Vapour-pressure deficit

Global distribution of Vapour-pressure deficit averaged over the years 1981-2010 from the CHELSA-BIOCLIM+ data set

Vapour pressure-deficit, or VPD, is the difference (deficit) between the amount of moisture in the air and how much moisture the air can hold when it is saturated.

In equation form ^[2] :

${\displaystyle VPD=e_{s}(T_{a})-e_{a}}$

${\displaystyle e_{a}}$ = actual vapor pressure

${\displaystyle e_{s}(T_{a})}$ = saturation vapor pressure at temperature T_a

Once air becomes saturated, water will condense to form clouds, dew or films of water over leaves. It is this last instance that makes VPD important for greenhouse regulation. If a film of water forms on a plant leaf, it becomes far more susceptible to rot. On the other hand, as the VPD increases, the plant needs to draw more water from its roots. In the case of cuttings, the plant may dry out and die. For this reason the ideal range for VPD in a greenhouse is from 0.45  kPa to 1.25 kPa, ideally sitting at around 0.85 kPa. As a general rule, most plants grow well at VPDs of between 0.8 and 0.95 kPa.^{[ citation needed ]}

In ecology, it is the difference between the water vapour pressure and the saturation water vapour pressure at a particular temperature. Unlike relative humidity, vapour-pressure deficit has a simple nearly straight-line relationship to the rate of evapotranspiration and other measures of evaporation. Also, vapor pressure deficit is a more concrete measurement of the difference of the moisture content in the air, while relative humidity is a ratio of the actual vapor pressure to the saturation vapor pressure at the given temperature. ^[2]

Computing VPD for plants in a greenhouse

To compute the VPD, ^[3] we need the ambient (greenhouse) air temperature, the relative humidity and, if possible, the canopy air temperature. We must then compute the saturation pressure. Saturation pressure can be looked up in a psychrometric chart or derived from the Arrhenius equation; a way to compute it directly from temperature is

${\displaystyle vp_{\text{sat}}=e^{A/T+B+CT+DT^{2}+ET^{3}+F\ln T},}$

where

${\displaystyle vp_{\text{sat}}}$ is the saturation vapor pressure in PSI,

${\displaystyle A=-1.0440397\times 10^{4}}$,

${\displaystyle B=-11.29465}$,

${\displaystyle C=-2.7022355\times 10^{-2}}$,

${\displaystyle D=1.289036\times 10^{-5}}$,

${\displaystyle E=-2.4780681\times 10^{-9}}$,

${\displaystyle F=6.5459673}$,

${\displaystyle T}$ is temperature of the air in the Rankine scale.

To convert between Rankine and degrees Fahrenheit: ${\displaystyle T[{\text{R}}]=T[^{\circ }{\text{F}}]+459.67}$

We compute this pressure for both the ambient and canopy temperatures.

We then can compute the partial pressure of the water vapour in the air by multiplying by the relative humidity [%]:

${\displaystyle vp_{\text{air}}=vp_{\text{sat}}\times ({\text{relative humidity}})/100}$,

and finally VPD using ${\displaystyle vp_{\text{sat}}-vp_{\text{air}}}$ or ${\displaystyle vp_{\text{canopy sat}}-vp_{\text{air}}}$ when the canopy temperature is known, or simply

${\displaystyle VPD=vp_{\text{sat}}\times (1-{\text{relative humidity}}/100)}$.

It can easily be seen from this formula that if ${\displaystyle T}$ rises (which raises ${\displaystyle vp_{\text{sat}}}$), but relative humidity remains constant, ${\displaystyle VPD}$ will increase.

Climate

VPD can be a limiting factor in plant growth. Climate change is predicted to increase the importance of VPD in plant growth, and will further limit growth rates across ecosystems. ^{[4] [5]}

VPD is also a strong influencer of potential evapotranspiration, which has important effects in the warming climate.

Vapor pressure deficit management in agriculture

In controlled environments, such as greenhouses, vapor pressure deficit can be managed to maximize production. Excessive VPD can be reduced with misting or irrigation, or low VPD can be boosted by dehumidification or ventilation. ^[6]

Application in contexts of wildfire

As the vapor pressure deficit increases, the amount of moisture in the vegetation and soil decreases, leading to drier conditions. VPD correlates strongly with the area that has been burned by wildfires in the southwest United States. ^[2] Warming temperatures and drops in actual vapor pressure have contributed to an increase of VPD in the southwest U.S. Conversely, in the northern Plains and midwest, an increase in actual vapor pressure has caused a decrease in VPD. ^[2]

The vapour pressure deficit can be utilized when predicting behaviour of a wildfire. Such predictions are an essential tool of wildfire suppression. ^[7]

See also

• Water vapour

References

1. Brun, P., Zimmermann, N.E., Hari, C., Pellissier, L., Karger, D.N. (2022): Global climate-related predictors at kilometre resolution for the past and future. Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2022-212
2. Seager, Richard; Hooks, Allison; Williams, A. Park; Cook, Benjamin; Nakamura, Jennifer; Henderson, Naomi (2015-06-01). "Climatology, Variability, and Trends in the U.S. Vapor Pressure Deficit, an Important Fire-Related Meteorological Quantity". Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology. 54 (6): 1121–1141. doi:10.1175/JAMC-D-14-0321.1. ISSN   1558-8424.
3. "Greenhouse Condensation Control: Understanding and Using Vapor Pressure Deficit (VPD)" Archived 2021-01-19 at the Wayback Machine . Ohio State University Extension Fact Sheet. Retrieved November 7, 2017.
4. Novick, Kimberly A.; Ficklin, Darren L.; Stoy, Paul C.; Williams, Christopher A.; Bohrer, Gil; Oishi, A. Christopher; Papuga, Shirley A.; Blanken, Peter D.; Noormets, Asko; Sulman, Benjamin N.; Scott, Russell L. (2016). "The increasing importance of atmospheric demand for ecosystem water and carbon fluxes". Nature Climate Change. 6 (11): 1023–1027. Bibcode:2016NatCC...6.1023N. doi:10.1038/nclimate3114. hdl: 10150/622526 . ISSN   1758-6798.
5. Grossiord, Charlotte; Buckley, Thomas N.; Cernusak, Lucas A.; Novick, Kimberly A.; Poulter, Benjamin; Siegwolf, Rolf T. W.; Sperry, John S.; McDowell, Nate G. (2020). "Plant responses to rising vapor pressure deficit". New Phytologist. 226 (6): 1550–1566. doi:10.1111/nph.16485. ISSN   0028-646X . Retrieved 13 March 2024.
6. Goldhammer, Ted (2025). "Managing Vapor Pressure Deficit in Greenhouses". Greenhouse management. Apex Publications. ISBN   979-8-89766-348-4.
7. Gabbert, Bill (26 January 2015). "The role of vapor pressure deficit in wildland fire". Wildfire Today. Retrieved 24 August 2020.