Zannanza

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Zannanza (died c. 1324 BC) was a Hittite prince, son of Suppiluliuma I, king of the Hittites. He is best known for almost becoming the pharaoh of Egypt, and because his death caused a diplomatic incident between the Hittite and Egyptian empires, resulting in warfare.

Contents

Biography

The Egyptian Queen Dakhamunzu, who could have been Meritaten or Nefertiti, but is most often identified as Ankhesenamun, asked Suppiluliuma I to send over a son during the late Eighteenth Dynasty of Egypt because she had recently been widowed by the death of Nibhururia [1] (possibly Akhenaten, but more likely Tutankhamun), and had borne no heir. Her letter reads,

My husband has died and I have no son. They say about you that you have many sons. You might give me one of your sons to become my husband. I would not wish to take one of my subjects as a husband... I am afraid. [2]

It was extraordinary that a consort from outside of Egypt would be sought, however, so Suppiluliuma was cautious. After sending an envoy to verify her claim, he obliged her. His son, Zannanza, was chosen and sent to Egypt to become the new pharaoh. This could have led to efforts to make Egypt part of the Hittite Empire. Zannanza never made it past the Egyptian border, though exactly what became of him and how he died is unknown.

His father accused the Egyptians of murdering him. The new king of Egypt, Ay, denied the murder, but acknowledged the death. Angry letters were passed between the two nations, but the matter ended inconclusively. Hittite forces subsequently attacked Egyptian settlements in Syria. [3] Sick prisoners of war brought back to the Hittite Empire after these attacks caused a deadly epidemic that spread rapidly throughout the empire. As a result, Suppiluliuma I himself died from the epidemic. [4]

Family tree

Kantuzilli [lower-alpha 1]
Tudhaliya I/II [lower-alpha 2] Nikkalmati [lower-alpha 3]
Arnuwanda I [lower-alpha 3] Asmunikal [lower-alpha 3]
Hattusili II ? [lower-alpha 4] Tudhaliya III [lower-alpha 5] Daduhepa [lower-alpha 6] Zida [lower-alpha 7]
Tudhaliya the Younger [lower-alpha 8] Henti [lower-alpha 7] (1) Šuppiluliuma I [lower-alpha 8] (2) Tawananna [lower-alpha 9]
Arnuwanda II [lower-alpha 7] Telipinu [lower-alpha 10] Sarri-Kusuh [lower-alpha 11] [lower-alpha 12] Zannanza [lower-alpha 13] Gassulawiya [lower-alpha 14] (1) Mursili II [lower-alpha 7] (2) Tanuhepa [lower-alpha 15]
Talmi-Sarruma [lower-alpha 16] Sahurunuwa [lower-alpha 11] [lower-alpha 17] Muwatalli II [lower-alpha 15] Halpasulupi [lower-alpha 18] Massanauzzi [lower-alpha 19] Hattusili III [lower-alpha 20] Puduhepa [lower-alpha 21]
Ini-Tesub [lower-alpha 11] [lower-alpha 22] Urhi-Tesub [lower-alpha 15] Kurunta [lower-alpha 23] Nerikkaili [lower-alpha 24] numerous daughters [lower-alpha 25] and sons [lower-alpha 26] Tudhaliya IV [lower-alpha 27]
Talmi-Tesub [lower-alpha 11] [lower-alpha 28] Arnuwanda III [lower-alpha 29] Suppiluliuma II [lower-alpha 29] [lower-alpha 30]
Kuzi-Tesub [lower-alpha 31]
  • (1) = 1st spouse
  • (2) = 2nd spouse
  • Small caps indicates a Great King (LUGAL.GAL) of the Land of Hatti; italic small caps indicates a Great Queen or Tawananna.
  • Dashed lines indicate adoption.
  • Solid lines indicate marriage (if horizontal) or parentage (if vertical).
References:
  • Trevor Bryce (1997). The Kingdom of the Hittites. Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
  • Trevor Bryce (2005). The Kingdom of the Hittites (new edition). Oxford, England: Clarendon Press.
  • Trevor Bryce (2012). The World of the Neo-Hittite Kingdoms. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press.
  • Jacques Freu (2007). Les débuts du nouvel empire hittite. Paris, France: L'Harmattan.
  • Volkert Haas (2006). Die hethitische Literatur. Berlin, Germany: de Gruyter.
Notes:
  1. Scholars have suggested that Tudhaliya I/II was possibly a grandson of the Hittite king Huzziya II; the first Tudhaliya is now known to be the son of Kantuzzili (Bryce 1997, p. 131 suggested Himuili, but the new edition, Bryce 2005, p. 122, indicated Kantuzzili).
  2. Bryce (1997) does not consider it clear whether Tudhaliya I/II was one king or two (p. 133); the link points to Tudhaliya II. Among those who identify distinct kings Tudhaliya I and Tudhaliya II, Freu (2007) has Kantuzzili—his son Tudhaliya I—his son Hattusili II—his son Tudhaliya II (p. 311).
  3. 1 2 3 Bryce (1997), p. 139.
  4. The existence of Hattusili II is doubted by many scholars (Bryce 1997, pp. 153154; Bryce 2005, p. 141). Among those who accept the existence of Hattusili II, Freu (2007), p. 311, has Tudhaliya I—his son Hattusili II—his son Tudhaliya II.
  5. Bryce (1997), p. 158.
  6. Bryce (1997), p. 172.
  7. 1 2 3 4 Bryce (1997), p. 174.
  8. 1 2 Bryce (1997), p. 168.
  9. Also known as Malnigal; daughter of Burnaburias II of Babylonia (Bryce 1997, p. 173).
  10. ‘Great priest’ in Kizzuwadna and king ( lugal ) of Aleppo (Bryce 1997, p. 174).
  11. 1 2 3 4 King ( lugal ) of Carchemish.
  12. Bryce (1997), pp. 174, 203204.
  13. Zannanza died on his way to Egypt to marry a pharaoh's widow, probably Ankhesenpaaten, the widow of Tutankhamun (Bryce 1997, pp. 196198).
  14. Bryce (1997), p. 227.
  15. 1 2 3 Bryce (1997), p. 230.
  16. Bryce (1997), p. 220.
  17. Bryce (1997), p. 222.
  18. Haas (2006), p. 91.
  19. Massanauzzi married Masturi, king of the Seha River Land (Bryce 1997, p. 313).
  20. Bryce (1997), p. 296.
  21. Puduhepa was the daughter of the Kizzuwadnan priest Pentipsarri (Bryce 1997, p. 273).
  22. Bryce (1997), pp. 346, 363.
  23. King (lugal) of Tarhuntassa (Bryce 1997, p. 296); apparently later Great King of Hatti (Bryce 1997, p. 354).
  24. Nerikkaili married a daughter of Bentesina, king of Amurru (Bryce 1997, p. 294).
  25. Two daughters of Hattusili III were married to the pharaoh Ramesses II; one was given the Egyptian name Ma(hor)nefrure. Another, Gassuwaliya, married into the royal house of Amurru. Kilushepa was married to a king of Isuwa. A daughter married into the royal family of Babylon. A sister of Tudhaliya IV married Sausgamuwa, king of Amurru after his father Bentesina. From Bryce (1997), pp. 294 and 312.
  26. Bryce (1997), p. 332.
  27. Bryce (1997), p. 363. Tudhaliya IV probably married a Babylonian princess, known by her title of Great Princess (dumu.sal gal) (Bryce 1997, pp. 294, 331).
  28. Bryce (1997), p. 363.
  29. 1 2 Bryce (1997), p. 361.
  30. Last documented Great King of the Land of Hatti.
  31. King and then Great King of Carchemish (Bryce 1997, pp. 384385).

See also

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References

  1. "Classroom TUTorials: The Many Names of King Tutankhamun" (PDF). Michael C. Carlos Museum . Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 October 2013. Retrieved 10 July 2013.
  2. Suzie Manley. "Ankhesenamun - Queen of Tutankhamun and Daughter of Akhenaten". Egypt * Pyramids * History. Archived from the original on 24 November 2011.
  3. Museum Tours - Amarna
  4. Eric H. Cline, 1177 B.C.: The Year Civilization Collapsed , p. 70