The Vrouwenhuis on Melkmarkt 53 in the Dutch city of Zwolle is a former old age home for women. It is now rented as separate apartment units for students, while housing a small museum on the ground floor that is only accessible by special request.
The Vrouwenhuis on Melkmarkt 53 in the Dutch city of Zwolle is a former old age home for women. It is now rented as separate apartment units for students, while housing a small museum on the ground floor that is only accessible by special request.
The house originally faced the harbour, near the old weigh house that served as a portage point for ships travelling the IJssel river. [1] The harbour was part of the Grote Aa waterway, a tributary of the Zwarte Water running through the city, which was filled in after cholera outbreaks in the 19th century. [1] In the 1572 map of Zwolle a ship is shown moored in front of this house, which was strategically located next to the Waterpoort, a city gate allowing the passage of ships.
The house was bought in 1645 by the young lawyer Hendrik Wolfsen (1615–1684), the wealthy son of a councilman (Rijkman) in Zwolle. Hendrik kept a diary in the 1640s until 1649 when he became magistrate of Zwolle. [2] The facade of his house was improved in the early 17th century, probably according to his instructions. His daughter, the painter Aleijda Wolfsen, was born there on 22 October 1648. [2] From 1650–1656, he became a representative to the Staten Generaal and stayed for weeks at a time in The Hague. [2] In 1657, he moved his family to the Hague when he was promoted to member of the high court of the Duchy of Brabant. [2] He kept the house in Zwolle, and when his daughter Aleijda married Pieter Soury (later mayor of Zwolle) in 1667 in Rijswijk, he gave her the house on the Grote Aa in exchange for the couple's possessions in the Hague.
The couple had several children, and in 1680 they made improvements to the house, most notably building the hallway attaching the front house to the rear house, so that they could house their extended family. [3] The extra space was probably also necessary as a studio for Aleijda, who continued to paint after her marriage. [4] Her sitting room, the "Grote Sael" (later the regent's room) with its carved mantelpiece, and the carved wood decorations and marble floors in the hallway were all added during Aleijda's lifetime. [3]
Aleijda was not the only woman painting in Zwolle. Gesina ter Borch lived and worked on the Sassenstraat, and her contemporary Eva van Marle had been active as a portrait painter in the 1650s. [5] [6] In 1686, the small painting school of Wilhelmus Beurs began; his pupils were the half-sisters Cornelia van Marle and Aleida Greve, Sophia Holt, and Anna Cornelia Holt. [7] Works by these women dated 1686 are on display in the regent's room. In the frontispiece to a book on painting that Beurs published in 1692 and dedicated to his four pupils, three women are portrayed in a room gazing at three paintings that are the same size as those they created under his instruction. [8]
Though Beurs appears to have been very proud of his pupils, whom he taught for 4 years, it is probable that before he arrived in Zwolle they had received instruction from another painter, such as Wolfsen or Ter Borch. [9]
Aleijda Wolfsen died in childbirth with her fifteenth pregnancy in 1692. The house on the Melkmarkt was purchased from her husband's heirs in 1706 by Aleida Greve and her younger sisters. [9] An unmarried aunt came to live with them and at age 49 in 1718, Greve drew up her will, in which she outlined her plan to use her legacy to create a retirement home for 17 women of the Dutch Reformed faith and their governess. [9]
In 1742 Greve died childless, and her old age home for women was created; this is commemorated on the gable stone in the front of the house. [9] The stone was commissioned by Gerrijt Willem Golts, the first regent, who also oversaw the conversion of the complex to homes for 17 (later 12, today 5) single women with a common kitchen. [9] Aleida's sitting room became the regent's room. The house functioned as a retirement home for women from 1742 when the first inhabitant was Aleida Greve's elderly servant. The director G.W. Golts was a cousin by marriage to Greve, and descendants of their family were regents until 1916, when a new set of regents were appointed. [9] With the increase in public services in the 20th century, the need for private initiatives to help the poor decreased, and the Vrouwenhuis closed as a charitable institution for elderly ladies in 1984. [10] Since 1987, the ground floor and the majority of the oldest part of the house function as a museum, while a few former ladies' rooms are let to young women. [3] [9]
The current director is the artist and art historian Saskia Zwiers, who has conducted research into the paintings and artists of the collection. She has built a period-style dollhouse in the style of Dutch show-dollhouses of the 18th century. The rooms are modelled on the Vrouwenhuis, where it is on display. [11]
Aleida Greve's will stipulated that her sitting room with all of its paintings and furnishings had to remain intact, and this is the reason that this art collection with all of its curiosities still exists in its entirety as a "time capsule" of a lady's art gallery. [12] It is not clear if the paintings on display in the house were all painted or collected by the sisters or if some of the paintings had been left by Aleida Wolfsen. The most famous painter represented in the collection besides the ladies themselves is Peter van den Velde, who signed his View of Gibraltar and is the probable painter behind two more marine views in the collection. [13] [14]
CasparNetscher was a Dutch portrait and genre painter. He was a master in depicting oriental rugs, silk and brocade and introduced an international style to the Northern Netherlands.
Gerard ter Borch, also known as Gerard Terburg, was a Dutch genre painter who lived in the Dutch Golden Age. He influenced fellow Dutch painters Gabriel Metsu, Gerrit Dou, Eglon van der Neer and Johannes Vermeer. According to Arthur K. Wheelock Jr., Ter Borch "established a new framework for subject matter, taking people into the sanctum of the home", showing the figures' uncertainties and expertly hinting at their inner lives. His influence as a painter, however, was later surpassed by Vermeer.
Pieter van Anraedt was a Dutch Golden Age painter of history scenes and portraits.
Susanna van Steenwijk was a painter of small architectural exteriors active in Leiden and Amsterdam.
Charley Toorop was a Dutch painter and lithographer. Her full name was Annie Caroline Pontifex Fernhout-Toorop.
Wilhelmus Beurs (1656–1700) was a Dutch Golden Age painter.
Gesina ter Borch was a Dutch Golden Age watercolorist and draftswoman, whose work mostly consists of watercolor paintings in albums. Most of her work captured her observations of family life, current events, and fashionable people. In addition to the visual arts, Gesina wrote love poetry.
Cornelis Springer, was a Dutch 19th century cityscape painter.
Aleijda Wolfsen, was a Dutch Golden Age painter.
Sophia Holt, was an 18th-century painter from the Northern Netherlands.
Aleida Greve (1670–1742) was an 18th-century painter from the Northern Netherlands known for founding the Vrouwenhuis, Zwolle.
Anna Cornelia Holt (1671–1692), was a late 17th-century painter from the Northern Netherlands.
Cornelia van Marle (1661–1699), was a Dutch Golden Age painter.
Eva van Marle may have been the name of a Dutch Golden Age portrait painter who signed with the monogram E.M., EM.F. and was active in Zwolle, Overijssel, between 1642 and 1654.
Hendrick ten Oever, was a Dutch Golden Age painter.
The Hofje van Mevrouw van Aerden is a museum and former hofje in Leerdam, Netherlands, on the Kerkstraat.
Sara Saftleven, was a Dutch Golden Age flower painter.
Roelof Koets, or Coets (1655–1725), was an 18th-century painter from the Northern Netherlands.
The Musician (1662) is an oil on canvas painting by the Dutch painter Bartholomeus van der Helst. It is an example of Dutch Golden Age painting and is part of the collection of the Metropolitan Museum of Art.
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Vrouwenhuis, Zwolle . |
 | Dutch Rijksmonument 41728 |
Coordinates: 52°30′47.52″N6°5′23.19″E / 52.5132000°N 6.0897750°E
