control. She served as an anti-submarine net-tender at Newport, Rhode Island. After the war she was posted to New York and resumed her buoy tender responsibilities. She was decommissioned in 1967 and sold in 1969.

Contents

After her government service, Arbutus was used in a number of treasure hunting expeditions in Haiti and Florida, most notably, Mel Fisher's salvage of the Spanish galleon Nuestra Señora de Atocha . In 1983 she sank at anchor while engaged at that site.

Construction and characteristics

In 1931, the Commissioner of Lighthouses requested funding to replace USLHT Azalea , which was then beyond economical repair. [1] Although Arbutus was originally planned to replace USLHT Ilex, [2] she was assigned to replace Azalea. Pusey and Jones Corporation of Wilmington, Delaware was the low bidder and won the contract to build Arbutus for $239,800. [3] Contracts for the ship were signed on 14 July 1932. [4]

Arbutus was launched on 25 March 1933. Her sponsor was Elizabeth Duncan Putnam, daughter of Commissioner of Lighthouses George R. Putnam. [5] Among the guests at the ceremony were Commissioner Putnam, Delaware Governor C. Douglas Buck, and U.S. Secretary of Commerce Daniel C. Roper. [6] A luncheon for the visiting officials was held after the launch at the DuPont Biltmore Hotel in Wilmington. [7]

Arbutus' sea trial took place on 5 June 1933 on the Delaware River. As a result of the successful trial, the ship was accepted by the Lighthouse Service on 6 June 1933. [8]

Her hull was built of mild steel plates, riveted together. The ship was 174 feet 7 inches (53.21 m) long overall, with a beam of 33 feet (10 m), a depth of hold of 14.5 feet (4.4 m), [9] and a draft of 12 feet 3 inches (3.73 m). She displaced 997 tons, fully loaded. [10]

Arbutus was driven by two propellers. Power was provided by two triple-expansion steam engines. Each engine generated 500 horsepower at 150 RPM. The ship was capable of reaching a maximum speed of 11.3 knots. [10] Steam for the engines was produced by two oil-fired boilers which had a working pressure of 200 pounds per square inch. The engines were built by Pusey and Jones. [9]

The ship was equipped with a steel mast and boom that served as a derrick to lift buoys and other loads on and off the ship. A separate steam engine and winch gave the derrick the ability to hoist loads of up to 20 tons. [9]

The covered forecastle on the main deck housed the crew washrooms and toilets, and stowage for deck equipment. Crew quarters were on the lower deck forward, and petty officers' quarters were on the lower deck aft. The steel main deck house held the galley, pantry, crew's mess, and officers' staterooms and dining room. Above the main deck house forward were the pilot house, ship's office, and adjoining captain's cabin, and washroom. The upper deck aft contained the radio room, and a stateroom, washroom, and dining room for the Lighthouse District Superintendent, as well as an extra stateroom. [9]

Lighthouse tenders were named for trees and shrubs. Arbutus is a genus of flowering plants in the heather family. The Arbutus launched in 1933 was the third vessel of that name to serve as a lighthouse tender. [11] [12] The second USLHT Arbutus was launched in 1879. [13]

U.S. Lighthouse Service (1933–1939)

USLHT Arbutus loading buoys at Woods Hole in May 1937 USLHT Arbutus loading buoys.jpg
USLHT Arbutus loading buoys at Woods Hole in May 1937

Arbutus was assigned to the 2nd Lighthouse District which encompassed the coast of Massachusetts and Rhode Island. [14] Her home port was New Bedford, Massachusetts. [15] She began her work there in July 1933 delivering supplies to the lighthouse at Bristol, Rhode Island. [16]

Buoys are moved by storms and ice, break loose from their anchors, are hit by passing ships, rust, and worn by the weather. They require periodic maintenance, and this was one of Arbutus's main missions. Her buoy tending chores were complicated by winter sea ice along the New England coast. Ice would damage or sink large iron buoys, so every fall Arbutus would replace threatened nuns, cans, and bell buoys with wooden spar buoys. [17] In the spring she would have to reverse the process and put all the metal buoys back in place. Arbutus also placed temporary buoys around wrecks while preparations were made to remove them. [18]

Many lighthouses and all lightships were supplied by sea, since their remote locations offered no land transportation. Arbutus performed this task through her entire career, delivering mail, food, water, and other supplies. [19]

While some lightships of this era were capable of self-propulsion, many were towed to and from their stations. For example, in 1934 Arbutus towed to port for maintenance Relief Light Vessel No. 49 from its station in Buzzard's Bay. [20] In December 1935 Arbutus towed Boston Light Vessel No. 54 to drydock in Quincy after she was hit and almost sunk by the freighter Seven Seas Spray. [21]

U.S. Coast Guard (1939–1969)

USCGC Arbutus supplying Scotland lightship in 1958 USCGC Arbutus suppling Scotland Lightship LV 87-512.png
USCGC Arbutus supplying Scotland lightship in 1958
USCGC Arbutus moored at Staten Island, circa 1965 USCGC Arbutus moored at Staten Island.jpg
USCGC Arbutus moored at Staten Island, circa 1965

The Lighthouse Service merged into the United States Coast Guard on 1 July 1939. [22] The tender became USCGC Arbutus (WAGL-203). She was assigned to the Boston Coast Guard District which was responsible for the coast of New England from Maine through portions of Rhode Island. Her crew underwent a transition from civilian to military service. Arbutus was based at Woods Hole, Massachusetts. [14]

During World War II Arbutus was fitted with one 3"/23 gun and two 20mm/80 cannons. [10] During the war her complement included 1 officer, 3 warrant officers, and 37 enlisted men. [23] From at least 1 April 1943 [24] to 1 July 1944 [25] she served as part of the Net and Boom Group at Newport, Rhode Island and maintained anti-submarine nets. [26]

After World War II, her homeport was changed to New York, and she was based at the Coast Guard station at Saint George, Staten Island. [27] Arbutus went back to tending buoys, [28] lighthouses, and lightships. [29] As lighthouses were equipped with radio beacons allowing ships to determine their position by radio direction finding, buoy tenders, including Arbutus were given the new task of maintaining the calibration of the beacon transmitters. For example, on 1 August 1961, Arbutus calibrated the beacon at the Little Gull Island light. [30]

On 1 January 1965, as part of the Coast Guard's modernization of its ship classification scheme, Arbutus was reclassified as a coastal buoy tender and given the designation WLM-203.

Notable events

Public tours of Arbutus were offered at the Staten Island Coast Guard base in 1945, [31] 1947, [32] 1948, [33] and 1954. [34]

A New York Police Department helicopter developed engine trouble on 25 February 1960 over New York Harbor. It was equipped with pontoons, so it settled onto the water. The two police officers aboard were rescued by Arbutus, which then hoisted the helicopter onto her deck. [35]

On 8 February 1965 Eastern Airlines flight 663, a Douglas DC-7B aircraft, crashed near Jones Beach State Park shortly after taking off from John F. Kennedy International Airport. Arbutus arrived on the scene in the early afternoon of 9 February. She had two divers and sonar equipment aboard in order to locate the wreck which was in 75 feet (23 m) of water. [36]

On 15 July 1966 she ran aground in Long Island Sound, but was refloated without damage. [37]

Decommissioning and sale

Arbutus was decommissioned on 10 January 1967. Based on Coast Guard studies of buoy tender utilization, she was not replaced. [38] She was sold on 28 April 1969. [10]

Marine Exploration Company, Inc. (1969–1976?)

Marine Exploration Company, Inc. of Miami purchased Arbutus with the intention of using her as a salvage platform for recovering treasure from wrecks on the north coast of Haiti. [39] It appears that she was used in this manner in 1971. [40] Her history thereafter becomes uncertain. At some point her engines were removed. By 1976 she was controlled by Treasure Salvors, Inc., another Florida-based treasure hunting company.

Treasure Salvors, Inc. (1976?—1983)

Arbutus shown where she sank in 1983 Arbutus Wreck off Key West (8260239381).jpg
Arbutus shown where she sank in 1983

While contemporaneous press accounts reported that Arbutus was purchased by Treasure Salvors, Inc., Mel Fisher's financing of his salvage operations was notoriously complex and involved multiple corporations. [41] It is uncertain which legal entity owned the ship and where she was registered. In any case, in 1976, Arbutus was towed to the site of the wreck of the Spanish galleon Nuestra Señora de Atocha. [42] She was used as a work barge providing a machine shop, living quarters, and supplies [43] for the team salvaging the wreck and as a "sentry ship" to maintain a claim to the site and to watch for poachers.

On 6 November 1977, two U.S. Marine Corps A-4 Skyhawks on a training mission mistook Arbutus for a target vessel and fired rockets at her. The rockets missed, and no harm was done to the ship. [44]

The ship was at anchor west of Marquesas Keys in an area known as the Quicksands when she sank in 1983. She is still there, and is now a popular spot for snorkeling and fishing. [45]

Cultural use

The back cover of Jimmy Buffet's album "Songs You Know By Heart" is a photo of Buffet on the pilot house of the sunken Arbutus. [46]

Related Research Articles

United States lightship <i>Chesapeake</i> (LV-116)

United States lightship Chesapeake (LS-116/WAL-538/WLV-538) is a museum ship owned by the National Park Service and on a 25-year loan to Baltimore City, and is operated by Historic Ships in Baltimore Museum in Baltimore, Maryland. A National Historic Landmark, she is one of a small number of preserved lightships. Since 1820, several lightships have served at the Chesapeake lightship station and have been called Chesapeake. Lightships were initially lettered in the early 1800s, but then numbered as they were often moved from one light station to another. The name painted on the side of lightships was the short name of the Light Station they were assigned to and was the daytime visual aspect of the many Aids to Navigation on board lightships. The United States Coast Guard assigned new hull numbers to all lightships still in service in April 1950. After that date, Light Ship 116 was then known by the new Coast Guard Hull number: WAL-538. In January 1965 the Coast Guard further modified all lightship hull designations from WAL to WLV, so Chesapeake became WLV-538.

USCGC <i>Maple</i>

USCGC Maple (WLB-207) is a Juniper-class seagoing buoy tender operated by the United States Coast Guard. She was based at Sitka, Alaska for 16 years and is currently homeported at Atlantic Beach, North Carolina. Her primary mission is maintaining aids to navigation, but she also supports search and rescue, law enforcement, oil spill response, and other Coast Guard missions.

USCGC <i>Fir</i> (WLM-212) Lighthouse tender

The United States Coast Guard Cutter Fir was the last lighthouse tender built specifically for the United States Lighthouse Service to resupply lighthouses and lightships, and to service buoys. Fir was built by the Moore Drydock Company in Oakland, California in 1939. On 22 March 1939, the U.S. Lighthouse Tender Fir was launched. She was steam driven with twin screws, 175 feet (53 m) in length, had a beam of 32 feet (9.8 m), drew 11 feet 3 inches (3.43 m) of water, and displaced 885 tons. Fir was fitted with a reinforced bow and stern, and an ice-belt at her water-line for icebreaking. She was built with classic lines and her spaces were lavishly appointed with mahogany, teak, and brass. The crew did intricate ropework throughout the ship. The cost to build Fir was approximately US$390,000. Fir's homeport was Seattle, Washington for all but one of her fifty one years of service when she was temporarily assigned to Long Beach, California when USCGC Walnut was decommissioned on 1 July 1982.

United States lightship <i>Nantucket</i> (LV-112)

United States lightship Nantucket (LV-112) is a National Historic Landmark lightship that served at the Lightship Nantucket position. She was the last serving lightship and at time of its application as a landmark, one of only two capable of moving under their own power. She served as the lightship for such notable vessels as the liners United States, Queen Mary, and Normandie.

USS <i>Mayflower</i> (1897) United States Navy and Coast Guard vessel

The second USS Suwannee and third USS Mayflower was a United States Lighthouse Board, and later United States Lighthouse Service, lighthouse tender transferred to the United States Navy in 1898 for service as an auxiliary cruiser during the Spanish–American War and from 1917 to 1919 for service as a patrol vessel during World War I. She also served the Lighthouse Board and in the Lighthouse Service as USLHT Mayflower from 1897 to 1898, from 1898 to 1917, and from 1919 to 1939, and in the United States Coast Guard as the first USCGC Mayflower (WAGL-236) in 1939 and from 1940 to 1943 and as USCGC Hydrangea (WAGL-236) from 1943 to 1945.

The Nantucket Lightship LV58 was a lightvessel of the United States Lighthouse Board from 1894 to 1905. During those years, she primarily served the coast of Fire Island in New York and the Nantucket Shoals, though she was a relief vessel and served as needed in other locations off the northeast coast as well. From 1898 to her sinking in 1905, she was occasionally used as a lighthouse tender.

USLHT <i>Azalea</i> US Lighthouse Tender

USLHT Azalea was built as a lighthouse tender and performed in that role on the Massachusetts coast from 1891 to 1917 and again from 1919 to 1933. During World War I, she served in the United States Navy as USS Azalea. Between the wars she was a commercial freighter in Chesapeake Bay, and later between Florida and The Bahamas. During World War II, she was reacquired by the U.S. Navy and served as USS Christiana, a seaplane tender which supported advanced bases in The Bahamas. Declared surplus in 1946, she was sold to Banana Supply Company, and spent a decade transporting bananas from the Caribbean to Miami. After 1956 her history is uncertain until she became a half-sunk derelict and was scrapped in Miami in 1965.

United States lightship <i>LV-117</i> Lightvessel, sunk 1934

LV-117 was a lightvessel of the United States Lighthouse Service. Launched in 1931, she operated as the Nantucket lightship south of Nantucket Shoals. Moored south of Nantucket Island, Massachusetts, the lightship was at the western part of the transatlantic shipping lane and the first lightship encountered by westbound liners approaching New York Harbor. On May 15, 1934, one of these liners, RMS Olympic, rammed and sank LV-117, killing seven of her crew.

USCGC <i>Lilac</i> US Coast Guard Buoy Tender

USCGC Lilac (WAGL/WLM-227) is a former Coast Guard buoy tender which is now a museum ship located in New York City. Lilac is America's only surviving steam-powered buoy tender, and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.

The USLHT Holly was one of two Holly-class side wheel bay and sound tenders built in 1881 for service in the Chesapeake Bay region, the other being USLHT Jessamine. Both ships in the class had composite hulls, with wood frames and iron sheathing, and were built by Malster & Reaney of Baltimore, Maryland. The original contract cost was estimated at $37,500 each. However, their actual cost upon completion was $41,911 each. The two ships replaced the lighthouse tenders Heliotrope and Tulip.

USLHT <i>Cedar</i>

USLHT Cedar was a lighthouse tender in commission in the fleet of the United States Lighthouse Service in 1917 and from 1919 to 1939, and – as USCGC Cedar (WAGL-207) – in the fleet of the United States Coast Guard from 1939 to 1950. She was in commissioned service in the United States Navy as the patrol vessel USS Cedar from 1917 to 1919 during and in the immediate aftermath of World War I. She also saw service in World War II under U.S. Navy control while in the Coast Guard fleet. She spent her career in the Pacific Northwest and the Territory of Alaska.

USCGC <i>Elm</i> (WAGL-260)

USCGC Elm(WAGL-260/WLI-72260) was an inland buoy tender used maintain aids to navigation by the United States Coast Guard.

USCGC <i>Ironwood</i> US Coast Guard ship

USCGC Ironwood (WAGL-297/WLB-297) is a former Mesquite-class sea-going buoy tender operated by the United States Coast Guard. She served in World War II, the Korean War, and the Vietnam War as well as a variety of domestic missions. She currently serves as a seamanship training vessel for Job Corps.

USCGC <i>White Heath</i> White-class buoy tender of the United States Coast Guard

USS YF-445 was a U.S. Navy covered lighter built in 1943 for service in World War II. Her most significant action during the war was to supply ships with food and water at the landing beaches of Operation Dragoon, the allied invasion of Southern France in 1944.

USLHT <i>Zizania</i> Tender of the United States Lighthouse Service and Navy

USLHT Zizania was a steel-hulled steamship built as a lighthouse tender in 1888. Over four decades of government service she sailed for the U.S. Lighthouse Service, and the U.S. Navy. She was homeported first in Wilmington, Delaware, and then in Portland, Maine during her Lighthouse Service Years. She served the U.S. Navy in both World War I and World War II. She was renamed during her World War II service, becoming USS Adario, a net tender based at Naval Operating Base Norfolk.

USLHT <i>Shrub</i> US Navy minesweeper, US Coast Guard buoy tender

F. Mansfield and Sons Co. was built in 1912 for use as an oyster boat for a company of the same name. She had a varied career, serving as a U.S. Navy minesweeper in World War I, briefly as F. Mansfield and Sons Co. and then as Mansfield. She was transferred to the U.S Lighthouse Service where she became USLHT Shrub. After the Lighthouse Service was absorbed by the U.S. Coast Guard, she became USCGC Shrub. Shrub left government service in 1947. She was in use as a private yacht when she sank in a storm in the Bahamas in 1963. Her crew drifted to Cuba where they were briefly imprisoned as spies.

USLHT <i>Arbutus</i> (1879 ship) US Lighthouse Tender

USLHT Arbutus was a wooden-hulled, steam-powered lighthouse tender built for the United States Lighthouse Board in 1879. She served on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts in this role until 1925. During World War I, she was transferred to the United States Navy and was commissioned as USS Arbutus, but her duties largely remained those of a lighthouse tender.

USLHT <i>Iris</i> (1897 ship) US Lighthouse Tender

USLHT Iris was a steel-hulled, steam-powered ship built in Philadelphia in 1897. She began life as an excursion boat for day trips between Boston and Plymouth, Massachusetts as Plymouth. She was purchased by the Lighthouse Board and became a lighthouse tender in 1899. She was transferred to the United States Navy during World War I and became USS Iris. She returned to her duties with the United States Lighthouse Service in 1919. She was sold in 1939 and became a collier and bulk freighter named Big Chief. In 1942, after the American entry into World War II, the ship was requisitioned into military service with the United States Army Corps of Engineers. She was transferred to the Navy for the second time in 1943 and became USS Big Chief (IX-101). Declared surplus after the war, she was sold back into private hands in 1948 and became a fishing boat for the remainder of her career. Her name was changed yet again after a 1954 refit to B. O. Colonna. She was scrapped in 1973.

USLHT <i>Lilac</i> (1892 ship) Tender of the United States Lighthouse Service

USLHT Lilac was a steel-hulled steamship built as a lighthouse tender in 1892. During her career in the United States Lighthouse Service her longest assignments were at Portland, Maine, and San Juan, Puerto Rico. During World War I she was transferred to the United States Navy and became USS Lilac.

USLHT <i>Columbine</i> (1892) Tender of the United States Lighthouse Service

USLHT Columbine was a steel-hulled steamship built as a lighthouse tender in 1892. During her career in the United States Lighthouse Service she was based in Portland, Oregon, Ketchikan, Alaska, Honolulu, Hawaii, San Juan Puerto Rico, and Baltimore, Maryland. During World War I she was transferred to the United States Navy and became USS Columbine. She returned to the Lighthouse Service in 1919. The ship was decommissioned and sold by the in 1927.

References

  1. ↑ "Annual report of the Light-House Board of the United States to the Secretary of the Treasury for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1931". U.S. Government Printing Office. 1931. pp. 8, 30. hdl:2027/osu.32435062868864.
  2. ↑ Annual Report of the Commissioner of Lighthouses to the Secretary of Commerce for the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 1932. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1932. p. 4.
  3. ↑ "Boat Work For Local Company". Evening Journal. 14 July 1932. p. 1.
  4. ↑ "Pusey And Jones Gets Contract For U.S. Boat". Morning News. 15 July 1932. p. 3.
  5. ↑ "Lighthouse Tender Slides Down Ways". Philadelphia Inquirer. 26 March 1933. p. 2.
  6. ↑ "Officials See Launching Of Lighthouse Tender". Morning News. 27 March 1933. p. 7.
  7. ↑ "New Lighthouse Tender To Be Launched Today". Morning News. 25 March 1933. p. 8.
  8. ↑ ""Arbutus Turned Over To Government"". News Journal. 6 June 1933. p. 29.
  9. 1 2 3 4 "Commerce Sec, Governor See Ship Launched". News Journal. 25 March 1933. p. 3.
  10. 1 2 3 4 "Arbutus, 1933 (WAGL / WLM-203)". United States Coast Guard (USCG) Historian's Office. Retrieved 2024-02-24.
  11. ↑ "Tender (buoy and/or lighthouse) | USLHS Digital Archive". archives.uslhs.org. Retrieved 2024-02-25.
  12. ↑ Peterson, Douglas (2000). United States Lighthouse Service Tenders. Eastwind Publishing. pp. 33, 46, 131. ISBN   1-885457-12-X.
  13. ↑ "A Launch, a Collision, and a Wreck". Baltimore Sun. 2 July 1879. p. 1.
  14. 1 2 The Coast Guard At War; Aids To Navigation (PDF). U.S. Coast Guard. 1 July 1949. pp. 4, 15.
  15. ↑ "Marine News". The Day. 18 October 1933. p. 6.
  16. ↑ "Water Front News". Boston Globe. 1 August 1933. p. 19.
  17. ↑ "Ice In Harbor Damages Buoys". Boston Globe. 10 February 1934. p. 5.
  18. ↑ "Hulk to Be Buoyed". Boston Globe. 11 September 1936. p. 27.
  19. ↑ Eisen, David (27 October 1953). "Coast Guard Operation Swap Week's High Spot For Lightships". Saten Island Advance. p. 22.
  20. ↑ "Water Front News". Boston Globe. 13 July 1934. p. 2.
  21. ↑ "Boston Lightship "No. 54" Damaged By Collision". Lighthouse Service Bulletin. 5 (1): 1. 1 January 1936.
  22. ↑ Reorganization Plans (PDF). Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1939. p. 93.
  23. ↑ Scheina, Robert L. (1982). U.S. Coast Guard Cutters & Craft of World War III. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. p. 115. ISBN   0-87021-717-8.
  24. ↑ COM NARRAGANSETT GR, ESF - War Diary, 4/1-30/43. US Navy. p. 8.
  25. ↑ Monthly War Diaries, July 1944. U.S. Navy. p. 27.
  26. ↑ COM NARRAGANSETT GR ESF - War Diary, 11/1-30/1943. U.S. Navy. p. 12.
  27. ↑ "Lt. Gaughan To Command Sandy Hook". Asbury Park Press. 22 April 1965. p. 12.
  28. ↑ "Men And Buoys". Orlando Sentinel. 7 March 1965. p. 105.
  29. ↑ Stratford Shoal, April 1964. U.S. Coast Guard. p. 4.
  30. ↑ Arbutus (W 203), August 1961. U.S. Coast Guard. p. 7.
  31. ↑ "More Ships To Be Open To Public On Island". Staten Island Advance. 19 October 1945.
  32. ↑ "Coast Guard Base Holding Open House". Staten Island Advance. 4 August 1947. p. 11.
  33. ↑ "Open House Is Held By Coast Guard". Staten Island Advance. 5 August 1948. p. 14.
  34. ↑ "Coast Guard Base, Ships Open to Weekend Visitors". Staten Island Advance. 12 May 1954. p. 19.
  35. ↑ "2 Cops Saved on Downed Copter". Daily News. 26 February 1960. p. 351.
  36. ↑ "Disaster Is Third Worst Involving Single U.S. Airliner". Boston Globe. 9 February 1965. p. 23.
  37. ↑ Cutter Accidents (PDF). U.S. Coast Guard Historian’s Office. p. 4.
  38. ↑ Report of the Secretary of the Treasury on the State of the Finances. 1968. p. 135.
  39. ↑ "Visions of Haiti gold and silver dance in the Heads of treasure hunters". Miami News. 22 December 1970. p. 5.
  40. ↑ "Greatest Treasure:"Something I Wanted To Do"". Greenville News. 20 August 1971. p. 40.
  41. ↑ Shaw, jr., Robert D. (17 February 1974). "'Dream Treasure' Is Part Nightmare". Miami Herald. p. 1.
  42. ↑ Project Master Report: Nuestra Señora de Atocha & Santa Margarita Expedition (PDF). Motivation, Inc. 29 January 2022. p. 197.
  43. ↑ "Fisher". Orlando Sentinel. 15 November 1981. p. 246.
  44. ↑ "Wrong Ship Attacked In Marine Pilot Snafu". Florida Today. 17 November 1977. pp. 14A.
  45. ↑ Key West Shipwrecks Tour & Fishing With A Local Legend , retrieved 2024-02-28
  46. ↑ "Songs You Know By Heart".
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.