Vehicle blind spot

Last updated
A-pillar blind spot A-pillar blind-spots.svg
A-pillar blind spot

A blind spot in a vehicle or vehicle blind spot is an area around the vehicle that cannot be directly seen by the driver while at the controls, under existing circumstances. [1] In transport, driver visibility is the maximum distance at which the driver of a vehicle can see and identify prominent objects around the vehicle. [2] Visibility is primarily determined by weather conditions (see visibility) and by a vehicle's design. [3] The parts of a vehicle that influence visibility include the windshield, the dashboard and the pillars. Good driver visibility is essential to safe road traffic.

Contents

Traffic sign is used in some countries to warn of a blind spot Warning Sign - Blind Spot.svg
Traffic sign is used in some countries to warn of a blind spot

Conditions for blind spots

Blind spots exist in a wide range of vehicles: aircraft, cars, buses, trucks, agricultural equipment, heavy equipment, boats, ships, trams and trains. Blind spots may occur in the front of the driver when the A-pillar (also called the windshield pillar), side-view mirror, or interior rear-view mirror block a driver's view of the road. Behind the driver, cargo, headrests, and additional pillars may reduce visibility. Proper adjusting of mirrors and using other technical solutions can eliminate or alleviate vehicle blind spots.

A no zone is one of several areas around a large truck, where the truck driver cannot see. [4] Collisions frequently occur in no zones.

A blind zone is one of several areas around heavier rolling stocks (locomotives and multiple units), where the train driver cannot see. Accidents frequently occur in blind zones.

A split rear window blind spot on a Mitsubishi Eclipse Cross. 2020 Mitsubishi Eclipse Cross Ultimate 1.5 GK1W (20200622).jpg
A split rear window blind spot on a Mitsubishi Eclipse Cross.

Adjusting mirrors to reduce side blind spots

The side view mirrors of a car should be adjusted to reduce blind spots on the sides. [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] The method is frequently overlooked in driver's education classes and takes some getting used to. [9] [10] Calculated elimination of blind spots by properly trained drivers is inexpensive and obviates the need for costly technological solutions to that problem, provided drivers take the time to set up and use their mirrors effectively. [6] [7] The arrangementpointing the side-view mirrors substantially outboard in a fixed mechanical formulais relatively simple to achieve. Still, it takes some knowledgeable effort and getting used to it. It is reputed to be a lifesaver. [8] [5] [6] [7] [9] [10]

However, one source considers that method a driving mistake and claims it is even more dangerous than not using it, because it creates other blind spots directly behind the vehiclenine reasons are listed, e.g., when backing upwhich are impossible to eliminate by a "shoulder check". [11] [12]

Rearward invisibility is an entirely different matter. The area directly behind vehicles is the source of backup collisions, particularly involving pedestrians, children, and objects directly aft of a vehicle. That area has been called a "killing zone". [12] [13] These problems are the object of several technological solutions, including (in rough order of technological complexity, simplest first): rear-view mirror, side-view mirror, Fresnel lens, sonar, parking sensors, and backup camera. A similar problem attaches to positions left and right of a vehicle's rear bumper as the driver attempts to back out of a parking space. Specially designed cross-traffic alert warning systems have been developed to address these. [6] [14] [15]

Motor vehicles

The blue car's driver sees the green car through the mirrors but cannot see the red car without turning to check the blind spot (the mirrors are not properly adjusted) Blindspot three cars illus.svg
The blue car's driver sees the green car through the mirrors but cannot see the red car without turning to check the blind spot (the mirrors are not properly adjusted)

As one is driving an automobile, blind spots are the areas of the road that cannot be seen while looking forward or through either the rear-view or side mirrors (expecting that the side mirrors are properly adjusted on a passenger auto see above). The most common are the rear quarter blind spots, areas towards the rear of the vehicle on both sides. Vehicles in the adjacent lanes of the road that fall into these blind spots may not be visible using only the car's mirrors. Rear quarter blind spots can be:

Other areas that are sometimes called blind spots are those that are too low to see behind, in front, or to the sides of a vehicle, especially those with a high seating point. [16]

Forward visibility

A-pillar blind spot A-pillar blind-spots.svg
A-pillar blind spot
An accident caused in part by an A-pillar blind spot. A-pillar Blind-spot.JPG
An accident caused in part by an A-pillar blind spot.

This diagram shows the blocked view in a horizontal plane in front of the driver. The front-end blind spots caused by this can create problems in traffic situations, such as in roundabouts, intersections, and road crossings. Front-end blind spots are influenced by the following design criteria:

40deg angle A-pillar bar blind spots Automobile A-pillar bar blind spots.PNG
40° angle A-pillar bar blind spots

Types of A-pillar design

Most passenger cars have a diagonal pillar in the side view. The angle between the horizon and A-pillar is approximately 40 degrees with a straight pillar that is not too thick. This gives the car a strong, aerodynamic body with an adequately sized front door.

Vertical A-pillar having small blind spots Automobile vertical A-pillar bar blind spots.PNG
Vertical A-pillar having small blind spots

Panoramic vertical A-pillars

The sides of a panoramic windshield are curved, which makes it possible to design vertical A-pillars that give the driver maximum forward visibility. However, it is impossible to design an aerodynamic small car with a vertical A-pillar because the more vertical the A-pillar is, the less space the door opening has, and the greater frontal area and coefficient of drag the vehicle will have.

Examples of cars with an almost vertical A-pillar:

Flat A-pillar design

Flat A-pillar bars reduce driver visibility Automobile flat A-pillar bar blind spots.PNG
Flat A-pillar bars reduce driver visibility

Some modern car designs have an extremely flat A-pillar angle with the horizon. For example, the Pontiac Firebird and Chevrolet Camaro from 1993 to 2002 had a windshield angle of 68° with the vertical, which equals just 22° with the horizon. [17]

A flatter A-pillar's advantages include reducing the overall drag coefficient and making the car body stronger in a frontal collision, at the expense of reducing driver visibility in a 180° field of view from left to right. A flatter A-pillar (and therefore windscreen) is also a factor when calculating the effects of a collision with a pedestrian. In general, a flatter angle will result in a more gentle impact, directing the pedestrian "up and over" rather than directly into the windscreen. This is particularly true for cars like the Mercedes-Benz A-Class which also have a low angled engine cover.

Car with a "quarter glass", Visibility of short and tall drivers Visibility of Short and long driver.PNG
Car with a "quarter glass", Visibility of short and tall drivers
Other disadvantages of a flat windshield angle
  • Other traffic can not see the driver through the reflection if the driver can see them.
  • The heater needs more time to heat the bigger window surface.
  • The flat windshield angle does not let the snow slide off easily.
  • The driver cannot reach the whole flat window to clean it easily.

Height of the driver

Driver height can also affect visibility.

An A-pillar that is split up and has a small triangle window (Front Quarter glass) can give short driver visibility problems. In some cars, the windshield is fillet with the roof-line with a big radius. A fillet round A-pillar can give a tall driver visibility problems. Also sometimes the A-pillar can block the driver from seeing motorcyclists.

Also, the B-pillar can block the vision of a tall driver in small 4-door cars.

Turning your head reduces blind spot Turn your head to reduces blind spot.PNG
Turning your head reduces blind spot

A driver may reduce the size of a blind spot or eliminate it by turning their head in the direction of the obstruction. This allows the driver to see better around the obstruction and allows the driver better depth perception.

Visibility in a convertible

Because there is no roof connection between the A- and B-pillars, the A-pillars of a convertible automobile have to be stronger and even thicker.

However, with the top down there are no B or C pillars, improving visibility behind the driver.

Windshield reflections

Sunlight dashboard reflection Automobile dashboard reflection.PNG
Sunlight dashboard reflection

Dashboard reflection

It is best if the dashboard has a non-reflecting dark-colored surface. [18]

A small dashboard gives some reflection on the lower part of the windshield.

A big dashboard can give a reflection on eye height.

A-pillar reflection

It is best if the inside of the A-pillar has a non-reflecting dark-colored surface. [19]

If the side of the window is curved there is less A-pillar reflection. [20]

Light through roof reflection

Some new model cars have a very big sunroof. Sometimes the sunlight through the roof lights up the dashboard and gives a reflection in the windshield.

Other automobile design factors

Other design factors may prevent a manufacturer from maximizing visibility. These include safety, as narrower pillars cannot be made strong as easily as thicker pillars, and size restraints about aerodynamics, as taller, more vertical windshields create additional drag and reduce fuel efficiency. They also include fashion and cost, whereby design and appearance considerations can be deemed preeminent.

Side radar systems offer better performance and also warn of fast-approaching vehicles entering the blind spot.

Trams and trains

Generic warning sign used to warn about blind spots around trams and trains Attention Sign.svg
Generic warning sign used to warn about blind spots around trams and trains

Blind spots also exist around trams (streetcars/trolleys) and trains (locomotives with railway carriages and multiple units). [21] [22] [23] Heavier rolling stocks can have up to several meters of blind spot. This is generally known as the dead visual range of a train. To address this, cameras are sometimes placed around the train driver's cab to cover the missing field of view during coupling/decoupling between locomotives and railcars, multiple units, special railway equipments or another locomotives.

Agricultural equipment

Blind spots also exist around agricultural equipment (utility tractors, combine harvesters, etc.). [24]

Heavy equipment

Blind spots also exist around heavy equipment (excavators, bulldozers, wheel loaders, cranes, etc.). [25]

Boats and ships

A blind spot in a (large) vessel Blind spot (watercraft-1).svg
A blind spot in a (large) vessel
A blind spot in a (large) motorboat Blind spot (watercraft-2).svg
A blind spot in a (large) motorboat

Blind spots also exist in front of boats and ships. [26] When the boat accelerates, the bow rises, increasing the size of the blind spot. Large vessels can have up to several hundreds of meters of blind spots. This is generally known as the dead visual range of a ship. To address this, cameras are sometimes placed in the front of the vessel to cover the missing field of view.

Blind spots exist where areas behind the sail are obscured from the view of a helmsman on a sailboat or windsurfer. This is especially true when they are heeled over; consequently, transparent windows are sometimes sewn into the sails.

Aircraft

Blind spots also exist around aircraft (helicopters, airships, airplanes, gliders). [27] When the aircraft (airplane) accelerates for take off, the size of the blind spot below fuselage increases. Heavier aircraft can have up to several meters of blind spots. This is generally known as the dead visual range of an aircraft. To address this, cameras are sometimes placed in the front of the aircraft to cover the missing field of view.

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Advanced driver-assistance system</span> Electronic systems that help a vehicle driver while driving or parking

Advanced driver-assistance systems (ADAS) are technologies that assist drivers with the safe operation of a vehicle. Through a human-machine interface, ADAS increase car and road safety. ADAS use automated technology, such as sensors and cameras, to detect nearby obstacles or driver errors, and respond accordingly. ADAS can enable various levels of autonomous driving.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cadillac Calais</span> Motor vehicle

The Cadillac Calais is an automobile that was the entry-level Cadillac model that was sold from 1965 to 1976. Cadillac renamed its low-priced Series 62 in 1965 as the "Calais", after the French port city of Calais that overlooks the narrowest point in the English Channel. In Greek mythology, Calais was one of two winged sons of Boreas, god of the North Wind, and Oreithyea. With the exception of no convertible model, the Calais shared the same styling and mechanics as the better-equipped, more expensive Cadillac de Ville.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Rear-view mirror</span> Mirror in vehicles that allows the driver to see rearwards

A rear-view mirror is a, usually flat, mirror in automobiles and other vehicles, designed to allow the driver to see rearward through the vehicle's rear window.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Volvo SCC</span> Motor vehicle

The Volvo Safety Concept Car (SCC) is an ESV concept car which was first shown at the 2001 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, Michigan. The SCC incorporates the rear hatch design from Volvo P1800ES and the glass hatch from Volvo 480ES.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pillar (car)</span> Vertical or near vertical support of a cars window area or greenhouse

The pillars on a car with permanent roof body style are the vertical or nearly vertical supports of its window area or greenhouse—designated respectively as the A, B, C and D-pillar, moving from front to rear, in profile view.

A glossary of terms relating to automotive design.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emergency vehicle equipment</span> Equipment used by emergency vehicles

Emergency vehicle equipment is any equipment fitted to, or carried by, an emergency vehicle, other than the equipment that a standard non-emergency vehicle is fitted with.

The Nissan Pivo is a series of electric concept cars created by Nissan, with the first one introduced in 2005 at the Tokyo Motor Show.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Blind spot monitor</span> Vehicle-based sensor device

The blind spot monitor or blind-spot monitoring is a vehicle-based sensor device that detects other vehicles located to the driver’s side and rear. Warnings can be visual, audible, vibrating, or tactile.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Parking sensor</span> Proximity sensor

Parking sensors are proximity sensors for road vehicles designed to alert the driver of obstacles while parking. These systems use either electromagnetic or ultrasonic sensors.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Automatic parking</span> Autonomous car-maneuvering system

Automatic parking is an autonomous car-maneuvering system that moves a vehicle from a traffic lane into a parking spot to perform parallel, perpendicular, or angle parking. The automatic parking system aims to enhance the comfort and safety of driving in constrained environments where much attention and experience is required to steer the car. The parking maneuver is achieved by means of coordinated control of the steering angle and speed which takes into account the actual situation in the environment to ensure collision-free motion within the available space.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Backup camera</span> Vehicle accessory

A backup camera is a video camera specifically designed to be attached to the rear of a vehicle to aid in reversing and reduce the rear blind spot. The rear blind spot has been described as a "killing zone" due to the accidents it contributes to. Backup cameras are usually connected to the vehicle's head unit display. A common variant is a surround-view system, which assembles a synthetic but positionally accurate top-down view of the vehicle and its surroundings.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Side-view mirror</span> Vehicle wing mirror

A side-view mirror, also known as a door mirror and often called a wing mirror, is a mirror placed on the exterior of motor vehicles for the purposes of helping the driver see areas behind and to the sides of the vehicle, outside the driver's peripheral vision.

The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to automobiles:

<i>Objects in mirror are closer than they appear</i> Safety warning on convex mirrors

The phrase "objects in (the) mirror are closer than they appear" is a safety warning that is required to be engraved on passenger side mirrors of motor vehicles in many places such as the United States, Canada, Nepal, India, and South Korea. It is present because while these mirrors' convexity gives them a useful field of view, it also makes objects appear smaller. Since smaller-appearing objects seem further away than they actually are, a driver might make a maneuver such as a lane change assuming an adjacent vehicle is a safe distance behind, when in fact it is quite a bit closer. The warning serves as a reminder to the driver of this potential problem.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Back-up collision</span>

Back-up collisions happen when a driver reverses the car into an object, person, or other car. Although most cars come equipped with rear view mirrors which are adequate for detecting vehicles behind a car, they are inadequate on many vehicles for detecting small children or objects close to the ground, which fall in the car's blind spot, particularly directly aft. That area has been called a "killing zone." Large trucks have much larger blind spots that can hide entire vehicles and large adults.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Subaru Legacy (fifth generation)</span> Motor vehicle

The fifth-generation Subaru Legacy was originally unveiled as a concept car at the 2009 North American International Auto Show in Detroit to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the model, and the production version was introduced at the 2009 New York International Auto Show. Production of the fifth generation started on 29 May 2009.

Omniview technology is a vehicle parking assistant technology that first was introduced in 2007 as the "Around View Monitor" option for the Nissan Elgrand and Infiniti EX. It is designed to assist drivers in monitoring their surroundings, for example, while parking a vehicle in a small space.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Back-in angle parking</span>

Back-in angle parking, also called back-in diagonal parking, reverse angle parking, reverse diagonal parking, or reverse echelon parking, is a traffic engineering technique intended to improve the safety of on-street parking.

References

  1. "Blind spot definition". Thefreedictionary.com. Retrieved 2011-11-13.
  2. Fasimod Archived February 7, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  3. "Wide-angle driver visibility and safety innovations distinguish Volvo BeeVan Truck Concept". Gizmag.com. 2007-03-09. Retrieved 2011-11-13.
  4. "California Driver Handbook - Sharing the Road—Trucker's Blind Spots - The "No Zone"". State of California—Department of Motor Vehicles. 2017. Retrieved October 15, 2017.
  5. 1 2 3 "How To Eliminate The Dreaded "Blind Spot"" . Retrieved August 9, 2013., which includes good illustrations of vision zones involved in proper adjustment.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 Jensen, Christopher (August 18, 2009). "Are Blind Spots a Myth?". The New York Times. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Quiroga, Tony; Philpot, Chris (March 2010). "How to Adjust Your Mirrors to Avoid Blind Spots". Car and Driver. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
  8. 1 2 3 Platzer, George (February 1, 1995). "The Geometry of Automotive Rearview Mirrors - Why Blind Zones Exist and Strategies to Overcome Them – SAE Technical Paper 950601". Detroit, Michigan: Society of Automotive Engineers. doi:10.4271/950601 . Retrieved August 9, 2013.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. 1 2 3 Pinola, Melanie (December 6, 2011). "Adjust Your Car Mirrors Properly To Avoid Accidents". Car and Driver. Retrieved August 29, 2014.
  10. 1 2 Magliozzi, Tom; Magliozzi, Ray. "A Great New Way to Set Your Side View Mirrors" (PDF). Car Talk. Retrieved August 9, 2013.
  11. Wren, Eddie (2003). "Setting Outside Mirrors to the Correct Angle". Driving Myths and Misconceptions. Retrieved January 14, 2015.
  12. 1 2 Wren, Eddie (April 16, 2007). "State Drivers' Manuals Can Kill Your Kids, SAE Technical Paper 2007-01-0445". Society of Automotive Engineers. doi:10.4271/2007-01-0445 . Retrieved September 12, 2021.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  13. "The danger of blind zones: The area behind your vehicle can be a killing zone". Consumer Reports. April 2014. Retrieved September 12, 2021.
  14. Ford Motor Company (2008). "See It, Hear It, Feel It: Ford Seeks Most Effective Driver Warnings for Active Safety Technology. Increased warnings indicate potentially hazardous lane changes". Gale, Cengage Learning/Free Library. Archived from the original on July 30, 2017. Retrieved August 11, 2013.
  15. Automobile Blind-Spot Monitoring System, Tri-City Insurance News, January 27, 2006 Archived December 13, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  16. smart micro – Blind Spot Detection
  17. Statham, Steve (1998). Camaro - Steve Statham - Google Books. MotorBooks International. ISBN   9781610608381 . Retrieved 2011-11-13.
  18. [http://esvc000873.wic017u.server-web.com/iPublish/archives/1/080.010.020/83/fs_nx_general_pack_8.pdf NX General Packaging Intelligent Tools for Automotive Mechanical and Occupancy Packaging] Archived October 1, 2007, at the Wayback Machine
  19. "Blindspots and Mirrors". Smart Learner Driving School. 2013-01-20. Archived from the original on 2014-09-11. Retrieved 2014-02-10.
  20. "Blind spot offenders named". Auto Express. 2006-08-07. Retrieved 2011-11-13.
  21. Subharthi Banerjee; Jose Santos; Michael Hempel; Pejman Ghasemzadeh; Hamid Sharif (14 August 2019). "A Novel Method of Near-Miss Event Detection with Software Defined RADAR in Improving Railyard Safety". Safety. 5 (3): 55. doi: 10.3390/safety5030055 . ISSN   2313-576X.
  22. "Avante Grade Crossing Visibility and Blind Spot Visibility Systems". Avante International Technology. Retrieved 12 January 2022.
  23. "Long Range Visual and Digital Rail Visibility with Optical-IR-Radar Technologies". Avante International Technology. Retrieved 4 October 2022.
  24. "Learn about the dangers of blind spots". Farms.com. 26 July 2019. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
  25. "Highway Work Zone Safety Construction Equipment Visibility". cdc.gov. 2 November 2021. Retrieved 15 November 2021.
  26. "State v. Warren Haven". State of Maine. 2002-02-28. Archived from the original on 2011-07-16. Retrieved 2009-10-06.
  27. "The Dangers of the Blind Spot in Aviation". Atlas Blue. Retrieved 5 October 2023.