The United States World War I Centennial Commission was created by an Act of Congress in 2013. [1] This Act was passed in order to honor and recognize the centennial of America's involvement with World War I. [1] The Commission is in charge of planning, developing, and executing programs, projects, and activities to commemorate the centennial of World War I. The Commission also develops educational programs for a variety of audiences, organizes events to commemorate America's involvement in the War, and will establish a National World War I Memorial in Washington, D.C. The Pritzker Military Museum and Library is the founding sponsor of the Commission. [2] The Starr Foundation is supporting sponsor of the Commission.
Members of the Commission were appointed by the President and the leaders of the Senate and the House of Representatives, as well as the American Legion, the Veterans of Foreign Wars, and the National World War I Museum. The Commissioners serve without pay.
When World War I broke out in Europe during the summer of 1914, the United States stuck to a strict policy of neutrality. On August 4, 1914, President Woodrow Wilson declared to Congress that, "The United States must be neutral in fact, as well as in name, during these days that are to try men's souls. We must be impartial in thought, as well as action." However, after years of unrestricted German submarine warfare, the sinking of the Lusitania, the Black Tom explosion, and the public release of the Zimmermann Telegram, the United States could no longer remain neutral in the international conflict. On April 6, 1917, Congress officially declared war against Germany and joined the Allied forces. [3]
Led by General John J. Pershing, the American Expeditionary Forces arrived in Europe in June 1917. American forces participated in several major battles, most notably the Meuse-Argonne offensive. [4] This became a major turning point in the War, which had been at a stalemate for years. The War would finally end a year later on November 11, 1918. [3] Over 4.7 million American men and women would serve, and more than 116,000 American soldiers, or "doughboys" as they were commonly referred to, would pay the ultimate sacrifice. [5] [6]
In 2014, Pershing Park was officially designated as the location for a National World War I Memorial. [7] Pershing Park is located on Pennsylvania Avenue, adjacent to the White House, and two blocks from the National Mall. Currently, there is a National World War I Memorial in Kansas City, Missouri, though none exists in Washington, D.C.
In May 2015, the Commission launched a design competition for the National World War I Memorial project in D.C. Joe Weishaar, architect-in-training from Chicago, Illinois, and sculptor Sabin Howard, won the competition with "The Weight of Sacrifice" design they submitted. [8] [9] The memorial will preserve the statue of General John J. Pershing that currently exists in Pershing Park. [10] A ceremonial groundbreaking for the memorial was held in November 2017. Construction of the memorial is funded through private donation, with the American Legion and the Veterans of Foreign Wars each giving $300,000 at the groundbreaking event.
The "100 Cities/100 Memorials" is a fund-matching program implemented in July 2016, by the World War I Centennial Commission and the Pritzker Military Museum and Library, the program was created in response to world war memorials falling into disrepair and communities struggling to maintain them. The "100 Cities/100 Memorials" has been effective in helping communities across the United States restore and preserve local World War I memorials, and has been adopted by The American Legion by Resolution of the National Executive Committee. [11] through:
The "100 Cities/100 Memorials" works with communities across the US by:
A) Identify local World War I memorials in their area
B) Put together a conservation treatment proposal for a memorial in distress
C) Submit their plan for consideration for matching grant funds.
D) Have the memorial treated by an accredited conservator, with communication help & possible matching funds.
There are currently 11 Commissioners serving the U.S. World War I Centennial Commission, they come from diverse background, and serve without pay: [12]
Name | Appointed By |
---|---|
Commander Zoe Dunning | House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi |
Edwin L. Fountain (Vice Chair) | Harry Reid |
Jerry L. Hester | Mitch McConnell |
Colonel Thomas Moe | John A. Boehner |
Ambassador Tod Sedgwick | President Barack Obama |
John D. Monahan | The American Legion |
Dr. Libby O'Connell | President Barack Obama |
Major General Alfred A. Valenzuela | President Barack Obama |
Dr. Monique Brouillet Seefried | Veterans of Foreign Wars |
Dr. Matthew Naylor [12] | National World War I Museum and Memorial |
Terry Hamby (Chair) Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell} | |
Debra Anderson | Veterans of Foreign Wars |
Three living former Presidents have agreed to serve the commission as honorary chairmen:
Cher Ami was a male homing pigeon known for his military service during World War I, especially the Meuse-Argonne offensive in October 1918. He is famous for delivering a message despite severe injuries that alerted American forces to the location of the Lost Battalion.
The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is a historic funerary monument dedicated to deceased U.S. service members whose remains have not been identified. It is located in Arlington National Cemetery in Virginia, United States. The World War I "Unknown" is a recipient of the Medal of Honor, the Victoria Cross, and several other foreign nations' highest service awards. The U.S. Unknowns who were interred are also recipients of the Medal of Honor, presented by U.S. presidents who presided over their funerals. The tomb is watched over by a military sentinel, with a regular changing of the guard ceremony taking place at the tomb. The monument has no officially designated name.
The American Legion, commonly known as the Legion, is an organization of U.S. war veterans headquartered in Indianapolis, Indiana. It comprises state, U.S. territory, and overseas departments, in turn made up of local posts. It was established in March 1919 in Paris, France, by officers and men of the American Expeditionary Forces (A.E.F.). It was subsequently chartered by the 66th U.S. Congress on September 16, 1919.
Samuel Woodfill was a major in the United States Army. He was a veteran of the Philippine–American War, World War I, and World War II. Woodfill was one of the most celebrated American soldiers of the early 20th century. General John Pershing called Woodfill the most outstanding soldier in World War I. During an offensive in October 1918, he single-handedly neutralized three German machine gun emplacements while suffering under the effect of mustard gas, and was able to successfully lead his men safely back to the American lines without casualties. Woodfill was considered to be one of America's most decorated soldiers in World War I. He received the Medal of Honor, the French Légion d'honneur in the degree of Chevalier, the French Croix de guerre with bronze palm, the Montenegrin Order of Prince Danilo I in the degree of Knight and the Italian Croce al Merito di Guerra among other awards. So legendary was Woodfill's renown, that almost 11 years after the war ended, a Polish Army delegation presented him two medals. The presentation occurred during the 11th Annual National Convention of the American Legion held in Louisville, Kentucky from 30 September - 3 October 1929.
Paul Philippe Cret was a French-born Philadelphia architect and industrial designer. For more than thirty years, he taught at a design studio in the Department of Architecture at the University of Pennsylvania.
The District of Columbia War Memorial commemorates the more than 26,000 "residents and citizens" of the District of Columbia who performed military service in World War I, including the 499 who gave their lives in that service. Located on the National Mall, it was constructed in 1931 as a domed, peristyle Doric temple designed to serve as a bandstand for public events. In a practice unusual for the time, the names are listed in alphabetical order, without regard to rank, gender, race, or national origin.
Sergeant Stubby was a dog and the unofficial mascot of the 102nd Infantry Regiment and was assigned to the 26th (Yankee) Division in World War I. He served for 18 months and participated in 17 battles and four offensives on the Western Front. He saved his regiment from surprise mustard gas attacks, found and comforted the wounded, and allegedly once caught a German soldier by the seat of his pants, holding him there until American soldiers found him. His actions were well-documented in contemporary American newspapers.
The National World War I Memorial is a national memorial commemorating the service rendered by members of the United States Armed Forces in World War I. The 2015 National Defense Authorization Act authorized the World War I Centennial Commission to build the memorial in Pershing Park, located at 14th Street and Pennsylvania Avenue NW in Washington, D.C. The park, which has existed since 1981, also contains the John J. Pershing General of the Armies commemorative work. In January 2016, the design commission selected the submission "The Weight of Sacrifice", by a team consisting of Joseph Weishaar, Sabin Howard, Phoebe Lickwar, and GWWO Architects, as the winning design, which was completed in September 2024.
Frank Woodruff Buckles was a United States Army corporal and the last surviving American military veteran of World War I. He enlisted in the U.S. Army in 1917 aged 16 and served with a detachment from Fort Riley, driving ambulances and motorcycles near the front lines in Europe.
General of the Armies John Joseph Pershing, nicknamed "Black Jack", was a senior American United States Army officer. He served most famously as the commander of the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) during World War I from 1917 to 1920. In addition to leading the AEF to victory in World War I, Pershing notably served as a mentor to many in the generation of generals who led the United States Army during World War II, including George C. Marshall, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Omar Bradley, Lesley J. McNair, George S. Patton, and Douglas MacArthur.
The World War I Memorial is located in Atlantic City, Atlantic County, New Jersey, United States. The memorial was built in 1922, and added to the National Register of Historic Places on August 28, 1981.
John J. Pershing General of the Armies, is a public artwork by American artist Robert White, located at the National World War I Memorial in Washington, D.C.. John J. Pershing General of the Armies was originally surveyed as part of the Smithsonian's Save Outdoor Sculpture! survey in 1994. The monument is a tribute to United States Army general John J. Pershing.
The First World War centenary was the four-year period marking the centenary of the First World War, which began in mid-2014 with the centenary of the outbreak of the war, and ended in late 2018 with the centenary of the 1918 armistice.
The Argonne Cross Memorial is a memorial to American military personnel who died fighting in France during World War I. It was erected on November 13, 1923, and stands in Section 18 of Arlington National Cemetery in Arlington County, Virginia, in the United States.
Kenneth A. Clarke serves as the executive director for Rescue Village, a humane society located in Geauga County, Ohio. He had previously served as the president and CEO of Pritzker Military Museum and Library in Chicago. He has also authored, published, edited and produced works as Kenneth Clarke and KC Clarke.
Sabin Howard is a classical figurative sculptor based in New York City, with a studio in Englewood, New Jersey. He is a board member of the National Sculpture Society. His work has been shown at numerous solo and group shows. He is the sculptor for a project entitled "The Weight of Sacrifice" that is one of five finalists for the World War I Memorial in Pershing Park, Washington D.C. His notable works include the recent National WWI Memorial sculpture. Howard is the creator of the large-scale pieces Hermes, Aphrodite, and Apollo, as well as many smaller pieces. His works are owned by private collectors and museums including The Mount, Edith Wharton's home.
Mitchell "Mitch" A. Yockelson is a military historian and archivist. He has written four books including, Borrowed Soldiers: Americans Under British Command 1918, and numerous articles for well-known publications. Yockelson is considered one of the foremost authorities on the topic of World War I. Currently he teaches at Norwich University, and works as an Investigative Archivist at the National Archives and Records Administration. Yockelson resides in Annapolis.
Winged Victory is a World War I memorial in the U.S. state of Washington, which consists of four figures of uniformed persons atop a granite pedestal eclipsed by a fifth figure depicting the Winged Victory of Samothrace.
The Carmel-by-the-Sea World War I Memorial Arch is a World War I memorial designed in 1919 by architect Charles Sumner Greene and located at Ocean Avenue and San Carlos Street center median divider in Carmel-by-the-Sea, California. The Memorial Arch was designated as a significant monument in the city's Downtown Historic District Property Survey, The Memorial Arch was recorded with the Department of Parks and Recreation on November 16, 2001. The Memorial Arch has been a historic landmark since November 1921, when it was built for Carmel World War I veterans. The Spanish Mission Revival style arch is constructed of Carmel sandstone.
The Doughboy is a sculpture installed in Los Angeles' Pershing Square, in the U.S. state of California. It was dedicated in 1924. The inscription reads: "Dedicated to the sons and daughters of Los Angeles who participated in World War, 1917-1918".