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Yuan Shansong | |||||||||
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Chinese | 袁 山 松 | ||||||||
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Yuan Song | |||||||||
Chinese | 袁 崧 | ||||||||
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Alternative Chinese name | |||||||||
Chinese | 袁 嵩 | ||||||||
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Yuan Shansong,sometimes called Yuan Song,(344 - 401 CE) was an official of the Jin Dynasty. [1] [2] He was known as an accomplished poet,lyricist,and also as an historian. [3] Yuan also produced one of the first landscape essays,later to become a popular form in Chinese literature. He composed the Treatise on Administrative Geography( t 郡 國 志 , s 郡 国 志 ,Jùnguózhì). Much of his work has survived to the present day. Later,Yuan was given appointment as the Grand Administrator of Wu Commandery. During the rebellion of Sun En in 399,he died defending Hudu in the western suburbs of modern Shanghai.
The Chinese classics or canonical texts are the works of Chinese literature authored prior to the establishment of the imperial Qin dynasty in 221 BC. Prominent examples include the Four Books and Five Classics in the Neo-Confucian tradition,themselves an abridgment of the Thirteen Classics. The Chinese classics used a form of written Chinese consciously imitated by later authors,now known as Classical Chinese. A common Chinese word for "classic" literally means 'warp thread',in reference to the techniques by which works of this period were bound into volumes.
The Tang dynasty,or the Tang Empire,was an imperial dynasty of China that ruled from 618 to 907,with an interregnum between 690 and 705. It was preceded by the Sui dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period. Historians generally regard the Tang as a high point in Chinese civilisation,and a golden age of cosmopolitan culture. Tang territory,acquired through the military campaigns of its early rulers,rivalled that of the Han dynasty.
The Sui dynasty was a short-lived Chinese imperial dynasty that ruled from 581 to 618. The re-unification of China proper under the Sui brought the Northern and Southern dynasties era to a close,ending a prolonged period of political division since the War of the Eight Princes. The Sui endeavoured to rebuild the country,re-establishing and reforming many imperial institutions;in so doing,the Sui laid much of the foundation for the subsequent Tang dynasty,who after toppling the Sui would ultimately preside over a new golden age in Chinese history.
Throughout Chinese history,"Emperor" was the superlative title held by the monarchs who ruled various imperial dynasties or Chinese empires. In traditional Chinese political theory,the emperor was the "Son of Heaven",an autocrat with the divine mandate right to rule all under Heaven. Emperors were worshiped posthumously under an imperial cult. The lineage of emperors descended from a paternal family line constituted a dynasty,and succession in most cases theoretically followed agnatic primogeniture. The emperor of China was an absolute monarch.
Luoyang is a city located in the confluence area of the Luo River and the Yellow River in the west of Henan province,China. Governed as a prefecture-level city,it borders the provincial capital of Zhengzhou to the east,Pingdingshan to the southeast,Nanyang to the south,Sanmenxia to the west,Jiyuan to the north,and Jiaozuo to the northeast. As of December 31,2018,Luoyang had a population of 6,888,500 inhabitants with 2,751,400 people living in the built-up area made of the city's five out of six urban districts and Yanshi District,now being conurbated. By the end of 2022,Luoyang Municipality had jurisdiction over 7 municipal districts,7 counties and 1 development zone. The permanent population is 7.079 million.
The Zizhi Tongjian (1084) is a chronicle published during the Northern Song dynasty (960–1127) that provides a record of Chinese history from 403 BC to 959 AD,covering 16 dynasties and spanning almost 1400 years. The main text is arranged into 294 scrolls,each equivalent to a chapter—totaling around 3 million Chinese characters.
Jin,originally known as Tang (唐),was a major state during the middle part of the Zhou dynasty,based near the centre of what was then China,on the lands attributed to the legendary Xia dynasty:the southern part of modern Shanxi. Although it grew in power during the Spring and Autumn period,its aristocratic structure saw it break apart when the duke lost power to his nobles. In 403 BC,the Zhou court recognized Jin's three successor states:Han,Zhao,and Wei. The Partition of Jin marks the end of the Spring and Autumn period and the beginning of the Warring States period.
For most of its history,China was organized into various dynastic states under the rule of hereditary monarchs. Beginning with the establishment of dynastic rule by Yu the Great c. 2070 BC,and ending with the abdication of the Xuantong Emperor in AD 1912,Chinese historiography came to organize itself around the succession of monarchical dynasties. Besides those established by the dominant Han ethnic group or its spiritual Huaxia predecessors,dynasties throughout Chinese history were also founded by non-Han peoples.
The Book of Sui is the official history of the Sui dynasty,which ruled China in the years AD 581–618. It ranks among the official Twenty-Four Histories of imperial China. It was written by Yan Shigu,Kong Yingda,and Zhangsun Wuji,with Wei Zheng as the lead author. In the third year of Zhenguan of the Tang dynasty (629),Emperor Taizong of Tang ordered Fang Xuanling to supervise the completion of the Book of Sui,which was being compiled around the same time as other official histories were being written. The Book of Sui was completed in 636 AD,the same year as the Book of Chen was completed.
You Prefecture or YouProvince,also known by its Chinese name Youzhou,was a prefecture (zhou) in northern China during its imperial era.
The New Book of Tang,generally translated as the "New History of the Tang" or "New Tang History",is a work of official history covering the Tang dynasty in ten volumes and 225 chapters. The work was compiled by a team of scholars of the Song dynasty,led by Ouyang Xiu and Song Qi.
The History of Liao,or Liao Shi,is a Chinese historical book compiled officially by the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty (1271–1368),under the direction of the historian Toqto'a (Tuotuo),and finalized in 1344. Based on Khitan's primary sources and other previous official Chinese records,it details the Khitan people,Khitan's tribal life and traditions,as well as the official histories of the Liao dynasty and its successor,the Western Liao dynasty.
During the late Zhou dynasty,the inhabitants of the Central Plains began to make a distinction between Hua and Yi,referred to by some historians as the Sino–barbarian dichotomy. They defined themselves as part of cultural and political region known as Huaxia,which they contrasted with the surrounding regions home to outsiders,conventionally known as the Four Barbarians. Although Yi is usually translated as "barbarian",other translations of this term in English include "foreigners","ordinary others","wild tribes" and "uncivilized tribes". The Hua–Yi distinction asserted Chinese superiority,but implied that outsiders could become Hua by adopting their culture and customs. The Hua–Yi distinction was not unique to China,but was also applied by various Vietnamese,Japanese,and Koreans regimes,all of whom considered themselves at one point in history to be legitimate successors to the Chinese civilization and the "Central State" in imitation of China.
Banbi,also known as banxiu and sometimes referred as beizi or half-beizi before the term beizi eventually came to refer to a long-sleeved beizi in the Song dynasty,and referred as dahu in the Yuan dynasty,is an upper garment item in Hanfu. The banbi is in the form of a waistcoat or outerwear with short sleeves,which could either be worn over or under a long-sleeved ruqun. The style of its collar varies;it can also be secured at the front either with ties or a metal button.
Duke Wu of Jin,personal name Ji Cheng,also known as Duke Wu of Quwo,was the last ruler of the Quwo (曲沃) state who later became a ruler of the Jin state.
The history of Sino-Korean relations dates back to prehistoric times.
The History of Jin is a Chinese historical text,one of the Twenty Four Histories,which details the history of the Jin dynasty founded by the Jurchens in northern China. It was compiled by the Yuan dynasty historian and minister Toqto'a.
Hanfu,are the traditional styles of clothing worn by the Han Chinese since the 2nd millennium BCE. There are several representative styles of hanfu,such as the ruqun,the aoqun,the beizi and the shenyi,and the shanku.
Wu Commandery was a commandery of imperial China. It covers parts of the contemporary Northern Zhejiang and Southern Jiangsu. The capital of Wu commandery was Wu. Major counties of Wu commandery include Wu (county),Yuhang county,and Huating county which later became known as Suzhou,Hangzhou and Shanghai.
Zhubing yuanhou lun,also known as Zhubing yuanhou zonglun or Chaoshi bingyuan,is a Chinese monograph comprising fifty volumes. Written during the Sui dynasty (581–618),its authorship has been popularly attributed to court physician Chao Yuanfang,although this is contradicted by some early sources. Discussing some 1739 syndromes and sixty-seven disease categories,the Zhubing yuanhou lun is the oldest extant medical encyclopedia on disease aetiology and symptomatology in traditional Chinese medicine.