Related Research Articles
The Yellow Turban Rebellion,alternatively translated as the Yellow Scarves Rebellion,was a peasant revolt during the late Eastern Han dynasty of ancient China. The uprising broke out in 184 CE,during the reign of Emperor Ling. Although the main rebellion was suppressed by 185 CE,it took 21 years for full suppression of resistant areas and emerging rebellions by 205 CE. The weakening of the imperial court and the rising political influence of ultra-autonomous regional military-governors,who helped suppress the rebellion,eventually led to rampant warlord dominance and the resultant Three Kingdoms period.
Xu Huang,courtesy name Gongming,was a Chinese military general serving under the warlord Cao Cao in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He later served in the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period under the first two rulers,Cao Pi and Cao Rui,before his death at the start of Cao Rui's reign. Xu Huang is best noted for breaking the siege at the Battle of Fancheng in 219 by routing the enemy commander Guan Yu on the field.
LüBu,courtesy name Fengxian,was a Chinese military general,politician,and warlord who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of Imperial China. Lu Bu is also known as the greatest warrior of all time;originally a subordinate of a minor warlord Ding Yuan,he betrayed and murdered Ding Yuan and defected to Dong Zhuo,the warlord who controlled the Han central government in the early 190s. In 192,he turned against Dong Zhuo and killed him after being instigated by Wang Yun and Shisun Rui,but was later defeated and driven away by Dong Zhuo's followers.
Emperor Xian of Han,personal name Liu Xie (劉協),courtesy name Bohe,was the 14th and last emperor of the Eastern Han dynasty in China. He reigned from 28 September 189 until 11 December 220.
Yuan Shu,courtesy name Gonglu,was a Chinese military general,politician,and warlord who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty. He rose to prominence following the collapse of the Han central government in 189. He declared himself Emperor of China in 197 under the short-lived Zhong dynasty,two years before his death in 199.
Wang Yun,courtesy name Zishi,was a Chinese politician who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty. He served in the Han government through the reigns of three emperors –Emperor Ling,Emperor Shao and Emperor Xian. The highest offices he served in were Manager of the Affairs of the Masters of Writing and Minister over the Masses in the early reign of Emperor Xian. In 192,with help from the general LüBu and others,he plotted a successful coup in Chang'an against Dong Zhuo,a tyrannical warlord and regent who controlled the Han central government,and assassinated him. However,later that year,Dong Zhuo's followers staged a counter-coup and seized back control of the central government in Chang'an. Wang Yun,along with his family members,was captured and executed.
Li Jue,courtesy name Zhiran,was a Chinese military general,politician,and warlord serving under the autocratic warlord Dong Zhuo during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He later succeeded Dong Zhuo as the leader of the Liang Province faction after Dong Zhuo was murdered in a coup d'état,and was able to take over the Han imperial capital Chang'an,keeping Emperor Xian as a hostage. Despite being adept in military affairs,he was inept at politics,quarrelling with his fellow generals and making the bad decision to let Emperor Xian escape,greatly decreasing his power and precipitating his downfall.
Zhu Jun,courtesy name Gongwei,was a military general and official who lived during the Eastern Han dynasty of China.
Jia Xu,courtesy name Wenhe,was an official of the state of Cao Wei during the early Three Kingdoms period of China. He started his career in the late Eastern Han dynasty as a minor official. In 189,when the warlord Dong Zhuo took control of the Han central government,he assigned Jia Xu to the unit led by Niu Fu,his son-in-law. In May 192,after Dong Zhuo was assassinated by LüBu,Jia Xu advised Li Jue,Guo Si and Dong Zhuo's loyalists to fight back and seize control of the imperial capital,Chang'an,from a new central government headed by LüBu and Wang Yun. After Li Jue and the others defeated LüBu and occupied Chang'an,Jia Xu served under the central government led by them. During this time,he ensured the safety of the figurehead Han emperor,Emperor Xian,who was being held hostage by Li Jue. He also attempted to prevent internal conflict between Li Jue and Guo Si,but with limited success. After Emperor Xian escaped from Chang'an,Jia Xu left Li Jue and briefly joined the general Duan Wei before becoming a strategist of the warlord Zhang Xiu. While serving under Zhang Xiu,he advised his lord on how to counter invasions by the warlord Cao Cao,who had received Emperor Xian in 196 and taken control of the central government. In 200,during the Battle of Guandu between Cao Cao and his rival Yuan Shao,Jia Xu urged Zhang Xiu to reject Yuan Shao's offer to form an alliance and instead surrender to Cao Cao. Zhang Xiu heeded his advice. Jia Xu then became one of Cao Cao's strategists.
Guo Si,also known as Guo Duo,was a Chinese military general,politician,and warlord serving under the warlord Dong Zhuo during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He assisted Dong Zhuo in his many campaigns and served as a subordinate of Dong Zhuo's son-in-law,Niu Fu,after Dong Zhuo relocated the imperial capital to Chang'an. He later became one of the de facto regents of Emperor Xian,wherein they occupied the capital and held the emperor and imperial officials hostage. However,his downfall came when he quarrelled with his co-regent,Li Jue. He and Li Jue were ultimately defeated by Yang Feng and Dong Cheng,who assisted the emperor to flee the capital. Guo Si was eventually betrayed and murdered by one of his subordinates.
Dong Cheng was a Chinese military general who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He was also the father of Lady Dong,a concubine of Emperor Xian.
Cao Hong,courtesy name Zilian,was a Chinese military general of the state of Cao Wei during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He started his career in the late Eastern Han dynasty under the warlord Cao Cao,who was his older second cousin.
The end of the Han dynasty was the period of Chinese history from 189 to 220 CE,roughly coinciding with the tumultuous reign of the Han dynasty's last ruler,Emperor Xian. It was followed by the Three Kingdoms era. During the end of the Han dynasty,the country was thrown into turmoil by the Yellow Turban Rebellion (184–205). Meanwhile,the Han Empire's institutions were destroyed by the warlord Dong Zhuo and fractured into regional regimes ruled by various warlords,some of whom were nobles and officials of the Han imperial court. The warlord Cao Cao took control of Emperor Xian and his court in 196 and began gradually reunifying the empire. Cao Cao ostensibly operated under Emperor Xian's rule,though in reality the emperor was a hostage.
Chen Gui,courtesy name Hanyu,was a Chinese politician who lived in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China.
Han Xian was a bandit leader and military general who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China.
The campaign against Yuan Shu was a punitive expedition that took place between 197 and 199 in the late Eastern Han dynasty. The campaign was initiated by the Han government against warlord Yuan Shu after Yuan declared himself emperor of the new Zhong dynasty,an act perceived as treason against Emperor Xian,the nominal Han ruler. The campaign concluded with the defeat of Yuan Shu and collapse of his self-established Zhong dynasty.
Zhang Ji was a military general serving under the warlord Dong Zhuo during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China.
Zhang Yang,courtesy name Zhishu,was a Chinese politician and warlord who lived during the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. Originally from Yunzhong Commandery in the north,he eventually became the de facto ruler of Henei Commandery. A brave and lenient man,Zhang Yang would provide refuge for Emperor Xian of Han and be involved in court politics,eventually attaining the rank of Grand Marshal (大司馬). Seeking to help an old friend,he would be assassinated by a subordinate.
The Yellow Turban Army,also known as the Yellow Turban Bandits,was a peasant rebel force led by the late Eastern Han dynasty mystic Zhang Jue from Julu Commandery. The Yellow Turbans launched an uprising against the central government in 184,the year of the Jiazi in the Sexagenary cycle. The Yellow Turban Rebellion became one of the biggest rebellions in Chinese history,but it was mostly quelled within a year by the Eastern Han government. As result,the Chinese historiography has always placed it as the progenitor of the Three Kingdoms Era. Some Yellow Turban factions continued their insurgency for decades,however,and the last known remnants of the movement were defeated in the first decade of the 3rd century.
The Battle of Chang'an,also known as the Sack of Chang'an,took place in the western Chinese imperial capital city of Chang'an on 28 June 192,at the end of the Han dynasty,the prelude of the Three Kingdoms.
References
- ↑ (傕將楊奉本白波賊帥， ...) Houhanshu vol. 72.
- ↑ (李傕、郭汜既悔令天子東，乃來救段煨，因欲劫帝而西， ... 而張濟與楊奉、董承不相平，乃反合傕、汜，共追乘輿，大戰於弘農東澗。承、奉軍敗，百官士卒死者不可勝數，皆棄其婦女輜重，御物符策典籍，略無所遺。 ... 天子遂露次曹陽。承、奉乃譎傕等與連和，而密遣閒使至河東，招故白波帥李樂、韓暹、胡才及南匈奴右賢王去卑，並率其眾數千騎來，與承、奉共擊傕等，大破之，斬首數千級，乘輿乃得進。董承、李樂擁衛左右，胡才、楊奉、韓暹、去卑為後距。傕等復來戰，奉等大敗，死者甚於東澗。) Houhanshu vol. 72.
- ↑ (天子之東也，奉自梁欲要之，不及。冬十月，公征奉，奉南奔袁術，遂攻其梁屯，拔之。) Sanguozhi vol. 1.
- ↑ (《漢末英雄記》：布令韓暹、楊奉取劉備地麥，以為軍資。) Records of Heroes
- ↑ (《後漢書·卷七十二·董卓列傳第六十二》：奉、暹奔袁術，遂縱暴楊、徐間。明年，左將軍劉備誘奉斬之。) Houhanshu vol. 72.
- Chen, Shou (3rd century). Records of the Three Kingdoms (Sanguozhi).
- Fan, Ye (5th century). Book of the Later Han (Houhanshu).
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
