Zao Zhi

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Zao Zhi (fl.190s) was an early follower and official of the Chinese warlord Cao Cao in the late Eastern Han dynasty of China. He would stay loyal when Cao Cao's bas revolt against him and come up with the plan to adopt the tuntian farming system that would be an important part of Cao Cao's rise and the future Wei dynasty. [4] [5]

Contents

Early life

Zao Zhi was from Yingchuan Commandery, (around present-day Xuchang, Henan), his family once named Ji (棘), but an ancestor had been forced into exile and surname was changed to Zao. [6] During the Han dynasty, he served as Administrator of Chenliu (陳留太守). [7]

On 25 September 189, the general Dong Zhuo seized control of the capital Luoyang and deposed Emperor Shao. In 190 various leading gentry would raise forces and join a coalition against Dong Zhuo, one such man was Cao Cao [8] and Zao Zhi would raise men to join with Cao Cao. [9] When Yuan Shao, head of the coalition and old friend of Cao Cao, sought to recruit Zao Zhi as he had successfully done with early Cao supporters the Zhou family, [10] Zao Zhi refused. [11]

Defence of Yan

In 194, Cao Cao was Governor of Yan province but he was away with a brutal campaign in Xu province and its leader Tao Qian over the assassination of his father Cao Song. [12] [13] Several people in Yan province were unsettled by Cao Cao's recent actions and one old friend Zhang Miao, Administrator of Chenliu, feared Cao Cao might be persuaded by Yuan Shao to kill him. [14] Allying with the fierce warlord Lü Bu on the advice of Chen Gong, [15] Zhang Miao led a revolt, with most of the province falling. [16] [17] [18]

At the time, Zao Zhi was Magistrate of Dong'e (東阿令) [19] (near present-day Dong'e in Shandong) [20] and he was able to hold the city, one of only three commanderies in the province (alongside Fan and Juancheng) that remained loyal to Cao Cao. [21] [22] Zao Zhi was noted to have led the officials and garrisoned the walls effectively, allowing the arriving Cheng Yu to take over command and oversee the defence. [23] [24] [25] Cao Cao would return and battle Lü Bu and when locusts brought fame, Cao Cao would turn to Zao Zhi's work in Dong'a to keep him supplied [26] while Lü Bu was greatly weakened by the famine. [27] Cao Cao would drive out Lü Bu by the summer of 195 and destroyed the Zhang family stronghold early in 196. [12]

Tuntian reforms

In 196, Cao Cao got control of the Han Emperor Xian and moved the capital to Xuchang [12] while Zao Zhi was now Inspector of the Guards of the Feathered Forest (羽林監) [28] which placed him in charge of a corp of the Emperor's guards [29] as part of Cao Cao surrounding the Emperor with his own loyalists. [30] [31] Cao Cao and his advisers discussed how to strengthen his position in the new capital, landless people, the consistent headache of famine and supply problems [32] [33] [34] [35] with Zao Zhi and close aide Han Hao the leading advocates for implementing a tuntian agricultural system. [12] [36] This was not a new idea, the Han had used the military agricultural colonies on their frontiers, [37] while the warlords Tao Qian [38] and northern warlord Gongsun Zan used such systems. [39] [40] But Zao Zhi and co were proposing a more systematic use of the system with a reach to far lower down the population than had been implemented in past agricultural colonies, [41] a reform described by historian Victor Cunrui Xiong as of far-reaching significance. [42] Cao Cao agreed and recently surrendered Yellow Turbans were put to the fields with the captured equipment. [43] [5]

However, there was discussion about how best to implement the agricultural reforms. Zao Zhi would argue for tax of produce from the land, with share-cropping part of his plans, as able to benefit when things went well while required to give grants of exemption in hard times for farmers. Others, with Hou Sheng (侯聲) the named lead figure, argued for a fixed tax for the leasing of oxen as kinder to tenants. [5] [44] [45] Cao Cao consulted with lead adviser Xun Yu and eventually backed Zao Zhi, [46] appointing Zao Zhi Commandant of Agricultural Colonies (屯田都尉) under the supervision of Cao Cao's logistical head Ren Jun. [47] [45]

People were gathered to farmland around Xuchang and resettled, within years the granaries were full [48] while the Weishu boasted of how it ended logistical problems, comparing the strength of the regime to the struggles of the powerful warlords Yuan Shao and Yuan Shu to feed their armies. [32] While struggles with supplies show this was an exaggeration, the reforms were important and a considerable success [49] [50] and, though only to a small part, [51] would be extended elsewhere in Cao Cao's expanding lands. [52] They allowed Cao Cao to resettle refugees from the civil war and provide them land with the government taking their share in taxes, providing a reliable source of supplies for his campaigns. The stability and offer of land drew people into Cao Cao's lands to settle depopulated areas while keeping the manpower for corvee labour and defence, and their taxes (50% if not given supplies, 60% if loaned oxen), [45] in the hands of central authority and from out of the hands of powerful families. It would form the backbone of the Cao Wei economy until 263 as the powerful controller Sima Zhao lessened control of the agricultural colonies as he prepared for the creation of the Jin dynasty. [53] [50] [54] [55] [42]

Death and legacy

Zao Zhi died a few years later, not living to see his policy fulfilled [5] and Ren Jun would continue the project. It was said that "the wealth of the army and the state began with Zao Zhi and reached fulfilment with Ren Jun". [56] In 220, [5] the last year of Cao Cao's life, the now King of Wei [12] decided to honour Zao Zhi, remarking he often thought of him, and composed a eulogy. [45] Regretting he had never given Zao Zhi a fief and that he had not been honoured as he should have been, Cao Cao enoffed Zhi's son Chuzhong (處中) to ensure Zhi would be sacrificed to. [57] [5]

Chen Shou the creator of the Records of the Three Kingdoms did not give Zao Zhi his own biography, but Cao Cao's eulogy was recorded in the Memoirs of Emperor Wu of Wei (魏武故事; Wèi Wǔ Gùshì) [45] which was added to the Annotations to Records of the Three Kingdoms by Pei Songzhi, while the historian Carl Leban notes Zao Zhi's importance for his ideas. [58]

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References

  1. ↑ Zao Ju's biography in Book of Jin recorded that he was in his 50s when he died during the Tai'kang era (280 - 289) of the reign of Emperor Wu of Jin. (太康中卒，时年五十馀.) Jin Shu, vol.92
  2. ↑ (枣据，字道彦，颍川长社人也。本姓棘，其先避仇改焉。父叔祎，魏钜鹿太守。) Jin Shu, vol.92. (《文士传》曰：....孙据，字道彦，晋冀州刺史。据子嵩，字台产，散骑常侍。并有才名，多所著述。嵩兄腆，字玄方，襄阳太守，亦有文采。) Wenshi Zhuan annotation in Sanguozhi, vol.16.
  3. ↑ (子腆，字玄方，亦以文章显。永嘉中为襄城太守。弟嵩，字台产，才艺尤美，为太子中庶子、散骑常侍，为石勒所杀。) Jin Shu, vol.92
  4. ↑ Wèi Wǔ Gùshì inSanguozhi vol.16.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 De Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23–220 AD. Boston: Brill. p. 1026. ISBN   978-90-04-15605-0.
  6. ↑ (祗本姓棘，先人避難，易為棗) Wen Shi Zhuan annotation to Sanguozhi, vol.16.
  7. ↑ (故陳留太守棗祗) Wèi Wǔ Gùshì inSanguozhi vol.16.
  8. ↑ De Crespigny, Rafe (18 August 2010). Imperial Warlord: A biography of Cao Cao 155-220 AD. Leiden: Brill. pp. 43–50. ISBN   9789004188303.
  9. ↑ 始共舉義兵，周旋征討 Wèi Wǔ Gùshì from Sanguozhi vol.16.
  10. ↑ De Crespigny, Rafe (18 August 2010). Imperial Warlord: A biography of Cao Cao 155-220 AD. Leiden: Brill. p. 57. ISBN   9789004188303.
  11. ↑ (後袁紹在冀州，亦貪祗，欲得之 祗深附託於孤) Wèi Wǔ Gùshì in Sanguozhi vol.16.
  12. 1 2 3 4 5 Sanguozhi vol.1.
  13. ↑ 興平元年，復東征，略定瑯邪、東海諸縣。謙恐，欲走歸丹楊 Sanguozhi vol.8.
  14. ↑ 邈畏太祖終為紹擊己也，心不自安。Sanguozhi vol.7.
  15. ↑ 興平元年，太祖復征謙，邈弟超，與太祖將陳宮、從事中郎許汜、王楷共謀叛太祖。宮說邈曰：「今雄傑並起，天下分崩，君以千里之眾，當四戰之地，撫劍顧眄，亦足以為人豪，而反制于人，不以鄙乎！今州軍東征，其處空虛，呂布壯士，善戰無前，若權迎之，共牧兗州，觀天下形勢，俟時事之變通，此亦縱橫之一時也。」邈從之。Sanguozhi vol.7.
  16. ↑ 郡縣皆應，唯鄄城、東阿、范為太祖守 Sanguozhi vol.7.
  17. ↑ Leban, Carl (1971). Ts'ao Ts'ao and the Rise of Wei: The Early Years. Columbia University. pp. 224–234.
  18. ↑ De Crespigny, Rafe (18 August 2010). Imperial Warlord: A biography of Cao Cao 155-220 AD. Leiden: Brill. pp. 70–78. ISBN   9789004188303.
  19. ↑ (使領東阿令) Wèi Wǔ Gùshì annotation in Sanguozhi, vol.16.
  20. ↑ De Crespigny, Rafe (2020). To Establish Peace Being the Chronicle of Later Han for the years 189 to 220 AD as recorded in Chapters 59 to 69 of the Zizhi tongjian of Sima Guang (internet ed.). Australia: Australian National University. p. 135. ISBN   0 7315 2526 4.
  21. ↑ 呂布之亂，兗州 皆叛，惟范、東阿完在，由祗以兵據城之力也 Wèi Wǔ Gùshì in Sanguozhi vol.16.
  22. ↑ De Crespigny, Rafe (18 August 2010). Imperial Warlord: A biography of Cao Cao 155-220 AD. Leiden: Brill. p. 77. ISBN   9789004188303.
  23. ↑ 呂布之亂，兗州 皆叛，惟范、東阿完在，由祗以兵據城之力也 Wèi Wǔ Gùshì in Sanguozhi vol.16.
  24. ↑ 昱至東阿，東阿令棗祗已率厲吏民，拒城堅守 Sanguozhi vol.14.
  25. ↑ Leban, Carl (1971). Ts'ao Ts'ao and the Rise of Wei: The Early Years. Columbia University. pp. 233–234.
  26. ↑ 後大軍糧乏，得東阿以繼，祗之功也 Wèi Wǔ Gùshì in Sanguozhi vol.16.
  27. ↑ De Crespigny, Rafe (18 August 2010). Imperial Warlord: A biography of Cao Cao 155-220 AD. Leiden: Brill. p. 79. ISBN   9789004188303.
  28. ↑ Zizhi Tongjian chapter 62
  29. ↑ Bielenstein, Hans (1980). The Bureaucracy of Han Times. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 28. ISBN   978-0-521-22510-6.
  30. ↑ Hou Hanshu vol.10.
  31. ↑ Leban, Carl (1971). Ts'ao Ts'ao and the Rise of Wei: The Early Years. Columbia University. p. 266.
  32. 1 2 Wei shu in Sanguozhi vol.1.
  33. ↑ De Crespigny, Rafe (18 August 2010). Imperial Warlord: A biography of Cao Cao 155-220 AD. Leiden: Brill. pp. 89, 90. ISBN   9789004188303.
  34. ↑ Leban, Carl (1971). Ts'ao Ts'ao and the Rise of Wei: The Early Years. Columbia University. p. 267.
  35. ↑ 是時歲飢旱，軍食不足 Sanguozhi vol.16.
  36. ↑ 時大議損益，浩以為當急田。Weishu in Sanguozhi vol. 9.
  37. ↑ De Crespigny, Rafe (1984). Northern Frontier The Policies and Strategy of the Later Han Empire. Faculty of Asian Studies Monographs. pp. 63–65. ISBN   0 86784 410 8.
  38. ↑ 是時，世荒民飢，州牧陶謙表登為典農校尉，乃巡土田之宜，盡鑿溉之利，秔稻豐積。Xiānxián Xíngzhuàng in Sanguozhi vol.7.
  39. ↑ De Crespigny, Rafe (18 August 2010). Imperial Warlord: A biography of Cao Cao 155-220 AD. Leiden: Brill. p. 90. ISBN   9789004188303.
  40. ↑ Leban, Carl (1971). Ts'ao Ts'ao and the Rise of Wei: The Early Years. Columbia University. pp. 267–268.
  41. ↑ Leban, Carl (1971). Ts'ao Ts'ao and the Rise of Wei: The Early Years. Columbia University. p. 273.
  42. 1 2 Xiong, Victor (2019). "The Northern Economy". In E.Dien, Albert; N.Knapp, Keith (eds.). The Cambridge History of China: Voume 2 The Six Dynasties 220-589. Cambridge University Press. pp. 309–312. ISBN   978-1-107-02077-1.
  43. ↑ 及破黃巾定許，得賊資業。Wèi Wǔ Gùshì in Sanguozhi vol.16.
  44. ↑ De Crespigny, Rafe (2007). A Biographical Dictionary of Later Han to the Three Kingdoms 23–220 AD. Boston: Brill. p. 324. ISBN   978-90-04-15605-0.
  45. 1 2 3 4 5 De Crespigny, Rafe (18 August 2010). Imperial Warlord: A biography of Cao Cao 155-220 AD. Leiden: Brill. p. 91. ISBN   9789004188303.
  46. ↑ 祗猶執之，孤不知所從，使與荀令君議之。Wèi Wǔ Gùshì in Sanguozhi vol.16.
  47. ↑ 孤乃然之，使為屯田都尉，施 設田業 Wèi Wǔ Gùshì in Sanguozhi vol.16.
  48. ↑ 〔募百姓屯田於許下，得穀百萬斛，郡國列置田官〕，數年中所在積粟，倉廩皆滿。Sanguozhi vol.16.
  49. ↑ Leban, Carl (1971). Ts'ao Ts'ao and the Rise of Wei: The Early Years. Columbia University. pp. 269–270.
  50. 1 2 De Crespigny, Rafe (18 August 2010). Imperial Warlord: A biography of Cao Cao 155-220 AD. Leiden: Brill. pp. 91–92. ISBN   9789004188303.
  51. ↑ De Crespigny, Rafe (2019). "Wei: Development of a State". In E.Dien, Albert; N.Knapp, Keith (eds.). The Cambridge History of China: Voume 2 The Six Dynasties 220-589. Cambridge University Press. p. 33. ISBN   978-1-107-02077-1.
  52. ↑ De Crespigny, Rafe (18 August 2010). Imperial Warlord: A biography of Cao Cao 155-220 AD. Leiden: Brill. p. 243. ISBN   9789004188303.
  53. ↑ Leban, Carl (1971). Ts'ao Ts'ao and the Rise of Wei: The Early Years. Columbia University. pp. 270–272.
  54. ↑ The Three Kingdoms and Western Jin A History of China in the Third Century A.D. by Rafe De Crespigny pages 25-28 and Settlement of Empire section
  55. ↑ De Crespigny, Rafe (2019). "Wei: Development of a State". In E.Dien, Albert; N.Knapp, Keith (eds.). The Cambridge History of China: Voume 2 The Six Dynasties 220-589. Cambridge University Press. pp. 32–33. ISBN   978-1-107-02077-1.
  56. ↑ 軍國之饒，起於棗祗而成於峻 Sanguozhi vol.16.
  57. ↑ (祗興其功，不幸早沒，追贈以郡，猶未副之。今重思之，祗宜受封，稽留至 今，孤之過也。祗子處中，宜加封爵，以祀祗為不朽之事) Wèi Wǔ Gùshì annotation in Sanguozhi vol.16. The annotation is placed in Ren Jun's biography.
  58. ↑ Leban, Carl (1971). Ts'ao Ts'ao and the Rise of Wei: The Early Years. Columbia University. p. 232.
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Zao Zhi
棗祗
Commandant of Agricultural Colonies (屯田都尉)
In office
196 (196)–? (?)