Vedic learning in Mithila

Last updated

Vedic learning started in Mithila with the expansion of Vedic and Brahmanic culture eastwards along the Ganges plain. [1] Some sources consider this centre of Brahminical study to form an Ancient Mithila University. [2] From the 12th/13th to 15th century CE it was an important centre of Nyaya Shastra and logical sciences. [3] [1]

Contents

The Ramayana refers to the court of King Janaka in Mithila, attracting scholars and philosophers. [4] During the Gupta period Mithila was a center for disputes between Buddhists, Jainas and Brahmins, with prominent Mimamsa authors writing defenses of Vedic ritual.[ citation needed ] Education took place through "Tols, Pathshāla and Chatušpathi or Chaupari,"[ citation needed ] with students living at the house of their teacher. The Turkic conquests had little impact in Mithilal, leaving it as "an isoldated outpost and centre of Brahmanic and Sanskrit scholarship," whre "Hindu scholars were able to protect the purity of their ideals and traditions." [5] The Mithila school of Nyaya was an Indian school of Nyaya philosophy, which flourished from the 12th-13th to the 15th century in Mithila. [6] [7]

Mithila school of logic

Late medieaval Eastern schools of Brahmans were focused on Nyaya Shastra and logical sciences, in contrast to the Vedanta of southern Brahmins from the Vijayanagara cultural area. [3] According to Vidyabhusana, the science of logic developed out of parishad, councils of learned Brahmins. [8] The Mithila school of Nyaya was an Indian school of Nyaya philosophy, which flourished from the 12th-13th to the 15th century in Mithila. [6] [7] Students were not allowed to take any piece of written information with them after finishing their studies, to keep a monopoly on this subject.

Related Research Articles

Nyāya, literally meaning "justice", "rules", "method" or "judgment", is one of the six traditional schools of Hindu philosophy that affirm the Vedas. Nyaya's most significant contributions to Indian philosophy were systematic development of the theory of logic, methodology, and its treatises on epistemology.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hindu philosophy</span> Various systems of thought in Hinduism

Hindu philosophy or Vedic philosophy is the set of Indian philosophical systems developing alongside the religion of Hinduism and emerging in the Iron and Classical periods, which consists of six orthodox schools of thought (shad-darśana): Samkhya, Yoga, Nyaya, Vaisheshika, Mimamsa and Vedanta. In Indian tradition, the word used for philosophy is Darshana, from the Sanskrit root drish.

Hindu texts are manuscripts and voluminous historical literature which are related to any of the diverse traditions within Hinduism. A few of these texts are shared across these traditions and they are broadly considered Hindu scriptures. These include the Itihasa and Vedas. Scholars hesitate in defining the term "Hindu scriptures" given the diverse nature of Hinduism, but many list the Agamas as Hindu scriptures, and Dominic Goodall includes Bhagavata Purana and Yajnavalkya Smriti in the list of Hindu scriptures as well.

Gaṅgeśa was an Indian philosopher, logician and mathematician from the kingdom of Mithila. He established the Navya-Nyāya school. His Tattvachintāmaṇi, also known as Pramāṇacintāmaṇi, is the basic text for all later developments. The logicians of this school were primarily interested in defining their terms and concepts related to non-binary logical categories.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Āryāvarta</span> Historical landscape

Āryāvarta is a term for the northern Indian subcontinent in the ancient Hindu texts such as Dharmashastras and Sutras, referring to the areas of the Indo-Gangetic Plain and surrounding regions settled by Indo-Aryan tribes and where Indo-Aryan religion and rituals predominated. The limits of Āryāvarta extended over time, as reflected in the various sources, as the influence of the Brahmanical ideology spread eastwards in post-Vedic times.

<i>Smarta</i> tradition Tradition in Hinduism linked to Advaita Vedanta

The Smartatradition, also called Smartism, is a movement in Hinduism that developed and expanded with the Puranas genre of literature. It reflects a synthesis of four philosophical strands, namely Uttara Mīmāṃsā, Advaita, Yoga, and theism. The Smarta tradition rejects theistic sectarianism, and is notable for the domestic worship of five shrines with five deities, all treated as equal – Ganesha, Shiva, Shakti, Vishnu and Surya. The Smarta tradition contrasted with the older Shrauta tradition, which was based on elaborate rituals and rites. There has been a considerable overlap in the ideas and practices of the Smarta tradition with other significant historic movements within Hinduism, namely Shaivism, Brahmanism, Vaishnavism, and Shaktism.

Yāska was an ancient Indian grammarian and linguist [est. 7th–5th century BCE(disputed)]. Preceding Pāṇini [est. 7th–4th century BCE(disputed)], he is traditionally identified as the author of Nirukta, the discipline of "etymology" within Sanskrit grammatical tradition and the Nighantu, the oldest proto-thesaurus in India. Yaska is widely regarded as the precursive founder of the discipline of what would become etymology in both the East and the West.

Dvija means "twice-born". The concept is premised on the belief that a person is first born physically and at a later date is born for a second time spiritually, usually when he undergoes the ritual of passage that initiates him into a school for Vedic studies. The term also refers to members of the three varnas in the traditional Hindu social system, or social classes — the Brahmins, Kshatriyas (warriors), and Vaishyas — whose Sanskara of Upanayana initiation was regarded as a second or spiritual birth.

Raghunatha Shiromani was an Indian philosopher and logician. He was the head of the Ancient Mithila University also known as Mithila Vidyapeeth. He was born in a brahmin family at Nabadwip in present-day Nadia district of West Bengal state. He was the grandson of Śulapāṇi, a noted writer on Smṛti from his mother's side. He was a pupil of Vāsudeva Sārvabhauma. He brought the new school of Nyaya, Navya Nyāya, representing the final development of Indian formal logic, to its zenith of analytic power.

Udayana, also known as Udayanācārya, was an Indian philosopher and logician of the tenth century of the Nyaya school who attempted to devise a rational theology to prove the existence of God using logic and counter the attack on the existence of God at the hands of Buddhist philosophers such as Dharmakīrti, Jñānaśrī and against the Indian school of materialism (Chārvaka). He is considered to be the most important philosopher of the Nyāya tradition.

Johannes Bronkhorst is a Dutch Orientalist and Indologist, specializing in Buddhist studies and early Buddhism. He is emeritus professor at the University of Lausanne.

Vidyananda was an 8th-century Indian Jain monk.

Tattvachintamani is a treatise in Sanskrit authored by 14th-century CE Indian logician and philosopher Gangesa. The title may be translated into English as "A Thought-jewel of Truth." The treatise is also known as Pramāṇa-chintāmaṇi.

India has a long tradition of rhetoric about politics, philosophy, and religion, starting from ancient times.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greater Magadha</span> Concept of Indian history

Greater Magadha is a concept in studies of the early history of India. It is used to refer to the political and cultural sphere that developed in the lower Gangetic plains during the Vedic age.

Vasudeva Sarvabhauma was an Indian Philosopher and a scholar of Nyaya Shastra. He is also known as Sarvabhauma Bhattacharya. He lived around 13th to 14th century of the Common Era. He belonged to Nabadwip and went to Mithila for studying Nyaya Shastra in Ancient Mithila University. He was a student of Pakshadhara Mishra, the head professor of Nyaya Shastra in the Ancient Mithila University at that time. He memorized the entire texts of learning available there and then returned to Nabadwip to establish his own school for the study of logic He was one of the founders of Navya Nyaya School of Indian Philosophy.

Pakshadhara Mishra was an Indian philosopher and a scholar of Nyaya Shastra. He was the head professor of Nyaya Shastra in the Ancient Mithila University during 15th century CE. His famous pupils are Vasudeva Sarvabhauma and Raghunatha Siromani. His academy is known as Pakshadhara Mithila Academy or School.

Vedic Parishad or Parishad was a council of learned Brahmins and scholars in the ancient India. It is also known as Brahmasabhā. The Vedic Parishad was headed by a chief judge. The chief judge was called as Dharmādhikārin. It was often a kind of religious court in Vedic and Brahmanical period. It was the sovereign assembly to the meeting of learned Brahmins for discussion and debate between the scholars. According to R K Mukherjee, the Parishad resembles with the university of students belonging to various colleges. Parishad represents conducting debates under the chairmanship of its president. In ancient times, Parishad was the assembly of learned scholars called by the king to decide on the subjects of Vedas, Vedanga, Dharmashastra, religion etc. The decision taken by the Parishad was universal.

References

Sources