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The holographic principle is a property of string theories and a supposed property of quantum gravity that states that the description of a volume of space can be thought of as encoded on a lower-dimensional boundary to the region – such as a light-like boundary like a gravitational horizon. First proposed by Gerard 't Hooft, it was given a precise string theoretic interpretation by Leonard Susskind, who combined his ideas with previous ones of 't Hooft and Charles Thorn. Susskind said, "The three-dimensional world of ordinary experience—the universe filled with galaxies, stars, planets, houses, boulders, and people—is a hologram, an image of reality coded on a distant two-dimensional surface." As pointed out by Raphael Bousso, Thorn observed in 1978, that string theory admits a lower-dimensional description in which gravity emerges from it in what would now be called a holographic way. The prime example of holography is the AdS/CFT correspondence.
In physics, black hole thermodynamics is the area of study that seeks to reconcile the laws of thermodynamics with the existence of black hole event horizons. As the study of the statistical mechanics of black-body radiation led to the development of the theory of quantum mechanics, the effort to understand the statistical mechanics of black holes has had a deep impact upon the understanding of quantum gravity, leading to the formulation of the holographic principle.
Shiraz Naval Minwalla is an Indian theoretical physicist and string theorist. He is a faculty member in the Department of Theoretical Physics at Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Mumbai. Prior to his present position, Minwalla was a Harvard Junior Fellow and subsequently an assistant professor at Harvard University.
In theoretical physics, an extremal black hole is a black hole with the minimum possible mass that is compatible with its charge and angular momentum.
In physics, the Bekenstein bound is an upper limit on the thermodynamic entropy S, or Shannon entropy H, that can be contained within a given finite region of space which has a finite amount of energy—or conversely, the maximum amount of information required to perfectly describe a given physical system down to the quantum level. It implies that the information of a physical system, or the information necessary to perfectly describe that system, must be finite if the region of space and the energy are finite.
Stephen Hart Shenker is an American theoretical physicist who works on string theory. He is a professor at Stanford University and former director of the Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics. His brother Scott Shenker is a computer scientist.
David Elazzar Kaplan is a theoretical particle physicist at the Johns Hopkins University.
In particle physics and string theory (M-theory), the ADD model, also known as the model with large extra dimensions (LED), is a model framework that attempts to solve the hierarchy problem. The model tries to explain this problem by postulating that our universe, with its four dimensions, exists on a membrane in a higher dimensional space. It is then suggested that the other forces of nature operate within this membrane and its four dimensions, while the hypothetical gravity-bearing particle, the graviton, can propagate across the extra dimensions. This would explain why gravity is very weak compared to the other fundamental forces. The size of the dimensions in ADD is around the order of the TeV scale, which results in it being experimentally probeable by current colliders, unlike many exotic extra dimensional hypotheses that have the relevant size around the Planck scale.
The Fischler–Susskind mechanism, first proposed by Willy Fischler and Leonard Susskind in 1998, is a holographic prescription based on the particle horizon.
The Bousso bound captures a fundamental relation between quantum information and the geometry of space and time. It appears to be an imprint of a unified theory that combines quantum mechanics with Einstein's general relativity. The study of black hole thermodynamics and the information paradox led to the idea of the holographic principle: the entropy of matter and radiation in a spatial region cannot exceed the Bekenstein–Hawking entropy of the boundary of the region, which is proportional to the boundary area. However, this "spacelike" entropy bound fails in cosmology; for example, it does not hold true in our universe.
Raphael Bousso is a theoretical physicist and cosmologist. He is a professor at the Berkeley Center for Theoretical Physics in the Department of Physics, UC Berkeley. He is known for the Bousso bound on the information content of the universe. With Joseph Polchinski, Bousso proposed the string theory landscape as a solution to the cosmological constant problem.
Matthew Benjamin Kleban is an American theoretical physicist who works on string theory and theoretical cosmology. He is the chair of the Department of Physics and a professor at New York University, former director of the Center for Cosmology and Particle Physics, and a former member of the Institute for Advanced Study. His contributions to physics include:
In physics, the Cardy formula gives the entropy of a two-dimensional conformal field theory (CFT). In recent years, this formula has been especially useful in the calculation of the entropy of BTZ black holes and in checking the AdS/CFT correspondence and the holographic principle.
In theoretical physics, ABJM theory is a quantum field theory studied by Ofer Aharony, Oren Bergman, Daniel Jafferis, and Juan Maldacena. It provides a holographic dual to M-theory on . The ABJM theory is also closely related to Chern–Simons theory, and it serves as a useful toy model for solving problems that arise in condensed matter physics. It is a theory defined on superspace.
Riccardo Rattazzi is an Italian theoretical physicist and a professor at the École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne. His main research interests are in physics beyond the Standard Model and in cosmology.
Matthew Peter Headrick is an American physicist who is an Associate Professor of Physics at Brandeis University. He received his PhD from Harvard University in 2002 under Shiraz Minwalla and his A.B from Princeton University in 1994. Headrick is known for his contributions to the quantum information perspective on holography.
The Ryu–Takayanagi conjecture is a conjecture within holography that posits a quantitative relationship between the entanglement entropy of a conformal field theory and the geometry of an associated anti-de Sitter spacetime. The formula characterizes "holographic screens" in the bulk; that is, it specifies which regions of the bulk geometry are "responsible to particular information in the dual CFT". The conjecture is named after Shinsei Ryu and Tadashi Takayanagi, who jointly published the result in 2006. As a result, the authors were awarded the 2015 Breakthrough Prize in Fundamental Physics for "fundamental ideas about entropy in quantum field theory and quantum gravity", and awarded the 2024 Dirac Medal of the ICTP for "their insights on quantum entropy in quantum gravity and quantum field theories". The formula was generalized to a covariant form in 2007.
A. W. Peet is a professor of physics at the University of Toronto. Peet's research interests include string theory as a quantum theory of gravity, quantum field theory and applications of string theory to black holes, gauge theories, cosmology, and the correspondence between anti-de Sitter space and conformal field theories.
Henriette D. Elvang is a Theoretical Particle Physicist and Professor at the University of Michigan. She works on quantum field theory and scattering processes.
Daniel Louis Jafferis is an American theoretical physicist, known for his research on quantum gravity, supersymmetric quantum field theory, and string theory.
References
- ↑ "Veronika Hubeny". Department of Physics. University of California, Davis. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
- ↑ "Veronika Hubeny". World Science Festival. World Science Foundation. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
- ↑ "Veronika Hubeny". Institute for Advanced Study. Retrieved 13 June 2017.
- ↑ "The International Society of General Relativity and Gravitation" . Retrieved August 7, 2022.
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