Yvonne Maldonado

Last updated
Yvonne Aida Maldonado
Born
United States
Alma mater University of California, Los Angeles
Stanford University School of Medicine, MD (1981)
Scientific career
Fields Infectious Diseases, Pediatrics, Epidemiology

Yvonne "Bonnie" Maldonado is an American physician, pediatrician, and Professor of Pediatrics and of Health Research and Policy at Stanford University, with a focus on Infectious Diseases. She founded Stanford's pediatric HIV Clinic and now serves as Stanford University School of Medicine's Senior Associate Dean of Faculty Development and Diversity.

Contents

Early life

Raised in Los Angeles, Maldonado is the daughter of Mexican immigrants and was the first in her family to attend college. [1] Maldonado received her bachelor's degree from University of California, Los Angeles. [2] She then attended Stanford University School of Medicine, where she received her Doctor of Medicine degree in 1981. She then performed her residency in pediatrics at Johns Hopkins Hospital, where she remained for her fellowship in pediatric infectious diseases. [3]

Career

Following her residency she joined the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as an Epidemic Intelligence Service (EIS) Officer in the mid-1980s at the beginning of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States. [3] [4] There, she became interested in how to prevent the spread of HIV infection from mothers to their babies, particularly in developing countries. In 1988, she became a professor of pediatrics at Stanford University, where she started the pediatric HIV Clinic. [3]

Leadership and service

Maldonado has contributed her expertise to governmental policy, serving on the National Vaccine Advisory Committee through the United States Department of Health and Human Services and as a member of Governor Gavin Newsom's California Initiative to Advance Precision Medicine Advisory Council. [5] She is the Chair of the committee on infectious diseases at the American Academy of Pediatrics and serves as a Senior Fellow at the Stanford Center for Innovation in Global Health. [6] She is also an advocate for diversity, equity, and inclusion, serving as Stanford's Associate Dean of Faculty Development and Diversity since May 2014, succeeding Hannah Valantine. [7]

Research

Her research focuses on the epidemiology and prevention of infectious diseases, such as rotavirus, measles, mumps, rubella, polio, and pediatric HIV infection. She has also worked on developing and evaluating programs to prevent gender-based violence, working on interventions in Kenya. Her group partnered with the non-profit "Ujamaa-Africa/No Means No Worldwide" to develop and implement a 12-hour empowerment program to teach girls verbal and physical techniques to prevent sexual harassment and assault. [8] [9] They found the intervention was successful in both curbing the incidence of sexual assault and increasing the likelihood that girls would disclose assault.

HIV research

One of Maldonado's research interests is preventing perinatal HIV transmission, which includes preventing transmission through breastfeeding and maximizing prevention strategies in developing countries. She and her colleagues found that treating infants with the anti-retroviral drug nevirapine for their first six months of life reduces HIV transmission through breastfeeding. [10] [11]

Vaccine research

Maldonado's research program also focuses on the development and implementation of vaccines. Her group has received funding from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to understand the factors that underlie the poor immunogenicity of the oral polio vaccine among children in three communities in Orizaba, Veracruz, Mexico with the goal of understanding how to improve immunogenicity. She also studies the circulation and epidemiology of vaccine-derived polioviruses, which originate from the live oral vaccine used against polio. [12] She notes the live vaccine is still in use in developing countries, despite associated risks, because it is much cheaper and because manufacturers are still working to ramp up production of the inactivated vaccine, which is five times more expensive (as of 2018). [13]

She has also analyzed the efficacy of mandatory vaccination policies, which have been implemented in some European countries. [14] She also found that California's elimination of non-medical vaccine exemptions for students entering school in 2016 also led to an increase in vaccine coverage. [15] [16] While mandates are effective in increasing immunization, Maldonado and her colleagues have also advocated for interventions to combat misinformation and address vaccine hesitancy. [17]

COVID-19 response

Maldonado and her team have been involved in many of the studies at Stanford University seeking to understand the biology and epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2. [18] She has worked on a study of the accuracy of three different self-administered nasal swab techniques, which would allow individuals to test themselves for infection without the need to come to the hospital. [19] [2] In the meantime, she has spoken of the importance of drive-through COVID-19 testing, which Stanford implemented to minimize the risk of spreading the disease at hospitals. [20] She also launched a study to understand how COVID-19 is transmitted within a household. [21] Adults who come into the hospital for COVID-19 were asked to perform at-home nose swab tests, along with all members of their household, as well as keep a symptom log to understand when infection is spread and whether that spread occurs before or after symptoms have disappeared. [21] Her team also worked to develop and implement an antibody test to determine if someone had contracted COVID-19; the test was approved by the Food and Drug Administration in early April 2020. [22]

Awards and honors

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vaccination</span> Administration of a vaccine to protect against disease

Vaccination is the administration of a vaccine to help the immune system develop immunity from a disease. Vaccines contain a microorganism or virus in a weakened, live or killed state, or proteins or toxins from the organism. In stimulating the body's adaptive immunity, they help prevent sickness from an infectious disease. When a sufficiently large percentage of a population has been vaccinated, herd immunity results. Herd immunity protects those who may be immunocompromised and cannot get a vaccine because even a weakened version would harm them. The effectiveness of vaccination has been widely studied and verified. Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing infectious diseases; widespread immunity due to vaccination is largely responsible for the worldwide eradication of smallpox and the elimination of diseases such as polio and tetanus from much of the world. However, some diseases, such as measles outbreaks in America, have seen rising cases due to relatively low vaccination rates in the 2010s – attributed, in part, to vaccine hesitancy. According to the World Health Organization, vaccination prevents 3.5–5 million deaths per year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Vaccine</span> Pathogen-derived preparation that provides acquired immunity to an infectious disease

A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular infectious or malignant disease. The safety and effectiveness of vaccines has been widely studied and verified. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins, or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as a threat, destroy it, and recognize further and destroy any of the microorganisms associated with that agent that it may encounter in the future.

The management of HIV/AIDS normally includes the use of multiple antiretroviral drugs as a strategy to control HIV infection. There are several classes of antiretroviral agents that act on different stages of the HIV life-cycle. The use of multiple drugs that act on different viral targets is known as highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). HAART decreases the patient's total burden of HIV, maintains function of the immune system, and prevents opportunistic infections that often lead to death. HAART also prevents the transmission of HIV between serodiscordant same-sex and opposite-sex partners so long as the HIV-positive partner maintains an undetectable viral load.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gastroenteritis</span> Inflammation of the stomach and small intestine

Gastroenteritis, also known as infectious diarrhea or simply as gastro, is an inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract including the stomach and intestine. Symptoms may include diarrhea, vomiting, and abdominal pain. Fever, lack of energy, and dehydration may also occur. This typically lasts less than two weeks. Although it is not related to influenza, in the U.S. it is sometimes called the "stomach flu".

Post-exposure prophylaxis, also known as post-exposure prevention (PEP), is any preventive medical treatment started after exposure to a pathogen in order to prevent the infection from occurring.

The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases is one of the 27 institutes and centers that make up the National Institutes of Health (NIH), an agency of the United States Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). NIAID's mission is to conduct basic and applied research to better understand, treat, and prevent infectious, immunologic, and allergic diseases.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation</span>

The Elizabeth Glaser Pediatric AIDS Foundation (EGPAF) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to preventing pediatric HIV infection and eliminating pediatric AIDS through research, advocacy, and prevention and treatment programs. Founded in 1988, the organization works in 12 countries around the world.

Neal A. Halsey is an American pediatrician, with sub-specialty training in infectious diseases, international health and epidemiology. Halsey is a professor emeritus of international health and director emeritus of the Institute for Vaccine Safety at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, in Baltimore, Maryland. He had a joint appointment in the Department of Pediatrics at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and serves as co-director of the Center for Disease Studies and Control in Guatemala.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Hepatitis B vaccine</span> Vaccine against hepatitis B

Hepatitis B vaccine is a vaccine that prevents hepatitis B. The first dose is recommended within 24 hours of birth with either two or three more doses given after that. This includes those with poor immune function such as from HIV/AIDS and those born premature. It is also recommended that health-care workers be vaccinated. In healthy people, routine immunization results in more than 95% of people being protected.

Ann M. Arvin is an American pediatrician and microbiologist. She is the Lucile Salter Packard Professor of Pediatrics and Professor of Microbiology & Immunology Emerita at Stanford University. Arvin is a specialist of the Varicella zoster virus (VZV) and a prominent national figure in health. Arvin is currently the chief of the infectious diseases division of pediatrics at the Lucile Packard Children's Hospital, as well as the former Stanford's Vice Provost and Dean of Research.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Infectious diseases (medical specialty)</span> Medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis, control and treatment of infections

Infectious diseases or ID, also known as infectiology, is a medical specialty dealing with the diagnosis and treatment of infections. An infectious diseases specialist's practice consists of managing nosocomial (healthcare-acquired) infections or community-acquired infections. An ID specialist investigates the cause of a disease to determine what kind of Bacteria, viruses, parasites, or fungi the disease is caused by. Once the pathogen is known, an ID specialist can then run various tests to determine the best antimicrobial drug to kill the pathogen and treat the disease. While infectious diseases have always been around, the infectious disease specialty did not exist until the late 1900s after scientists and physicians in the 19th century paved the way with research on the sources of infectious disease and the development of vaccines.

Deborah Persaud is a Guyanese-born American virologist who primarily works on HIV/AIDS at Johns Hopkins Children's Center.

HIV in pregnancy is the presence of an HIV/AIDS infection in a woman while she is pregnant. There is a risk of HIV transmission from mother to child in three primary situations: pregnancy, childbirth, and while breastfeeding. This topic is important because the risk of viral transmission can be significantly reduced with appropriate medical intervention, and without treatment HIV/AIDS can cause significant illness and death in both the mother and child. This is exemplified by data from The Centers for Disease Control (CDC): In the United States and Puerto Rico between the years of 2014–2017, where prenatal care is generally accessible, there were 10,257 infants in the United States and Puerto Rico who were exposed to a maternal HIV infection in utero who did not become infected and 244 exposed infants who did become infected.

Sten H. Vermund is the Anna M.R. Lauder Professor of Public Health, and former Dean (2017-2022) of the Yale School of Public Health, and also serves as a Professor in Pediatrics at the Yale School of Medicine. He is a pediatrician and infectious disease epidemiologist focused on diseases of low and middle-income countries.

Kimberly A. Powers is an American epidemiologist who is an associate professor of epidemiology at the UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health. She combines epidemiology, statistics and mathematical modelling to understand the transmission of infectious diseases. In 2011 her work on antiretroviral therapy for the management of human immunodeficiency virus was selected by Science as the breakthrough of the year. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Powers looked to understand the spread of SARS-CoV-2.

Jeanne M. Marrazzo is an American physician-scientist and infectious diseases specialist. She is the director of the University of Alabama School of Medicine Division of Infectious Diseases and focuses on prevention of HIV infection using biomedical interventions. Marrazzo is also a fellow of the American College of Physicians and Infectious Disease Society of America. On August 2, 2023 Lawrence A. Tabak, acting director for the National Institutes of Health, named Jeanne M. Marrazzo as director of NIH’s National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.

Catherine Wilfert was an American pediatrician specializing in infectious diseases. She became a professor at Duke University School of Medicine and known internationally for her work in pediatric HIV prevention. After 1993, using zidovudine during pregnancy led to an estimated reduction of mother-to-infant transmission of HIV in the United States by 75 percent and a 47 percent decrease in new HIV infections globally.

Penny M. Heaton is an American physician who is the Global Therapeutics Lead for Vaccines at Johnson & Johnson. She previously worked at Novavax, Novartis and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. She was included by Stat News on their definitive list of leaders in the life sciences in 2022.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Caroline Quach-Thanh</span> Canadian pediatric microbiologist, epidemiologist and infectious diseases specialist

Caroline Quach-Thanh is a Canadian pediatric microbiologist, epidemiologist and infectious diseases specialist. She is a professor in the Université de Montréal Faculty of Medicine and Medical Lead in the Infection Prevention and Control Unit at CHU Sainte-Justine. She served as the Chair of the National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI) before and during the COVID-19 pandemic, and oversaw the approval process of COVID-19 vaccines in Canada.

Katherine Luzuriaga is an American physician and pediatric immunologist who primarily works on HIV/AIDS at the University of Massachusetts Medical School (UMMS). She is currently a vice provost at UMMS and the director of the UMass Center for Clinical and Translational Science.

References

  1. 1 2 Kaur, Manat (2018-11-01). "Q&A: Stanford Medicine Professor Yvonne Maldonado on receiving the 2018 RISE Award for mentoring and leadership". The Stanford Daily. Retrieved 2020-04-11.
  2. 1 2 Fimrite, Peter (2020-04-03). "Bay Area scientists forge alliance to stop coronavirus — it may prove key to cure". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  3. 1 2 3 Berger, Jody (2018-06-28). "Pediatric researcher celebrated for her perseverance, accomplishments". Scope. Stanford Medicine. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  4. ↑ California Morbidity. State Department of Health, Infectious Disease Section. 1988.
  5. ↑ "CIAPM Advisory Council - Office of Planning and Research". opr.ca.gov. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  6. ↑ "Committee on Infectious Diseases (COID)". services.aap.org. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  7. ↑ Zonana, Kathy (2017). "Women faculty use data to seek parity in academic medicine". Stanford Medicine. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  8. ↑ IANS (2014-04-15). "Empowering girls can curtail rape, sexual assault". Business Standard India. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  9. ↑ Straus, Tamara (11 June 2015). "Teaching women to fight today could stop rapes tomorrow". Quartz. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  10. ↑ "Six-month drug regimen cuts HIV risk for breastfeeding infants". National Institutes of Health (NIH). 2015-08-01. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  11. ↑ Coovadia, Hoosen M; Brown, Elizabeth R; Fowler, Mary Glenn; Chipato, Tsungai; Moodley, Dhayendre; Manji, Karim; Musoke, Philippa; Stranix-Chibanda, Lynda; Chetty, Vani; Fawzi, Wafaie; Nakabiito, Clemensia (2012-01-21). "Efficacy and safety of an extended nevirapine regimen in infant children of breastfeeding mothers with HIV-1 infection for prevention of postnatal HIV-1 transmission (HPTN 046): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial". The Lancet. 379 (9812): 221–228. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61653-X. ISSN   0140-6736. PMC   3539769 . PMID   22196945.
  12. ↑ Resnick, Brian (2016-01-08). "We've almost eradicated polio. Ironically, a big threat now is vaccines". Vox. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  13. ↑ Howard, Jacqueline (2018-07-10). "Why polio outbreaks still happen". CNN. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  14. ↑ First, Lewis (2020-03-29). "Lessons We Can Learn from Mandatory Vaccine Policies in Europe". AAP News.
  15. ↑ "California's stricter vaccine exemption policy and improved vaccination rates". ScienceDaily. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  16. ↑ Cohen, Elizabeth; Bonifield, John (2019-01-29). "Some states allow parents to get out of vaccinations. Then this happens". CNN. Retrieved 2020-04-13.
  17. ↑ Pogash, Carol (2019-05-28). "As anti-vaxx dispute rages, attention turns to California's Waldorf schools". The Guardian. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  18. ↑ "COVID-19 Research". Stanford Medicine. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  19. ↑ Singer, Natasha (2020-03-23). "Start-Ups Jump the Gun on Home Kits for Coronavirus Testing". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  20. ↑ Toussaint, Kristin (2020-03-18). "Why drive-through testing is such an important tool in the coronavirus fight". Fast Company. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  21. 1 2 Park, Alice (2020-04-06). "Why Children Seem to Be Less Affected by COVID-19". Time. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  22. ↑ "Stanford Wins Approval For Antibody Test". KCBS 740AM | 106.9 FM. 2020-04-06. Retrieved 2020-04-12.
  23. ↑ "National Academy of Medicine Elects 100 New Members". National Academy of Medicine. 9 October 2023. Retrieved 9 October 2023.
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