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Condensed matter physics is the field of physics that deals with the macroscopic and microscopic physical properties of matter, especially the solid and liquid phases which arise from electromagnetic forces between atoms. More generally, the subject deals with "condensed" phases of matter: systems of many constituents with strong interactions between them. More exotic condensed phases include the superconducting phase exhibited by certain materials at low temperature, the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases of spins on crystal lattices of atoms, and the Bose–Einstein condensate found in ultracold atomic systems. Condensed matter physicists seek to understand the behavior of these phases by experiments to measure various material properties, and by applying the physical laws of quantum mechanics, electromagnetism, statistical mechanics, and other theories to develop mathematical models.
Superconductivity is a set of physical properties observed in certain materials where electrical resistance vanishes and magnetic flux fields are expelled from the material. Any material exhibiting these properties is a superconductor. Unlike an ordinary metallic conductor, whose resistance decreases gradually as its temperature is lowered even down to near absolute zero, a superconductor has a characteristic critical temperature below which the resistance drops abruptly to zero. An electric current through a loop of superconducting wire can persist indefinitely with no power source.
The Meissner effect is the expulsion of a magnetic field from a superconductor during its transition to the superconducting state when it is cooled below the critical temperature. This expulsion will repel a nearby magnet.
High-temperature superconductors are operatively defined as materials that behave as superconductors at temperatures above 77 K, the boiling point of liquid nitrogen, one of the simplest coolants in cryogenics. All materials currently known to conduct at ordinary pressures become superconducting at temperatures far below ambient, and therefore require cooling. The majority of high-temperature superconductors are ceramic materials. On the other hand, Metallic superconductors usually work below −200 °C: they are then called low-temperature superconductors. Metallic superconductors are also ordinary superconductors, since they were discovered and used before the high-temperature ones.
Paul Ching Wu Chu is a Chinese-American physicist specializing in superconductivity, magnetism, and dielectrics. He is a Professor of physics and T.L.L. Temple Chair of Science in the Physics Department at the University of Houston College of Natural Sciences and Mathematics. He was the President of the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology from 2001 to 2009. In 1987, he was one of the first scientists to demonstrate high-temperature superconductivity.
Giant magnetoresistance (GMR) is a quantum mechanical magnetoresistance effect observed in multilayers composed of alternating ferromagnetic and non-magnetic conductive layers. The 2007 Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to Albert Fert and Peter Grünberg for the discovery of GMR.
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Proximity effect or Holm–Meissner effect is a term used in the field of superconductivity to describe phenomena that occur when a superconductor (S) is placed in contact with a "normal" (N) non-superconductor. Typically the critical temperature of the superconductor is suppressed and signs of weak superconductivity are observed in the normal material over mesoscopic distances. The proximity effect is known since the pioneering work by R. Holm and W. Meissner. They have observed zero resistance in SNS pressed contacts, in which two superconducting metals are separated by a thin film of a non-superconducting metal. The discovery of the supercurrent in SNS contacts is sometimes mistakenly attributed to Brian Josephson's 1962 work, yet the effect was known long before his publication and was understood as the proximity effect.
Ferromagnetic superconductors are materials that display intrinsic coexistence of ferromagnetism and superconductivity. They include UGe2, URhGe, and UCoGe. Evidence of ferromagnetic superconductivity was also reported for ZrZn2 in 2001, but later reports question these findings. These materials exhibit superconductivity in proximity to a magnetic quantum critical point.
Superstripes is a generic name for a phase with spatial broken symmetry that favors the onset of superconducting or superfluid quantum order. This scenario emerged in the 1990s when non-homogeneous metallic heterostructures at the atomic limit with a broken spatial symmetry have been found to favor superconductivity. Before a broken spatial symmetry was expected to compete and suppress the superconducting order. The driving mechanism for the amplification of the superconductivity critical temperature in superstripes matter has been proposed to be the shape resonance in the energy gap parameters ∆n that is a type of Fano resonance for coexisting condensates.
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Øystein Fischer was a Norwegian physicist and specialist in the field of superconductivity. He was a professor of the Faculty of Science of the University of Geneva. He was also the founder and director of the Swiss National Center of Competence in Research MaNEP, dedicated to exploring materials of the future.
Alexandre Bouzdine (Buzdin) is a French and Russian theoretical physicist in the field of superconductivity and condensed matter physics. He was awarded the Holweck Medal in physics in 2013 and obtained the Gay-Lussac Humboldt Prize in 2019 for his theoretical contributions in the field of coexistence between superconductivity and magnetism.
Laura H. Greene is a physics professor at Florida State University and Chief Scientist at the National High Magnetic Field Laboratory. She was previously a professor of physics at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [1].
Twistronics is the study of how the angle between layers of two-dimensional materials can change their electrical properties. Materials such as bilayer graphene have been shown to have vastly different electronic behavior, ranging from non-conductive to superconductive, that depends sensitively on the angle between the layers. The term was first introduced by the research group of Efthimios Kaxiras at Harvard University in their theoretical treatment of graphene superlattices.
Amnon Aharony is an Israeli Professor (Emeritus) of Physics in the School of Physics and Astronomy at Tel Aviv University, Israel and in the Physics Department of Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Israel. After years of research on statistical physics, his current research focuses on condensed matter theory, especially in mesoscopic physics and spintronics. He is a member of the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities, a Foreign Honorary Member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences and of several other academies. He also received several prizes, including the Rothschild Prize in Physical Sciences, and the Gunnar Randers Research Prize, awarded every other year by the King of Norway.
Simon John Bending, is a British physicist. He is a professor in the Department of Physics at the University of Bath, where he was the Head of department from 2013 to 2016. He is co-director of the Bath-Exeter Centre for Graphene Science and deputy director of the Bath-Bristol EPRSC Centre for Doctoral Training in Condensed Matter Physics. He developed scanning Hall probe microscopy and has made notable contributions to the field of superconductors.
Victor V. Moshchalkov, is a Belgian-Russian physicist. He is a professor Emeritus in the Department of Physics at the KU Leuven. He is noted for contributions to Type-1.5 superconductors, S-Fi-S Pi Josephson junction and scanning Hall probe microscopy. He has made notable contributions to the fields of nanostructured superconductors, nanophotonics and heavy fermions in solids.
References
- ↑ Van Haesendonck, C.; Bruynseraede, Y.; Deutscher, G. (1981). "Two-dimensional localization in thin copper films". Physical Review Letters. 46, 565 (8): 565–568. Bibcode:1981PhRvL..46..565V. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.46.565.
- ↑ Locquet, J.P.; Neerinck, D.; Stockman, L.; Bruynseraede, Y. (1989). "Discrete and continuous disorder in superlattices". Physical Review B. 39, 13338 (18): 13338–13342. Bibcode:1989PhRvB..3913338L. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.39.13338. PMID 9948236.
- ↑ Lange, M.; Van Bael, M.J.; Moshchalkov, V.V.; Bruynseraede, Y. (2002). "Magnetic-domain-controlled vortex pinning in a superconductor/ferromagnet bilayer". Applied Physics Letters. 81, 322 (2): 322–324. arXiv: cond-mat/0205470 . Bibcode:2002ApPhL..81..322L. doi:10.1063/1.1492317. S2CID 119101910.
- ↑ Temst, K.; Van Bael, M.J.; Wuyts, B.; Van Haesendonck, C.; Bruynseraede, Y. (1995). "Roughness in Nb/Cu multilayers determined by x‐ray diffraction and atomic force microscopy". Applied Physics Letters. 64, 3429 (23): 3429–3431. Bibcode:1995ApPhL..67.3429T. doi:10.1063/1.115269.
- ↑ Moshchalkov, V.V.; Gielen, L.; Strunk, C.; Jonckheere, R.; Qiu, X.; Bruynseraede, Y. (1995). "Effect of sample topology on the critical fields of mesoscopic superconductors". Nature. 373, 319–322 (6512): 319–322. Bibcode:1995Natur.373..319M. doi:10.1038/373319a0. S2CID 4340954.
