Xu Guangping

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Xu Guangping
Xu Guangping.jpg
Portrait of Ms. Xu Guangping.
Born(1898-02-12)12 February 1898
Panyu County, Guangdong, China
Died3 March 1968(1968-03-03) (aged 70)
Beijing, China
Nationality Qing dynasty (1898-1912) Republic of China (1912–1949) People's Republic of China (1949-1968)
Political party China Association for Promoting Democracy
Chinese Communist Party
Partner Lu Xun (1927–1936)
ChildrenZhou Haiying （周海婴）

Xu Guangping (simplified Chinese :许广平; traditional Chinese :許廣平; Jyutping :heoi2 gwong2 ping4, 1898 – 1968), courtesy name Shuyuan (simplified Chinese: 漱园; traditional Chinese: 漱園), infant name Xia (simplified Chinese: 霞; traditional name: 霞), [1] was a Chinese female writer, politician, and social activist. [2] She was well known as the partner of Chinese writer Lu Xun.

Contents

Biography

Early life

On February 12, 1898, Xu Guangping was born into the prestigious Xu family in Guangzhou, but her family was already in decline and needed to borrow money to maintain their dignity. [3] Her father was the son of a concubine who had served as an official but lacked life stories. [4] Her mother was the daughter of a merchant in Macau who was good at medicine and poetry. Xu Guangping had three brothers and two sisters, one of her sisters was the daughter of her father's concubine. [4] When she was born, she cried loudly and left urine in her mother's womb, which was considered a sign of inauspiciousness. Then her father planned to give her to someone else, but her father got drunk and betrothed her to the evil gentry Ma family as his daughter-in-law. [3]

In 1906, when Xu Guangping was eight years old, her mother wanted to bind her feet. Her mother's hometown was very particular about foot-binding. Her mother was chubby but had a pair of small feet that needed the help of a servant for walking. [5] Xu Guangping was unwilling to bind her feet and wanted to seek her father's protection. Her father agreed that he would not bind her feet and sent her to her grandmother's place to hide. [3]

In April of the same year, she entered the private school at home and began studying with the boys. Her mother supported this because she also studied with her brothers at home. She asked them to help Guangping with her studies. [6]

When the 1911 Revolution broke out, Xu Guangping's family moved to Macau. Afterwards, her mother passed away and was taken care of by her older brother Xu Chongyi. Under the influence of her older brother, she began to make ideological progress and wanted to contribute to the country and nation. For example, she followed the suggestion in Women's Daily not to wear earrings. This aroused the father's disgust because it represented bereavement in local customs. [7]

In 1915, Yuan Shikai declared himself emperor. Xu Guangping believed that it was a time of loyalty to the country. She wrote a letter to a female revolutionary hoping to join the fight against Yuan Shikai. However, this matter was leaked and her family prevented her from doing so. [8]

In 1917, at the age of 19, Xu Guangping's father passed away. She wanted to resist her arranged marriage. According to Shunde's custom of "not leaving her husband's house" (不出夫家), to marry a concubine for her husband to replace her. Her second brother helped her dissolved their engagement. Then they defected to their aunt in Tianjin. [7]

Education

Beijing Women's Normal School Beijing Women Normal School.png
Beijing Women's Normal School

In 1917, she was admitted to the First Women's Normal School in Beiyang, and the following year she was promoted to a bachelor's degree in Guangzhou. During this period, she served as the editor in chief of the Tianjin Women's Patriotic Comrade Association magazine "Awakening Weekly"(醒世周刊). In December, Xu Guangping contributed four short essays in classical Chinese to the school magazine. She participated in a rally of ten thousand people in Nankai Square led by Zhou Enlai and others on October 10th and went to the police station to condemn Yang Yide, the director of the department who assaulted patriotic people. [9]

In 1919, She experienced firsthand politics when China began to boycott Japanese goods as a result of the May Fourth Movement. [10]

In 1921, Guangping then graduated from the Girls’ Normal School and she enrolled in the Chinese department of Women’s Normal College in Peking in the autumn. Guangping then decided to become the general secretary of the Student Council. While Guangping continued to write, her works would often be featured in the schools’ various media channels. She continued her courses as normal, becoming interested in various fields of study. However, the political turmoil that was evident in China at the time made Guangping feel uneasy. The principal of her school was being asked to step down, as China rapidly became politically divided. [11]

In 1925, Xu Guangping began her first communication with Lu Xun as a "primary school student", requesting clear guidance from Lu Xun. From then on, Lu Xun became her mentor. Between March and July, they exchanged over 40 letters, and at the end of the year, Xu Guangping and Lu Xun established a romantic relationship. [9]

Career

In 1926, Xu Guangping graduated from school and returned to Guangzhou. She served as the training master and social supervisor of Guangdong Provincial First Women's Normal School and engaged in the women's movement under the leadership of Comrade Deng Yingchao. However, due to the intervention of some members of the guomintang, he school owed wages and then Xu Guangping resigned. [12]

In January 1927, Lu Xun reached at Sun Yat-sen University. Xu Guangping is his teaching assistant. She accompanied Lu Xun to give speeches in Hong Kong and served as a Cantonese translator. [13]

On October 3rd of the same year, Xu Guangping and Lu Xun went to Shanghai to get married. She helped Lu Xun purchase books and consult materials in his work, and took care of Lu Xun in his daily life. [13]

On October 19, 1936-1937, Lu Xun passed away. Xu Guangping organized of Lu Xun's relics for publication. [14]

On December 15, 1941, Japanese gendarmes broke into the Xu family to investigate. The Japanese army arrested Xu Guangping on the same day in search of clues from Shanghai's anti-Japanese intellectuals. They tormented Xu Guangping into a coma three times, but she never gave in. [15]

On February 27, 1942, Xu Guangping was arrested for 76 days and was released with the help of underground Chinese Communist Party (CCP) worker Yuan and Japanese friend Kanzō Uchiyama. When she came out, her hair turned white. She spared no effort to protect the safety of many friends. [15] [16]

Political Life

In the winter of 1948, Xu Guangping and a group of well-known progressives secretly went to Hong Kong at the invitation of the CCP and transferred to the Northeast Liberated Area. [17]

In the spring of 1949, after Peiping was liberated, she arrived in Peiping. The All-China Women's Federation was held in Peiping, and Xu Guangping was elected as an executive member of the All-China Women's Federation; at the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference, she was elected as a member of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, Xu Guangping was appointed deputy secretary-general of the Government Affairs Council. [17]

After 1950, Xu Guangping donated Lu Xun's former residences in Shanghai and Beijing, as well as Lu Xun's collection of books, antiques, manuscripts, letters, manuscripts and other relics to the country for the people's government to establish the Lu Xun Museum and Lu Xun Memorial Hall. [17]

In September 1954, Xu Guangping was elected as a member of the Standing Committee of the National Committee of the Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference. [17]

June 6, 1961, after Xu Guangping applied many times, she was approved by the Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party to become a CCP member. Xu Guangping has served as a leader of central delegations for many times, leading or participating in delegations to visit Japan, the Czech Republic, Vietnam, etc., and engage in foreign cultural exchange activities. [18] [19]

Death

In 1968, Qi Benyu, a member of the Central Cultural Revolution Group, stole all of Lu Xun's precious manuscripts and made them missing. Xu Guangping suffered a heavy blow and died of a heart attack. [20]

Xu Guangping's last words Xu Guangping's last words.png
Xu Guangping's last words

Pen Names

Xu Guangping worte under the pen names including Jing Song (simplified Chinese: 景宋; traditional Chinese: 景宋), [21] Ping Lin (simplified Chinese: 平林; traditional Chinese: 平林), [22] KP, [23] Lu Mei (simplified Chinese: 陆寐; traditional Chinese: 陸寐), [24] Xu Xiu (simplified Chinese: 许秀; traditional Chinese: 許秀), [25] Gui Zhen (simplified Chinese: 归真; traditional Chinese: 歸真), [26] Shang Shi (simplified Chinese: 伤时; traditional Chinese: 傷時), [27] Huang Bing (simplified Chinese: 黄竝; traditional Chinese: 黃竝), [28] Zhou Hao (simplified Chinese: 周浩; traditional Chinese: 周浩), [29] etc. Jing Song was the most frequently used one.

Family Member

Xu Family Genealogy Part of Xu Family Genealogy 2.png
Xu Family Genealogy

Grandfather: Xu Yingrong (许应鑠) (1832 - July 22 1903).

Born in Panyu County, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province (now Guangzhou, Guangdong Province), his ancestral home is Chenghai, Shantou, Guangdong Province. He was an official in the same court as Li Hongzhang and other famous ministers in the late Qing Dynasty. [30]

Father: Xu Bingyun (许炳橒) (1841 - 1894).; alternate name: Xu Bing Yao (许炳瑶), the sixth son of a concubine. [31] He was a famous official in the Qing Dynasty.

Mother: Lady Song, the daughter of a businessman from Macau. [31] She died when Xu Guangping was a child. [32]

Sisters: Xu Dongping (许东平); Xu Yueping (许月平), the daughter of the concubine. [33]

Brothers: Xu Chongyi (许崇憘); Xu Chonghuan (许崇權); Xu Chongyi (许崇怡). [33]

Cousin: Xu Chongzhi (许崇智) (1886 - January 1965). From Guangdong Shantou, born noble family. In his early years, he attended the Japanese military Academy. [34]

Partner: Lu Xun (鲁迅) (25 September 1881 – 19 October 1936)

From Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province. Famous litterateur, thinker, revolutionary, educator, democracy fighter, important participant of the new culture movement, one of the founders of modern Chinese literature.

Son: Zhou Haiying(周海婴) (1929 September 27 - 2011 April 7).

Born in Shanghai, Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province, he studied radio at the Physics Department of Peking University from 1952 to 1960. [35]

Daughter-in-law: Ma Xinyun (马新云).

Grandson: Zhou Lingfei (周令飞); Zhou Lingfei (周令斐); Zhou Lingyi (周令一).

Zhou Lingfei Born in Beijing in April 1953, he graduated from Beijing Jingshan School in 1969. He joined the army at the age of 16 and joined the Communist Party of China in the army.

Granddaughter: Zhou Ning (周宁). She married to Japan and lived a happy life.

Xu Guangping and her descendant Xu Guangping, his Son, daughter-in-law and grandchildren.png
Xu Guangping and her descendant

Literary Works

Former Residence

Xu Guangping's Former Residence Xu Guangping's Former Residence.jpg
Xu Guangping's Former Residence

The former residence is located in the "Xu Di" of Gaodi Street, Beijing Road, Yuexiu District, Guangzhou City today, with the house number being No. 33-34. According to the memories of descendants of the Xu family, Xu Guangping spent most of her time here before she was admitted to Beiyang Women No.1 Normal School in 1917. [46]

From the appearance, the former residence is a blue brick building with two bedrooms and a courtyard that is characterized with Lingnan furniture features. It has a brick and wood structure and an area of about 100 square meters. According to the memories of Xu's descendants, the building has a history of more than 160 years and is still occupied by Xu Guangping's nephew and her descendants. [46]




Monument

The Monument of Xu Guangping was built in Fu Shou Yuan Humanism Memorial Park, Shanghai on September 27, 2011. [47]

Further reading

Denton, Kirk A. Love-Letters and Privacy in Modern China: The Intimate Lives of Lu Xun and Xu Guangping. vol. 64, Harvard-Yenching Institute, 2004. https://www.jstor.org/stable/25066731?saml_data=eyJzYW1sVG9rZW4iOiI2ZWNmZDdmNC02MWUwLTQwY2YtOGMzOS1kMTJhMWM1Nzc3YjMiLCJpbnN0aXR1dGlvbklkcyI6WyIxMjJiMTFjOS00YWE5LTQzY2UtYWQzZS0xMmUyYTE4YmU3ZWUiXX0&seq=9

Hang, Suhong. “Rootless ‘Collectives’: Xu Guangping and the New Women’s Spiritual Dilemma in the Republic of China.” Sociological Studies, June 2015, pp. 193–214. https://shxyj.ajcass.com/magazine/show/?id=74488&jumpnotice=202005130001

Letters Between Two: Correspondence Between Lu Xun and Xu Guangping (Chinese Version). https://www.zhonghuadiancang.com/xueshuzaji/liangdishu/

Liu, Chun-yong. "A Glance over Lu Xun's Marriage and Love." Journal of University of Science and Technology Beijing, vol. 23, no. 4, 2007, pp. 112-116. http://bkds.ustb.edu.cn/en/article/id/b7cca579-e846-4573-b2c6-1dcf4ba0b6f8

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