VK (company)

Last updated

VK Company Limited
Formerly
  • Digital Sky Technologies
  • Mail.ru Group
Company type Public
MCX:  VKCO
LSE:  VKCO
IndustryInternet information providers
Founded15 October 1998;26 years ago (1998-10-15) [1]
HeadquartersMoscow, Russia
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
 Vladimir Kiriyenko (CEO)
Services electronic mail, search engine, file hosting service, social networking (VK, OK.ru), instant messaging, e-commerce, communication, transport
Revenue$1.36 billion [2] (2021)
−$1.13 billion [3] (2020)
−$57.1 million [4] (2022)
Total assets $5.27 billion [5] (2022)
Total equity $2.45 billion [4] (2022)
Number of employees
More than 10 000 (2022) [6]
Parent USM Holdings  OOjs UI icon edit-ltr-progressive.svg
Subsidiaries
Website vk.company

VK, known as Mail.ru Group until 12 October 2021, is a Russian technology company. It started in 1998 as the parent company of Mail.ru, an e-mail service and went on to become a major corporate figure in the Russian-speaking segment of the Internet.

Contents

VK operates an e-mail service, Internet portal Mail.ru, and Russian social networking services VK, Odnoklassniki and Moi Mir. [7] [8] Additionally, VK manages various e-commerce, transport and communication platforms. It also offers business-oriented products, including a corporate email and communication system.

In 2014 VK's sites reached approximately 86% of Russian Internet users on a monthly basis and the company was in the top 5 of the largest Internet companies based on the number of total pages viewed. [9]

In October 2021 Mail.ru Group was renamed VK Company Limited, after its most popular product, VKontakte. [10]

History

The business was originally owned by Port.ru, a company founded in 1998 by Eugene Goland, Michael Zaitsev and Alexey Krivenkov as a spin-off from DataArt. It received an initial investment of US$1 million from investor James Melcher.

The Mail.ru business expanded rapidly to reach the No. 1 market position in Russia by 2000. Attempts to fund the company's expansion in 2000–2001 were thwarted by the collapse of the technology bubble and Mail.ru had to seek merger partners.

In 2001 Yuri Milner, at the time managing NetBridge (the owner of several internet brands), persuaded the entrepreneur Igor Linshits to back a merger of the Mail.ru business with NetBridge. Igor Linshits subsequently took an active role in the development of the Mail.ru business. In connection with the merger, Milner became Mail.ru CEO.

The company began to operate as Mail.ru on 16 October 2001 and was headed by Dmitry Grishin. Before that time its brand name was owned by Port.ru.

In 2003 Milner resigned from Mail.ru and subsequently set up another internet venture, Digital Sky Technologies (DST). [11] In 2006 Igor Linshits sold his stake in Mail.ru to Tiger Fund and Milner's DST for more than $100 million. In September 2010, DST changed its name to Mail.ru Group. [12] Dmitry Grishin became one of the Mail.ru Group co-founders. [13]

In February 2010 Mail.ru announced the 100% acquisition of the video game developer Astrum Nival from its former owners. From that point, Astrum Nival acts under the name of Mail.ru. [14] On 29 September 2011, the studio was renamed to Allods Team. The studio is known for developing Allods Online and Skyforge .

In October 2010 Mail.ru Group announced plans for an IPO via the London Stock Exchange listing of a subsidiary – also called Mail.ru – worth more than $5bn. [15] The IPO offered a stake of about 17% of the subsidiary. The subsidiary included about a quarter of the group's shareholding in Facebook, stakes in Russia's two biggest social networking sites and Mail.ru. [16] The company hired Goldman Sachs, JP Morgan, Morgan Stanley and VTB Capital to run the listing. [16] [17] After the public offering, the global operations of Mail.ru Group continued as the privately held company DST Global. [16] [17] Major shareholders at the time included Alisher Usmanov, Mail.ru Group's corporate sibling Tencent Holdings, Tencent's largest shareholder Prosus, and Tiger Management. [17]

In March 2012 Milner stepped down from the role of Chairman of Mail.ru and from the board of directors. [18] Dmitry Grishin was elected to the board of directors and appointed as chairman of the Board while retaining his CEO position. There were no other changes to management or to the Board. [19] On 11 May 2022, Dmitry Grishin stepped down as chairman of the board of directors and non-executive director of the company [20]

In November 2012 it was reported that Mail.ru would discontinue using Google search services. [21] Full migration to the use of Mail.ru's own engine occurred in the summer of 2013. [22]

In late 2012 Mail.ru Group's plans for buying two-letter domain My.com became known. This was interpreted as an intention of dominating world markets and of the upcoming re-branding of services under this name. [23] At the end of 2012, Mail.ru Group bought the Ukrainian email service mail.ua and the registration of email addresses using this domain started on 23 April 2013. [24]

On 3 October 2016 Mail.ru announced that they had acquired 100% of the game developer Pixonic's shares. [25]

In January 2018 Mail.ru acquired ESForce, a holding company that owns a number of different esports businesses, including both Virtus.pro and SK Gaming, for US$150 million. [26]

In September 2018 Alibaba announced buying a 10% stake in Mail.ru, which would have a value of $484 million based on Mail.ru's market capitalization on 10 September 2018. [27] [28]

In July 2019 Tencent-backed iDreamSky Technology Holdings and Mail.ru Group announced an alliance in the gaming sector in China and Europe. [29] In December 2019, Mail.ru Group formed a partnership with Sberbank to develop the food and transportation service O2O. [30]

In 2020 the state Russian Direct Investment Fund, China's Tencent, Naspers, and others bought $600 million of GDRs and bonds from Mail.ru. The funds were raised for the development of O2O and AliExpress Russia. [31]

In October 2021 Sberbank of Russia and "Mail.ru Group" invested 6,1 billion roubles each O2O food and transportation service, the total of their investments in equal shares now touching about 43 billion roubles in 2021. On the whole, shares of both investors did not change from 45,01% each. [32]

In November 2021 Sberbank of Russia signed binding papers for selling its 36% of shares of "MF Tekhnologii" (controlling entity of VK company) to Gazprombank for 12,8 billion of roubles by the end of the year 2021. [33]

In December 2021 Sogaz Group bought all USM's (owned by Alisher Usmanov and his partners) indirect stake in "MF Tekhnologii" (controlling 57,3% of VK company). [34] The state-run insurance company Sogaz Group is partly owned by Vladimir Putin's close friend Yury Kovalchuk. [35] [36]

On 26 September 2022 the VKontakte social networking app was removed from Apple's App Store, along with VK's Mail.ru, Mail.ru Cloud, VK Music, and VK Clips. [37] [38]

On 7 October 2022 VK's subsidiary "ITR" acquired 87.2% of the interactive video platform developer Movika [39]

On 19 December 2022 VK announced the signing of a contract to acquire 51% of LLC "Medium Quality Production", one of the leaders in digital video content production in the CIS. [40]

In February 2023, VK acquired 75% of the educational portal Uchi.ru for RUB 8.7bn, consolidating 100% of the company. In turn, in December, Uchi.ru received approval from the Federal Antimonopoly Service to purchase the UFirst chain of English language schools, which is the successor of English First schools. [41]

In early July 2023, one of VK's structures, VK Digital Technologies, was awarded a contract to automate the work of officials. The project includes transferring Russian civil servants from Telegram to domestic communication services. [42]

In December, it was announced that it had bought a 100% stake in YClients Group, Russia's largest online enrolment and business automation platform for an unnamed amount. The company had 37,000 SME customers in 2022. [43]

In February 2024, the company announced that it had developed its own large language model (LLM). In particular, comments from open VKontakte groups were used in its training. The first generative capabilities of the model are being tested on Mail.ru services. [44]

In May 2024, VK closed a deal to buy ticket aggregator Intickets. The company received a 40% stake in the platform, which is a contractor for Moscow museums and theatres. [45]

Services

VK Group offers a variety of online communication products and entertainment services for Russian speakers all over the world, such as:

Controversies

On 15 May 2017 Ukrainian President Petro Poroshenko signed a decree to impose a ban on Mail.ru and its social networking services including VKontakte and Odnoklassniki as part of Ukraine's continued sanctions on Russia for its annexation of Crimea and involvement in the war in Donbas. [49] [50] The move was widely criticised as censorship, and Reporters Without Borders condemned the ban, calling it a "disproportionate measure that seriously undermines the Ukrainian people's right to information and freedom of expression." [51] [52] Mail.ru itself estimated (in August 2017) that the ban had cost them around 1.5% of total revenues in 2017. [53]

On 5 November 2017 the Paradise Papers, a set of confidential electronic documents relating to offshore investment, revealed that Russian state organizations with ties to Vladimir Putin pursued between 2009 and 2011 large investments in Facebook and Twitter via an intermediary—Russian-American billionaire and entrepreneur Yuri Milner, founder of Mail.ru and DST Global, who had befriended Facebook founder Mark Zuckerberg [54] and was a business associate of Jared Kushner, President Donald Trump's son-in-law. [55]

In 2023, a Moscow magistrate court fined VK 60,000 roubles (US$ 900) [56] for leaking the data of 3.5 million Mail.ru users. [57]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sberbank</span> Russian bank

PJSC Sberbank is a Russian majority state-owned banking and financial services company headquartered in Moscow. As the Russian successor entity of the State Labor Savings Banks System of the USSR, it was called Sberbank of Russia until 2015, and in 2020 further shortened its brand to Sber. Following the termination of its operations in the European Union in the immediate aftermath of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, its international footprint is primarily in the Commonwealth of Independent States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yandex</span> Russian multinational technology company

Yandex LLC is a Russian multinational technology company providing Internet-related products and services, including an Internet search engine called Yandex Search, cloud computing launched in 1997, information services, e-commerce, transportation, maps and navigation, mobile applications, and online advertising. Yandex Holding Company was incorporated in 2000. As of 2016, it primarily served audiences in Russia, Kazakhstan, Belarus, Ukraine, Turkey and countries with a significant Russian-speaking population.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">VTB Bank</span> Russian state-owned bank

VTB Bank is a Russian majority state-owned bank headquartered in various federal districts of Russia; its legal address is registered in St. Petersburg. As of 2022, the company's capital stock was mostly owned by three Russian agencies.

Sberbank CIB is a multinational investment banking and asset management firm headquartered in Moscow, Russia, and a subsidiary of Sberbank. It was founded in Moscow in 1991, and was formerly known as Troika Dialog.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Alisher Usmanov</span> Uzbek-Russian businessman and investor (born 1953)

Alisher Burkhanovich Usmanov is a Russian oligarch from Uzbekistan. He is sanctioned by the US, EU, UK, and Ukrainian governments. By 2023, Usmanov had an estimated net worth of $14.5 billion and was among the world's 100 wealthiest people.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Odnoklassniki</span> Social networking service

Odnoklassniki, abbreviated as OK or OK.ru, is a social networking service primarily in Russia and former Soviet Republics. The site was launched on March 4, 2006 by Albert Popkov and is currently owned by VK.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Internet in Ukraine</span>

The Internet in Ukraine is well developed and steadily growing.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">VK (service)</span> Russian social media and social networking service

VK is a Russian online social media and social networking service based in Saint Petersburg. VK is available in multiple languages but it is predominantly used by Russian speakers. VK users can message each other publicly or privately, edit these messages, create groups, public pages, and events; share and tag images, audio, and video; and play browser-based games.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pavel Durov</span> Founder and CEO of Telegram (born 1984)

Pavel Valeryevich Durov is a Russian technology entrepreneur best known as the founder and chief executive officer (CEO) of Telegram, a messaging platform launched in 2013.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yuri Milner</span> Israeli entrepreneur and physicist (born 1961)

Yuri Borisovich (Bentsionovich) Milner is a Soviet-born Israeli entrepreneur, investor, physicist and scientist. He is a co-founder and former chairperson of internet company Mail.Ru Group, and a founder of investment firm DST Global. Through DST Global, Milner is an investor in Facebook, Twitter, Airbnb, Spotify, Byju's, Flipkart, Wish, JD, Alibaba, Nu Bank, and many other enterprises.

Rutube, stylized as RUTUBE, is a Russian video platform. It includes a library of licensed content including movies, series, cartoons, shows, and live broadcasts. It also hosts blogs, podcasts, video game streams, and educational content.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dmitry Grishin</span> Russian businessman (born 1978)

Dmitry Grishin is a businessman, investor and Internet entrepreneur. He is best known as the co-founder and former Chairman and CEO of Mail.ru Group. Grishin also made significant contributions to Russia's internet presence, Runet, in its early days.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Naspers</span> Multinational holding and investment company

Naspers Limited is a South African multinational internet, technology and multimedia holding company headquartered in Cape Town, with interests in online retail, publishing and venture capital investment. Naspers' principal shareholder is its Dutch listed investment subsidiary Prosus, which owns approximately 49% of its parent as part of a cross ownership structure.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lev Binzumovich Leviev</span> Israeli-Russian entrepreneur and investor

Lev Binzumovich Leviev is a Russian entrepreneur and investor, founder of international venture capital firm LVL1, co-founder of Russia's largest social network VK.com and the Selectel data center network.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">My World@Mail.Ru</span> Social network

My World@Mail.Ru is a social networking service which is a part of Mail.ru portal.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prosus</span> Internet Investment division of Naspers

Prosus N.V., or Prosus, is a global investment group that invests and operates across sectors and markets with long-term growth potential. It is among the largest technology investors in the world.

The Russian internet is a part of the Internet with its main content in Russian. According to data from August 2019 and studies conducted by W3Techs, 6.5% of the 10 million most popular Internet sites in the world use Russian. In 2013, according to these studies, the Russian language became the second most popular on the Internet after English.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">DST Global</span> Venture capital firm

DST Global is a venture capital and private equity firm that primarily invests in late-stage internet companies. DST Global has been described as one of the largest and most influential venture firms in the world, with an estimated $50 billion in assets under management. DST Global's founder is Yuri Milner and its co-founders are Saurabh Gupta, John Lindfors, Rahul Mehta and Tom Stafford. The company was founded in 2009 as a spinoff from Russian company Digital Sky Technologies, which became Mail.ru Group. In the early 2010s, DST Global international investments were focused on emerging markets such as China.

Samokat is a Russian dark store rapid delivery service for food and household goods. Founded in 2017, it was the first dark store operator in the country. By 2022, Samokat owned around 1,100 dark stores in 49 cities and handled 35% of dark store deliveries Russia-wide.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ilya Perekopsky</span> Russian-born entrepreneur, manager and investor

Ilya Evgenievich Perekopsky is a Russian-born entrepreneur, manager, and investor. Vice President of the VKontakte network (2006-2014), Vice President of Telegram since 2018. Founder of Blackmoon Financial Group and the Blackmoon Crypto startup.

References

  1. ↑ "Mail.Ru празднует 10-летие" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 22 October 2008.
  2. ↑ "VK (ранее Mail.ru Group)".
  3. ↑ "Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2021" (PDF). VK. 3 March 2022. p. 68. Retrieved 3 March 2022.
  4. 1 2 "Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2022" (PDF). VK. 15 February 2023. p. 69. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  5. ↑ "Consolidated Financial Statements for the year ended December 31, 2022" (PDF). VK. 15 March 2023. p. 69. Retrieved 22 February 2024.
  6. ↑ "What is VK – VK". VK. Retrieved 24 July 2022.
  7. ↑ comScore. Russians Spend over 6 hours a Month on Odnoklassniki Archived 7 July 2014 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ↑ Mail.ru Takes Over 'Russia's Facebook' Vkontake In $1.47B Deal
  9. ↑ "Russia's Mail.Ru buys remaining stake in VKontakte for $1.5 bln". Reuters. 16 September 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2014.
  10. ↑ Mail.ru Group сменит название на VK - Экономика и бизнес - ТАСС
  11. ↑ Digital Sky Technologies ("DST") Changes Name to Mail.ru Group Archived 20 October 2010 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ↑ Weaver, Courtney (26 October 2010). "Testing Russian charm in the City". Financial Times. Retrieved 21 December 2011.
  13. ↑ "Mail.ru group corporate governance". mail.ru group. 18 March 2012. Archived from the original on 28 March 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  14. ↑ "Astrum Nival was acquired by Mail.ru Group on March 16, 2010". mergr. Retrieved 3 September 2022.
  15. ↑ Weaver, Courtney (8 October 2010). "Investors offered a slice of Facebook". Financial Times. Retrieved 21 December 2011.
  16. 1 2 3 "Facebook, Groupon And Zynga Investor Mail.ru (aka, DST) Shoots For $5.7B Valuation In IPO". TechCrunch. 25 October 2010. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  17. 1 2 3 Mauldin, William (5 November 2010). "Mail.ru Eyes $5.7 Billion IPO Valuation". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN   0099-9660 . Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  18. ↑ "Yuri Milner Is Freed From Mail.ru Board To Take Care of Business". TechCrunch. 14 March 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  19. ↑ "Mail.ru group limited: Appointment of new Chairman". mail.ru group. 14 March 2012. Archived from the original on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 18 March 2012.
  20. ↑ Mail.ru Group co-founder Dmitry Grishin resigned from VK management
  21. ↑ Mail.Ru откажется от поисковых услуг Google // Vesti.ru (in Russian)
  22. ↑ Jennifer Slegg: Russia's Mail.Ru Drops Google Search, Launches Own Search Engine // searchenginewatch.com, 3 July 2013
  23. ↑ Mail.ru пойдет за рубеж с новым именем // dp.ru, 30 October 2012 (in Russian)
  24. ↑ "Mail.Ru открыла регистрацию почтовых адресов в домене mail.ua – AIN.UA" (in Russian). Archived from the original on 27 April 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
  25. ↑ "Acquisition of mobile games developer Pixonic". corp.mail.ru. Retrieved 21 July 2020.
  26. ↑ Ring, Oliver (22 January 2018). "ESForce acquired by Mail.Ru for $150 million". Esports Insider. Retrieved 5 January 2021.
  27. ↑ "Terms of Service Violation". Bloomberg.com. Bloomberg L.P. 11 September 2018. Retrieved 12 September 2018.
  28. ↑ Kurmanaev, Anatoly; Woo, Stu (11 September 2018). "Alibaba Teams Up With Russian Tech Giant". The Wall Street Journal. ISSN   0099-9660 . Retrieved 12 September 2018.
  29. ↑ Tsydenova, Pei Li, Nadezhda (31 July 2019). "Tencent-backed China firm, Russia's Mail.ru to tie up for gaming growth: sources". Reuters. Retrieved 29 January 2021.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  30. ↑ "Mail.ru Group and Sberbank complete O2O JV deal – Company Announcement - FT.com". markets.ft.com. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  31. ↑ "Naspers, Tencent and RDIF buy Mail.Ru's GDRs and bonds". East-West Digital News. 6 October 2020. Retrieved 29 January 2021.
  32. ↑ "Сбербанк и Mail.ru дополнительно внесли в капитал СП 12,2 млрд рублей" (in Russian). Интерфакс. 7 October 2021.
  33. ↑ "Сбер продаст долю в контролирующей VK компании" (in Russian). РБК. 12 November 2021.
  34. ↑ "СОГАЗ купил долю в VK у группы USM Алишера Усманова и его партнёров" (in Russian). Интерфакс. 2 December 2021.
  35. ↑ "Russia's VK internet group sold to company linked to Putin ally". Reuters. 3 December 2021.
  36. ↑ "Telegram's Billionaire Founder Says He's Never Provided Ukrainians' Data To Russia". Forbes. 7 March 2022.
  37. ↑ "Apple removes Russia's largest social network from the App Store". The Verge. 28 September 2022. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  38. ↑ "Пользователей iOS-приложений VK предупредили о сбоях в уведомлениях и платежах". Interfax.ru (in Russian). Retrieved 28 September 2022.
  39. ↑ "Структура VK получила 87,2% разработчика IT-решений для интерактивного видео Movika" (in Russian). Интерфакс. 7 October 2022.
  40. ↑ ""Коммерсантъ" узнал о покупке VK выпускающей YouTube-шоу "Что было дальше?" компании". Forbes (in Russian). 7 October 2022.
  41. ↑ Юрасова, Юлия. "VK возьмет языка". Kommersant (in Russian). Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  42. ↑ "Структура VK получила контракт на автоматизацию работы госслужащих". Vedomosti (in Russian). Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  43. ↑ "VK купила разработчика софта для онлайн-записи на услуги Yclients". Forbes (in Russian). Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  44. ↑ "Комментарии на пользу интеллекту". Kommersant (in Russian). Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  45. ↑ "VK обилетился". Kommersant (in Russian). Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  46. ↑ cloud.mail.ru
  47. ↑ "Company Overview of DST Global". Bloomberg L.P. 24 August 2023.
  48. ↑ "Russian Social Media Platform VKontakte Integrates Marusia Voice Assistant". Voicebot.ai. 27 May 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021.
  49. ↑ Poroshenko, Petro (15 May 2017). УКАЗ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА УКРАЇНИ №133/2017: Про рішення Ради національної безпеки і оборони України від 28 квітня 2017 року "Про застосування персональних спеціальних економічних та інших обмежувальних заходів (санкцій)" [DECREE OF THE PRESIDENT OF UKRAINE №133 / 2017: On the decision of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine dated 28 April 2017 "On the application of personal special economic and other restrictive measures (sanctions)"] (in Ukrainian). President of Ukraine. Retrieved 13 March 2018.
  50. ↑ Додаток 2 до рішення Ради національної безпеки і оборони України від "28" квітня 2017 року "Про застосування персональних спеціальних економічних та інших обмежувальних заходів (санкцій)" ЮРИДИЧНІ ОСОБИ, до яких застосовуються обмежувальні заходи (санкції) [Annex 2 to the Decision of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine dated 28 April 2017 "On the Application of Personal special economic and other restrictive measures (sanctions) "Legal Entities under Restrictive Measures (Sanctions)"](PDF) (in Ukrainian). President of Ukraine. 28 April 2017. p. 185-6 (#422 mail.ru Group), 186-7 (#423 ТОВ "Вконтакте" (VKontakte)), 187-8 (#424 ТОВ "В Контакті" (In Kontakte)) & 189 (#425 mail.ru Ukraine). This is a prohibition of Internet Service Providers (ISP) to provide access to the internet service "Mail.ru" (www.mail.ru) and social-oriented resources "Vkontakte" (www.vk.com) and "Odnoklassniki" (www. ok). Retrieved 13 March 2018.
  51. ↑ https://rsf.org/en/news/rsf-urges-ukraine-scrap-ban-russian-social-media-sites | RSF | 23 May 2017
  52. ↑ Ukraine's Poroshenko to block Russian social networks, BBC News (16 May 2017)
  53. ↑ Russia's Mail.ru raises sales forecasts, shrugs off Ukraine ban – media, Ukrainian Independent Information Agency (12 August 2017)
  54. ↑ "Kremlin-owned Firms Linked to Major Investments in Twitter and Facebook". International Consortium of Investigative Journalists – ICIJ. 5 November 2017.
  55. ↑ Swaine, Jon; Harding, Luke (5 November 2017). "Russia funded Facebook and Twitter investments through Kushner associate". The Guardian. Retrieved 5 November 2017.
  56. ↑ ""ВК" оштрафована судом на 60 тыс. руб. за утечку данных пользователей Mail.ru". Interfax (in Russian). Retrieved 4 July 2024.
  57. ↑ "Попавшие в сеть данные пользователей Mail.ru утекли год назад с другого сервиса". Interfax (in Russian). Retrieved 4 July 2024.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.