Under the Lilacs

Last updated
Under the Lilacs
Under the Lilacs Illus.jpg
"Ben and Sancho", illustration from an 1888 edition of Under the Lilacs
AuthorLouisa May Alcott
LanguageEnglish
PublisherRoberts Brothers
Publication date
1878
Publication placeUnited States
Pages305

Under the Lilacs is a children's novel by Louisa May Alcott and is part of the Little Women Series. [1] It was first published as a serialized story in St. Nicholas magazine in 1877-1878. It was first published in book form by Roberts Brothers in 1878. The plot follows twelve-year-old Ben Brown, a circus runaway who makes friends with the Moss family. He also becomes friends with Miss Celia and her brother Thornton, and Miss Celia eventually allows Ben to live at her house.

Contents

The novel's themes deal with characters' gender portrayal, home life, and moral lessons. Alcott, who wrote the novel while caring for her sick mother, struggled to come up with ideas for the story. During its composition she maintained correspondence with Mary Mapes Dodge. The book has been republished many times with new illustrations, receiving both praise and criticism in its early years.

Background

Composition

In June 1877 Alcott sent a letter to Mary Mapes Dodge, the editor for St. Nicholas, informing her about the progress of Under the Lilacs. She wrote that the book was taking a long time because she was busy. She also expressed her hope that Mary Hallock Foote would illustrate the story in a satisfactory manner, saying that she did not like what her past illustrators drew. [2] Foote's illustrations for Under the Lilacs depicted scenes with little action, resulting in Alcott's disappointment. [3]

In the same letter Alcott told Dodge, "I am daily waiting with anxiety for an illumination of some sort, as my plot is very vague so far." [2] She also mentioned that she included a poem written by F. B. Sanborn's young son, Francis, and expressed the desire for an illustration of that scene. [2] Later, in September, she told Dodge that, if necessary, she could "take out all about 'Tennyson Jr'". Dodge chose to keep the poem. [4]

In September 1877 Alcott finished the book while caring for her sick mother, Abby May. [5] Alcott felt unsatisfied with the chapters written at that time, writing that they "are a sight for gods and men." [4] She hoped that her heartache over Abby's death was unnoticeable in Under the Lilacs. [6]

Editions

Under the Lilacs first appeared as a serialized edition in St. Nicholas between December 1877 and October 1878. [7] It was published in book form by Roberts Brothers in 1878 and again in 1901 by Little, Brown with one additional illustration. [7] In 1904 a Russian version with no illustrations was published by A. S. Panafidinoĭ. [8] The English version was reprinted by Little, Brown in 1905 with new illustrations by Alice Barber Stephens. In 1928 Marguerite Davis created illustrations for another reprinting. [9]

Plot

Bab and Betty, two little girls, are having a tea party with their dolls when an unknown dog appears and steals their cake. A few days later, the girls find the dog, Sancho, along with his owner Ben Brown in the coach-house. Ben is a run-away from the circus where he was a horse master. In sharing his story, Ben reveals that he and his father worked at the circus until his father left in search of another job; after his father left, Ben was abused by his circus master, which led to him running away. Bab, Betty, and their widowed mother Mrs. Moss take Ben in and find him a job working on the Squire's farm. There, he works with horses and drive cows to pasture.

Miss Celia and her fourteen-year-old brother Thornton or "Thorny" move into the Elms, which is the house that Mrs. Moss takes care of. At first, Thorny is sick, too weak to walk, and irritable, but he eventually becomes friends with the children. Miss Celia also befriends the children, letting them play at her house. When Celia reveals to Ben that his father, Mr. Brown, is dead, she takes him into her home to raise him. Ben is then able to receive both an academic and a religious education.

On the Fourth of July, when Miss Celia and Thorny are gone, Ben and a few local boys sneak away to watch the circus. Bab and Sancho follow; Sancho gets lost and later is found by Betty. Meanwhile, Miss Celia gets hurt on her horse and is discovered by Ben. Ben is accused of stealing from Miss Celia, but he is proven innocent when the missing money is discovered in a mouse nest. Ben's father is alive and returns to him, Miss Celia marries her fiance, and Mr. Brown and Mrs. Moss get married a year later.

Reception

Under the Lilacs received both positive and critical reviews in its early years of publication. Upon its serialized appearance in St. Nicholas, the magazine's editors wrote that "Alcott was created expressly to write stories for young people." [10] Book Exchange Weekly wrote that the book was "the very best of Miss Alcott's books, better even than 'Little Women.'" [10] In Rose-Belford's Canadian Monthly Review, George Stewart, Jr., wrote, "Every line sparkles with interest and reflected light." [11]

Some readers were critical of Alcott's novel. They noted that "she permits girls to talk in something like slang, and with...inelegance that shocks the careful mamma." [12] Another criticism was related to the characters' "slang, the untidy English, and even more strongly in the amateur lovemaking", stating that it was unnecessary for Miss Celia to daydream while reading a letter from her lover. [13] W. W. Tulloch in The Academy called it "a stupid and vulgar story 'for young people'", and claimed that children would find little enjoyment in reading it. [14]

Themes

Journalist Kristina West suggests that Ben is first portrayed as being outside Victorian domesticity because of the absence of his parents. The union of Mr. Brown and Mrs. Moss, she says, restores domesticity within the book. [15]

The Springfield Daily Republican wrote that in Under the Lilacs "[t]here is the same watchful and rigid moral tone which shows itself in Miss Alcott's books, by the frequent reminder of what virtue is and what it is not", but added that moral lessons do not overwhelm the story. [16] McElaney suggests that Alcott attempts to teach a moral about disobedience by mentioning Ben's various difficulties after he sneaks to the circus. [17]

Analysis

Writer Hugh McElaney claims that Alcott reduces Ben's and Thornton's masculinity throughout the novel as "reonstruction of masculinity" in response to male domination in society. McElaney argues that, though Ben has "traditionally masculine traits", his former role as Cupid in the circus feminizes him. Ben is also "bow-legged"; according to McElaney, Ben attempts to preserve his masculinity by making physical comparisons between himself and Thornton. McElaney says that Thornton's lack of masculinity is manifest through Alcott's portrayal of his physical appearance, which is frail and fair, as well as his behavior. Thornton's lack of masculinity, he says, is also demonstrated when Thornton does not participate in rigorous physical activity. [18]

Writer Frances Armstrong suggests that Bab and Betty play death-related games with their dolls as a way to cope with being patronized by others; Armstrong says that the girls appear to be unconscious of this. [19]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Louisa May Alcott</span> American novelist (1832–1888)

Louisa May Alcott was an American novelist, short story writer, and poet best known for writing the novel Little Women (1868) and its sequels Good Wives (1869), Little Men (1871), and Jo's Boys (1886). Raised in New England by her transcendentalist parents, Abigail May and Amos Bronson Alcott, she grew up among many well-known intellectuals of the day, including Margaret Fuller, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Henry David Thoreau. Encouraged by her family, Louisa began writing from an early age.

<i>Little Women</i> 1868–69 novel by Louisa May Alcott

Little Women is a coming-of-age novel written by American novelist Louisa May Alcott, originally published in two volumes, in 1868 and 1869. The story follows the lives of the four March sisters—Meg, Jo, Beth, and Amy—and details their passage from childhood to womanhood. Loosely based on the lives of the author and her three sisters, it is classified as an autobiographical or semi-autobiographical novel.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Walpole, New Hampshire</span> Town in New Hampshire, United States

Walpole is a town in Cheshire County, New Hampshire, United States. The population was 3,633 at the 2020 census.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Abigail May Alcott Nieriker</span> American painter

Abigail May Alcott Nieriker was an American artist and the youngest sister of Louisa May Alcott. She was the basis for the character Amy in her sister's semi-autobiographical novel Little Women (1868). She was named after her mother, Abigail May, and first called Abba, then Abby, and finally May, which she asked to be called in November 1863 when in her twenties.

<i>Little Men</i> 1871 novel by Louisa May Alcott

Little Men: Life at Plumfield with Jo's Boys, is a children's novel by American author Louisa May Alcott (1832–1888), which was first published in 1871 by Roberts Brothers. The book reprises characters from her 1868–69 two-volume novel Little Women, and acts as a sequel in the unofficial Little Women trilogy. The trilogy ends with Alcott's 1886 novel Jo's Boys, and How They Turned Out: A Sequel to "Little Men". Alcott's story recounts the life of Jo Bhaer and her husband as they run a school and educate the various children at Plumfield. The teaching methods used at Plumfield reflect transcendentalist ideals followed by Alcott's father, Bronson Alcott. Book education is combined with learning about morals and nature as the children learn through experience. Paradoxes in the story serve to emphasize Alcott's views on social norms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mary Louisa Molesworth</span> English writer of childrens stories

Mary Louisa Molesworth, néeStewart was an English writer of children's stories who wrote for children under the name of Mrs Molesworth. Her first novels, for adult readers, Lover and Husband (1869) to Cicely (1874), appeared under the pseudonym of Ennis Graham. Her name occasionally appears in print as M. L. S. Molesworth.

<i>St. Nicholas</i> (magazine) American childrens magazine

St. Nicholas Magazine was a popular monthly American children's magazine, founded by Scribner's in 1873 and named after the Christian saint. The first editor was Mary Mapes Dodge, who continued her association with the magazine until her death in 1905. Dodge published work by the country's leading writers, including Louisa May Alcott, Frances Hodgson Burnett, Mark Twain, Laura E. Richards and Joel Chandler Harris. Many famous writers were first published in St. Nicholas League, a department that offered awards and cash prizes to the best work submitted by its juvenile readers. Edna St. Vincent Millay, F. Scott Fitzgerald, E. B. White, and Stephen Vincent Benét were all St. Nicholas League winners.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mary Mapes Dodge</span> American childrens author and editor (1831–1905)

Mary Elizabeth Mapes Dodge was an American children's author and editor, best known for her novel Hans Brinker. She was the recognized leader in juvenile literature for almost a third of the nineteenth century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sister</span> Female sibling

A sister is a woman or a girl who shares parents or a parent with another individual; a female sibling. The male counterpart is a brother. Although the term typically refers to a familial relationship, it is sometimes used endearingly to refer to non-familial relationships. A full sister is a first-degree relative.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jessie Willcox Smith</span> American illustrator

Jessie Willcox Smith was an American illustrator during the Golden Age of American illustration. She was considered "one of the greatest pure illustrators". A contributor to books and magazines during the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Smith illustrated stories and articles for clients such as Century, Collier's, Leslie's Weekly, Harper's, McClure's, Scribners, and the Ladies' Home Journal. She had an ongoing relationship with Good Housekeeping, which included a long-running Mother Goose series of illustrations and also the creation of all of the Good Housekeeping covers from December 1917 to 1933. Among the more than 60 books that Smith illustrated were Louisa May Alcott's Little Women and An Old-Fashioned Girl, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow's Evangeline, and Robert Louis Stevenson's A Child's Garden of Verses.

<i>Eight Cousins</i> 1875 novel by Louisa May Alcott

Eight Cousins, or The Aunt-Hill was published in 1875 by American novelist Louisa May Alcott. It was originally published as a serial in St. Nicholas and is part of the Little Women Series. It is the story of Rose Campbell, who has been recently orphaned and resides with her maiden great aunts, the matriarchs of her wealthy family near Boston, until her guardian, Uncle Alec, returns from abroad to take over her care. Through his unorthodox theories about child-rearing, she becomes happier and healthier while finding her place in her family of seven boy cousins and numerous aunts and uncles. She also makes friends with Phebe, her aunts' young housemaid. Eight Cousins received both favorable and unfavorable reviews in the early days of its publication. Reviews focused on Alcott's stylistic tone as well as the portrayal of characters and realism. In Eight Cousins, Alcott discusses transcendental education, child-rearing, and social differences.

<i>Jos Boys</i> 1886 novel by Louisa May Alcott

Jo's Boys, and How They Turned Out: A Sequel to "Little Men" is a novel by American author Louisa May Alcott, first published in 1886. The novel is the final book in the unofficial Little Women series. In it, the March sisters' children and the original students of Plumfield, now grown, are caught up in real world troubles as they work towards careers and pursue love.

<i>A Long Fatal Love Chase</i> 1995 novel by Louisa May Alcott

A Long Fatal Love Chase is a 1866 novel by Louisa May Alcott published posthumously in 1995. Two years before the publication of Little Women, Alcott uncharacteristically experimented with the style of the thriller and submitted the result, A Long Fatal Love Chase, to her publisher. The manuscript was rejected, and it remained unpublished before being bought, restored and published to acclaim in 1995.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ednah Dow Littlehale Cheney</span> American writer and philanthropist

Ednah Dow Littlehale Cheney was an American writer, reformer, and philanthropist.

<i>Rose in Bloom</i> 1876 novel by Louisa May Alcott

Rose in Bloom is a novel by Louisa May Alcott published in 1876 and is a sequel to Eight Cousins. It depicts the story of a nineteenth-century girl, Rose Campbell, finding her way in society, seeking a profession in philanthropy, and finding a marriage partner. Considered enjoyable by some readers and dull by others, the novel received generally positive reviews. Its themes include philanthropy, independence in women, the impact of society, and class differences.

<i>Jack and Jill: A Village Story</i> 1880 childrens novel by Louisa May Alcott

Jack and Jill: A Village Story by Louisa May Alcott is a children's book originally serialized in St. Nicholas magazine December 1879–October 1880 and belongs to the Little Women Series. Parts of it were written during the death of May Nieriker. The novel takes place in the fictionalized New England town of Harmony Village. Jack and Jill is the story of two friends named Jack and Janey and tells of the aftermath of a serious sledding accident. After publication, the novel received reviews comparing it to Little Women and praising its portrayal of reality, while other reviews criticized its romance. Later, parts of the book were adapted into a Christmas play. Authors and professors analyzing Jack and Jill emphasize Alcott's portrayals of gender, disability, and education.

Clara Miller Burd was an American stained glass designer and children's book and magazine cover illustrator.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gertrude Alice Kay</span> American childrens book illustrator and author

Gertrude Alice Kay was an American children's literature illustrator and author best known for her work in fairy tales and beginner novels. She was active during America's Golden Age of Illustration.

Harriet Roosevelt Richards was an American illustrator, best known for her work in children's books and magazines.

<i>A Modern Mephistopheles</i> 1877 novel by Louisa May Alcott

A Modern Mephistopheles is a gothic thriller published by the Roberts Brothers in 1877 and written by Louisa May Alcott. It is based on Goethe's Faust and contains stylistic elements Alcott used earlier in her writing career. The novel follows Felix Canaris and Gladys, two young people whose lives are manipulated by a wealthy semi-invalid Jasper Helwyze, who seeks to undermine their relationship for psychological experimentation. Under Helwyze's direction, Canaris and Gladys marry. Gladys and Canaris eventually overcome Helwyze's influence on them.

References

  1. Cheney 2010, p. 401.
  2. 1 2 3 Stern 1985, p. 370.
  3. Joseph 2004, p. 68.
  4. 1 2 Shealy 2004, p. 177.
  5. Reisen 2009 , p. 262; Cheney 2010 , pp. 298–299, 327
  6. Cheney 2010, p. 326.
  7. 1 2 Ullom 1969, p. 46.
  8. Ullom 1969, p. 49.
  9. Ullom 1969, p. 48-49.
  10. 1 2 Clark 2004, p. 315.
  11. Stewart 1878, p. 637.
  12. Clark 2004, p. 316.
  13. Anonymous 1905, p. 406.
  14. Clark 2004, p. 322.
  15. West 2020, pp. 65–66.
  16. Clark 2004, p. 315-316.
  17. McElaney 2006, p. 147-148.
  18. McElaney 2006, pp. 141–146.
  19. Armstrong 1992, pp. 463–464.

Works cited