Waterside Workers' Federation of Australia

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Waterside Workers' Federation of Australia
Waterside Workers' Federation of Australia
Merged into Maritime Union of Australia
Founded1902
Dissolved1993
Location
  • Australia
An early banner of the Sydney Branch of the Waterside Workers' Federation. Waterside Workers of Australia Banner.jpg
An early banner of the Sydney Branch of the Waterside Workers' Federation.

The Waterside Workers' Federation of Australia (WWF) was an Australian trade union that existed from 1902 to 1993. [1] After a period of negotiations between other Australian maritime unions, it was federated in 1902 and first federally registered in 1907; its first general president was Billy Hughes.

Contents

In 1993 the WWF merged with the Seamen's Union of Australia to form the Maritime Union of Australia. [1]

History

The Waterside Workers' Federation of Australia traces its roots to the formation on the Australian waterfront in September 1872 of two unions in Sydney, the Labouring Men's Union of Circular Quay and the West Sydney Labouring Men's Association, [2] which merged ten years later to form the Sydney Wharf Labourers' Union. In 1884 the Melbourne Wharf Labourers' Union was formed with the support of Melbourne Trades Hall representatives, after shipowners refused to allow waterfront workers to attend Eight-hour Day celebrations. [3] With Federation in 1901 and the impending introduction of an arbitration system, the national Waterside Workers' Federation of Australia was formed in 1902 under the leadership of Billy Hughes. Hughes had been a member of the federal parliament and became Prime Minister in 1915. Hughes was expelled from the Australian Labor Party and the union in 1916 over conscription in Australia and then formed the Nationalist Party to continue in government.

In 1917 the War Precautions Act 1914 was used to defeat a waterside workers nationwide strike by the passing of a regulation that deprived the Waterside Workers' Federation of preferences in seven of the busiest ports in Australia.

From about 1900 to the 1940s, work on Melbourne wharves was obtained through the bull system of labour hire where workers would be hired on a daily basis at a pickup point, and which was prone to corruption. (See Wailing Wall.) In Sydney, workers would walk from wharf to wharf in search of a job, often failing to find one. (See The Hungry Mile.) [4] In 1917, waterside workers went on strike over the issue of the pickup and demanded the establishment of a single central pickup point at the Flinders Street Extension and that their remuneration should include the time taken to travel to and from their assigned ships. The impending arrival of strikebreakers from Sydney resulted in the calling off of the strike and abandonment of the dispute about a central pickup. [5] The strike action led to the formation in 1917 of the Permanent & Casual Wharf Labourers Union of Australia in opposition to the Waterside Workers' Federation.

In 1928, the Nationalist government of Stanley Bruce amended the Commonwealth Conciliation and Arbitration Act to require industrial courts to consider the economic effects of its awards in addition to the welfare of workers. [6] Immediate problems followed when a new award for waterside workers in 1928 worsened conditions for workers on economic grounds. The Waterside Workers Union again sought the abolition of the "bull" pickup system in a new award, but Justice George Beeby of the Commonwealth Court of Conciliation and Arbitration handed down a new award worse than the old, which included double pickup, cancelled the single pickup in those ports where it existed and removed restrictions on over-long shifts because they slowed ship turnaround times. Wharfies were to be paid less for evening and night shifts than they would for the horror shifts making these dangerously attractive. All appeals for safeguards against excessive strain and overwork were rejected, as claimed for improved safety. [7] The union rejected the award and organised strike action, which later resulted in riots and violence. [8] Bruce pushed the Transport Workers Act through parliament in September, which gave the government unprecedented regulatory power in industrial relations. [9] All waterfront workers now required federal licences, or "dog collars" as they were derisively known, to work. [10] The act allowed the Commonwealth government to effectively control who worked on the docks and nearly destroyed the Waterside Workers' Federation, earning the government deep unpopularity among organised labour. Employment of non-union labour and members of the Permanent & Casual Wharf Labourers Union of Australia almost killed off the Waterside Workers' Federation. He[ who? ] then called the 1928 election for November, reviving the "red scare" pitch for the campaign.

The stalwarts of the Waterside Workers' Federation were subject to official suspicion and scrutiny for many years. In the late 1930s union officials such as General Secretary Big Jim Healy and Brisbane Branch Secretary, Ted Englart, swallowed their pride and began recruiting members of their rival PCWLUA, which many union members regarded as "scabs". In 1936 the union shifted its head office from Melbourne to Sydney. In 1938 the union, through the efforts of Port Kembla Branch Secretary Ted Roach, played a key role in the Dalfram dispute which drew attention to Japan's undeclared war in China and famously led to Robert Menzies being known as Pig Iron Bob . The union consolidated its strength with the labour shortages during World War II. [11] In 1950, the WWF finally absorbed the Permanent & Casual Wharf Labourers Union of Australia as a distinct branch. [1]

In 1954, the federal government led by Robert Menzies legislated for a committee of inquiry into the waterside industry by the Stevedoring Industry Act 1954, [12] in an attempt by the government to end the WWF's monopoly on the supply of wharf labour. [11] The Waterside Workers' Federation went on strike for a fortnight in November 1954. Although the changes were passed, the new legislation proved unworkable. In early 1955 a new recruiting agreement was drawn up protecting the union's right to recruit labour with Harold Holt, Minister for Labour and National Service. The government pressed ahead in 1956 with new legislation aimed at weakening the federation and the improvements it had gained in working conditions and safety provisions. [11]

In the 1960s containerisation began to replace break bulk as the main means of transporting cargo, dramatically reducing the need for waterfront labour. Inspired by the example of the International Longshore and Warehouse Union in the United States, the WWF decided to co-operate with containerisation, in return for significant improvements in working conditions, such as permanency, an industry pension scheme and reduced working hours. [2]

In 1971 the WWF affiliated with the International Transport Workers Federation. [2] In 1991, the WWF amalgamated with the Australian Foremen Stevedore Association but retained the name Waterside Workers' Federation of Australia. [1]

Officeholders

The Communist Party of Australia (CPA) was formed in October 1920, and achieved significant influence in the Australian trade union movement, especially in New South Wales. Members of the CPA would play a prominent role throughout the history of the Waterside Workers' Federation, including officials such as Big Jim Healy and Tas Bull, and the union was regarded as Communist-led.

Healy had joined the CPA in 1934, after he had been the Queensland branch president since 1929. He was elected national General Secretary in October 1937, a position he held until his death in 1961. [11]

Bull was a one-time CPA member, then a member of the Communist Party of Australia (Marxist–Leninist) and later a member of the Australian Labor Party, and was General Secretary of the union from 1984 to 1992. With membership dwindling, partly as a result of containerisation, Bull steered the union towards an amalgamation with the Seamen's Union. [13] He succeeding Charlie Fitzgibbon (1961–83) [14] [15] and Norm Docker (1983–84), another CPA member. [16]

Maritime Worker

In the 1930s, Jim Healy was instrumental in the publication of the WWF's national journal, the Maritime Worker, of which he was the first editor.

Waterside Workers' Federation Film Unit

In the 1950s the WWF established its own film unit, [17] which made several films on waterfront working conditions and events. Some of these films, such as The Hungry Mile, have become documentary classics. The union also commissioned artists, such as Roy Dalgarno, to document the people and conditions on the waterfront. After five years of production, the work of the unit ended in 1958. [17]

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The Maritime Union of Australia (MUA) was a union which covered waterside workers, seafarers, port workers, professional divers, and office workers associated with Australian ports. The MUA was formed in 1993 with merger of the Seamen's Union of Australia and the Waterside Workers' Federation of Australia.

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Tasnor Ivan "Tas" Bull was an Australian trade union leader, serving as General Secretary of the Waterside Workers' Federation from 1984 to 1993.

The Hungry Mile

The Hungry Mile is the name harbourside workers gave to the docklands area of Darling Harbour East, in Sydney, New South Wales, Australia in the Great Depression. Workers would walk from wharf to wharf in search of a job, often failing to find one.

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Jim Healy (trade unionist)

James "Big Jim" Healy was an Australian trade unionist and communist activist. Healy served as General Secretary of the Waterside Workers' Federation of Australia from 1937 to his death in 1961, a period when the union recovered from its defeat in the 1928 waterfront strike to become one of the most powerful trade unions in Australia. Healy was one of the most prominent public representatives of the communist movement in Australia during the Cold War.

1919 Fremantle Wharf riot Workers strike at Fremantle Harbour

The 1919 Fremantle Wharf riot, also known as the Battle of the Barricades, arose out of a strike by stevedores in Fremantle, Western Australia in 1919. The strike was called by the Waterside Workers' Federation (WWF) over the use of National Waterside Workers Union (NWWU) workers to unload the quarantined ship Dimboola, and escalated into fatal violence when WWF workers and supporters attempted to prevent NWWU members from carrying out the work.

The Wailing Wall is a section of brick retaining wall on the Flinders Street Extension, Melbourne, which is famous as the place where Wharf labourers who missed out on the daily work call would congregate.

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The Dalfram dispute of 1938 was a political industrial dispute at Port Kembla, New South Wales, protesting the export of pig iron from Australia to Japan during the Second Sino-Japanese War. It became famous for providing the nickname of Pig Iron Bob to Attorney General Robert Menzies, later to serve as Prime Minister.

Ted Roach (trade unionist)

Edward Charles Roach (1909–1997), was an Australian trade unionist, long-time leader of the Waterside Workers' Federation (WWF) and prominent member of the Communist Party of Australia. He was a key organiser of the 1938 Dalfram dispute, when dock workers, concerned with the occupation of China, refused to load ships destined for Japan with Australian pig-iron, a raw material for munitions. He was twice imprisoned for his industrial activity. As a leader in the WWF during the introduction of containerisation, he was responsible for winning significant improvements in working conditions for those in the Australian stevedoring industry.

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "Waterside Workers' Federation of Australia (i) (1907–1991)". Australian Trade Union Archives . Retrieved 23 July 2015.
  2. 1 2 3 Bull, Tasnor Ivan (1998). Life on the waterfront: an autobiography. Sydney: HarperCollins Publishers. p. 130. ISBN   07322-6792-7.
  3. ↑ Tout-Smith, D. (2003). "Melbourne Wharf Laborers' Union, Victoria". Museum Victoria Collections. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
  4. ↑ "Union leaders walk the Hungry Mile". The Sydney Morning Herald. 4 June 2003.
  5. ↑ Robert Bollard, Victorian workers in the 1917 Mass Strike Australian National University
  6. ↑ Bruce, Stanley Melbourne (1883–1967). Canberra: Australian Dictionary of Biography . Retrieved 23 December 2012.
  7. ↑ The Sydney Morning Herald, Sunday, 12 April 1998: Page 39, War on the Wharves
  8. ↑ David Baker. "Barricades and batons: an historical perspective of the policing of major industrial disorder in Australia" (PDF). Retrieved 23 August 2007.
  9. ↑ Sawer, Geoffrey (1956). Australian Federal Politics and Law, 1901–1929 . Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. p.  265.
  10. ↑ Lee, David (2010). Stanley Melbourne Bruce : Australian Internationalist. London: Continuum Press. p. 79. ISBN   978-0-8264-4566-7.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Markey, Ray; Svensen, Stuart. "Healy, James (Jim) (1898–1961)". Australian Dictionary of Biography . Melbourne University Press. ISSN   1833-7538 – via National Centre of Biography, Australian National University.
  12. ↑ Stevedoring Industry Act 1954 (Cth).
  13. ↑ The Sydney Morning Herald, 9 July 2003, Formidable battler for the wharfies
  14. ↑ Workers Online, Vale: Charlie Fitzgibbon (1922–2001)
  15. ↑ Australian Trade Union Archives, Fitzgibbon, Charles Henry (1922–2001)
  16. ↑ Australian National University, Deposit Z602 – Norm Docker Collection
  17. 1 2 Australian Society for the Study of Labour History, by Lisa Milner, Fighting Through Their Filmwork – The Waterside Workers’ Federation Film Unit
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