Tobacco smoking is the practice of burning tobacco and ingesting the resulting smoke. The smoke may be inhaled,as is done with cigarettes,or simply released from the mouth,as is generally done with pipes and cigars. The practice is believed to have begun as early as 5000–3000 BC in Mesoamerica and South America. Tobacco was introduced to Eurasia in the late 17th century by European colonists,where it followed common trade routes. The practice encountered criticism from its first import into the Western world onwards but embedded itself in certain strata of a number of societies before becoming widespread upon the introduction of automated cigarette-rolling apparatus.
Luther Leonidas Terry was an American physician and public health official. He was appointed the ninth Surgeon General of the United States from 1961 to 1965,and is best known for his warnings against the dangers and the impact of tobacco use on health.
A sin tax is an excise tax specifically levied on certain goods deemed harmful to society and individuals,such as alcohol,tobacco,drugs,candies,soft drinks,fast foods,coffee,sugar,gambling,and pornography. In contrast to Pigovian taxes,which are to pay for the damage to society caused by these goods,sin taxes are used to increase the price in an effort to lower demand,or failing that,to increase and find new sources of revenue. Increasing a sin tax is often more popular than increasing other taxes. However,these taxes have often been criticized for burdening the poor and taxing the physically and mentally dependent.
The Monitoring the Future (MTF) study,also known as the National High School Senior Survey,is a long-term epidemiological study that surveys trends in legal and illicit drug use among American adolescents and adults as well as personal levels of perceived risk and disapproval for each drug. The survey is conducted by researchers at the University of Michigan's Institute for Social Research,funded by research grants from the National Institute on Drug Abuse,one of the National Institutes of Health.
The Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (MAPS) is an American nonprofit organization working to raise awareness and understanding of psychedelic substances. MAPS was founded in 1986 by Rick Doblin and is now based in San Jose,California.
The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) is a United States federal government research institute whose mission is to "advance science on the causes and consequences of drug use and addiction and to apply that knowledge to improve individual and public health."
A menthol cigarette is a cigarette flavored with the compound menthol.
Ernest A. Watkinson M.D. C.M. D.P.H. O.ST.J. E.D. served as an officer with the Canadian Forces during World War II,was a member of several important U.N. Committees,was a Canadian Delegate to the Fourth Geneva Convention (1949),was a member of the Canadian Delegation to the I.A.E.A. (1952),an Assistant Deputy Minister of the National Department of Health Canada (1971),and the Deputy Minister of Health of New Brunswick (1971–1976)
Stanton Arnold Glantz is an American professor,author,and tobacco control activist. Glantz is a faculty member at the University of California,San Francisco (UCSF) School of Medicine,where he is a Professor of Medicine (retired) in the Division of Cardiology,the American Legacy Foundation Distinguished Professor of Tobacco Control,and former director of the Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education. Glantz's research focused on the health effects of tobacco smoking.
An association between tobacco and other drug use has been well established. The nature of this association remains unclear. The two main theories,which are not mutually exclusive,are the phenotypic causation (gateway) model and the correlated liabilities model. The causation model argues that smoking is a primary influence on future drug use,while the correlated liabilities model argues that smoking and other drug use are predicated on genetic or environmental factors.
Elbert D. Glover is an American researcher and author in the field of tobacco addiction and smoking cessation. After several academic positions he retired as a professor emeritus at the University of Maryland at College Park School of Public Health where he served as chair of the Department of Behavioral and Community Health from 2005 to his retirement in 2015. Moreover,he was entrepreneur,editor,publisher and co-founder and principal owner of Health Behavior and Policy Review and co-founder,owner,editor,and publisher of American Journal of Health Behavior and Tobacco Regulatory Science. Glover was the founder of the American Academy of Health Behavior and served as its first president from 1997 to 2001.
Tobacco smoking has serious negative effects on the body. A wide variety of diseases and medical phenomena affect the sexes differently,and the same holds true for the effects of tobacco. Since the proliferation of tobacco,many cultures have viewed smoking as a masculine vice,and as such the majority of research into the specific differences between men and women with regards to the effects of tobacco have only been studied in-depth in recent years.
Smokingamong youth and adolescents is an issue that affects countries worldwide. While the extent to which smoking is viewed as a negative health behavior may vary across different nations,it remains an issue regardless of how it is perceived by different societies. The United States has taken numerous measures,ranging from changes in national policy surrounding youth cigarette access to changes in media campaigns,in attempts to eliminate the use of tobacco products among teenagers. Approximately 90% of smokers begin smoking prior to the age of 18.
There are smoking cessation policy initiatives by the United States government at federal,state and local levels.
Mark S. Gold is an American physician,professor,author,and researcher on the effects of opioids,cocaine,tobacco,and other drugs as well as food on the brain and behavior. He is married to Janice Finn Gold.
NJOY is an independent American company that manufactures and distributes electronic cigarettes and vaping products. In 2017,NJOY acquired the assets of NJOY,Inc.,one of the first companies to sell e-cigarettes.
Denise Kandel is an American medical sociologist and epidemiologist,Professor of Sociomedical Sciences and Psychiatry at Columbia University and Head of the Department of Epidemiology of Substance Abuse at the New York State Psychiatric Institute. She is known for her epidemiological longitudinal studies on the sequence of first-time use of various legal and illegal drugs,carried out beginning in the 1970s and continuing until at least 2016.
Dorothy P. Rice was an American health statistician whose work contributed to the creation of Medicare in the United States. Rice graduated from the University of Wisconsin–Madison and began working with the US government soon after,but left the workforce to begin raising a child. Just over a decade later,she returned to government work with a position at the Social Security Administration,where she was one of the first scientists to study the economic cost of illness and exposed a lack of health insurance among the elderly.
Smoking in Australia is restricted in enclosed public places,workplaces,in areas of public transport and near underage events,except new laws in New South Wales that ban smoking within ten metres of children's play spaces.
Daniel Hartman Kress was a Canadian physician,anti-smoking activist,Seventh-day Adventist missionary and vegetarian.
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