Related Research Articles
The history of the Kyrgyz people and the land now called Kyrgyzstan goes back more than 3,000 years. Although geographically isolated by its mountainous location, it had an important role as part of the historical Silk Road trade route. Turkic nomads, who trace their ancestry to many Turkic states such as the First and Second Turkic Khaganates, have inhabited the country throughout its history. In the 13th century, Kyrgyzstan was conquered by the Mongols; subsequently it regained independence but was invaded by Kalmyks, Manchus, and Uzbeks. In 1876, it became part of the Russian Empire, remaining in the USSR as the Kirghiz Soviet Socialist Republic after the Russian Revolution. Following Mikhael Gorbachev's democratic reforms in the USSR, in 1990 pro-independence candidate Askar Akayev was elected president of the SSR. On 31 August 1991, Kyrgyzstan declared independence from Moscow, and a democratic government was subsequently established.
The politics of Kyrgyzstan, officially known as the Kyrgyz Republic, takes place in the framework of a presidential system representative democratic republic, whereby the President is head of state and the Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers is head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament. The Economist Intelligence Unit rated Kyrgyzstan an "authoritarian regime" in 2022.
Kyrgyzstan or the Kyrgyz Republic is a landlocked country in Central Asia. Kyrgyzstan is bordered by Kazakhstan to the north, Uzbekistan to the west, Tajikistan to the south, and the People's Republic of China to the east. Its capital and largest city is Bishkek.
The president of Kyrgyzstan, officially the president of the Kyrgyz Republic, is the head of state and head of government of the Kyrgyz Republic. The president directs the executive branch of the national government, is the commander-in-chief of the Kyrgyz military and also heads the National Security Council.
Roza Isakovna Otunbayeva is a Kyrgyz diplomat and politician who served as the President of Kyrgyzstan from 7 April 2010 until 1 December 2011, becoming the first female Central Asian head of state. She was sworn in on July 3, 2010, after acting as interim leader following the 2010 April Revolution, which led to the ousting of President Kurmanbek Bakiyev. She previously served as Minister of Foreign Affairs and as head of the parliamentary caucus for the Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan.
Kurmanbek Saliyevich Bakiyev is a Kyrgyz politician who served as the second President of Kyrgyzstan, from 2005 to 2010. Large opposition protests in April 2010 led to the takeover of government offices, forcing Bakiyev to flee the country.
Human rights in Kyrgyzstan improved after the ouster of President Askar Akayev in the 2005 Tulip Revolution and the installment of a more democratic government under Roza Otunbayeva. While the country is performing well compared to other states in Central Asia, many human rights violations still take place. Especially LGBT rights have been getting worse in recent years, freedom of press on the contrary has been improving.
Oralbay Abdykarimov is a Kazakh politician who was the State Secretary of Kazakhstan from 10 March 2004 to 15 May 2007. He served as the Head of the Presidential Administration of Kazakhstan from 14 October 1996 to 21 October 1997 until becoming the head of a state anti-corruption commission after the President appointed him on 29 November 1999 and as chair and of the Senate of Kazakhstan, the second highest position in the Government of Kazakhstan from 1 December 1999 to 10 January 2004. Abdykarimov was also a member of the Senate while serving as the chair and from 28 August 2007 to 26 August 2013 and member of the Supreme Soviet of Kazakhstan from 1990 to 1992.
Almazbek Sharshen uluu Atambayev is a Kyrgyz politician who served as the President of Kyrgyzstan from 1 December 2011 to 24 November 2017. He was Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan from 17 December 2010 to 1 December 2011, and from 29 March 2007 to 28 November 2007. He served as Chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Kyrgyzstan (SDPK) from 30 July 1999 to 23 September 2011.
The Cabinet of Ministers is an executive body chaired by the Chairman of the Cabinet of Ministers of Kyrgyzstan. The status and provisions of the government are determined by Section V of the Constitution of Kyrgyzstan. The cabinet consists of the deputy chairmen, ministers and the chairmen of state committees.
A new constitution of Kyrgyzstan was passed by referendum on 21 October 2007. It is based on the first post-Soviet constitution originally adopted on 5 May 1993.
Terrorism in Kyrgyzstan has increased since the U.S. military invaded Afghanistan and overthrew the Taliban in 2001. The governments of Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan provided airbases for counter-terrorism operations. Southern Kyrgyzstan is increasingly sympathetic to terrorism and Islamic extremism.
The threat of terrorism in Kazakhstan plays an increasingly important role in relations with the United States which in 2006 were at an all-time high. Kazakhstan has taken Uzbekistan's place as the favored partner in Central Asia for both Russia and the United States. Kazakhstan's counter-terrorism efforts resulted in the country's 94th ranking among 130 countries in the 2016 Global Terrorism Index published by the Institute of Economics and Peace. The higher the position on the ranking is, the bigger the impact of terrorism in the country. Kazakhstan's 94th place puts it in a group of countries with the lowest impact of terrorism.
The Central Asian Union (CAU), later called the Central Asian Economic Union, was an intergovernmental organisation for economic integration between the Central Asian post-Soviet republics of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan between 1994 and 2004. Tajikistan joined the Union in 1996 as an observer. Several proposals to restore the Union have been put forward since its dissolution.
Kazakhstan–Kyrgyzstan relations refers to the bilateral diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Kyrgyz Republic. Bilateral relationships between the countries, which share a border, are very strong and Kyrgyz and Kazakh are very close in terms of language, culture and religion. Kyrgyz-Kazakh relationships have always been at very high level and economic and other formal connections of two countries have been greeted with strong appreciation by both nations since the two share a lot in common.
The Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010, also known as the Second Kyrgyz Revolution, the Melon Revolution, the April Events or officially as the People's April Revolution, began in April 2010 with the ousting of Kyrgyz president Kurmanbek Bakiyev in the capital Bishkek. It was followed by increased ethnic tension involving Kyrgyz people and Uzbeks in the south of the country, which escalated in June 2010. The violence ultimately led to the consolidation of a new parliamentary system in Kyrgyzstan.
Djoomart Otorbaev was the Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan. On 25 March 2014 he replaced Zhantoro Satybaldiyev as acting prime minister until a new government was formed. On 3 April 2014, he was officially named prime minister. On 23 April 2015 he resigned.
Sooronbay Sharip uulu Jeenbekov is a Kyrgyz politician who served as the 5th President of Kyrgyzstan from 2017 until his resignation in 2020, following a week of protests. Prior to that he served as the Prime Minister of Kyrgyzstan from April 2016 to August 2017.
Uran Toktonazarovich Botobekov (born on May 1, 1967, Malkaldy village – is a Kyrgyz scholar, journalist, diplomat and publicist, as well as a Doctor of Political Sciences. He was an opposition activist until 2016 when he emigrated. He is also the author of more than 60 scientific and analytical articles on politics, religion and economy of the post-Soviet Central Asian states. His scientific works were published in magazines in Russia, Turkey, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Japan, USA, India, China, Vietnam, Germany and Kyrgyzstan etc.
Nur Omarov was a Kyrgyz political scientist. He was a professor at the Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University.
References
- 1 2 3 "State Commission on Religious Affairs of the Kyrgyz Republic" (PDF). Islam in Modern States. November 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Ибраимов, Азимжан (3 April 2013). "Оценка политики страны или трудности с поиском лидера". Gezitter (in Russian). Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- 1 2 Sulaimanova, Mehrinisa (18 June 2020). "Borderlines of secularism". Central Asian Bureau for Analytical Reporting. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 "ЖОРОБЕКОВ Жолборс Жоробекович" (in Russian). CentrAsia. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- 1 2 Alymbaeva, Aida Aaly (2013). "Internal Migration in Kyrgyzstan: A Geographical and Sociological Study of Rural Migration". Migration and Social Upheaval as the Face of Globalization in Central Asia. 34: 117–147. doi:10.1163/9789004249509_010.
- ↑ "Most widely held works by Жолборс Жоробеков". WorldCat. 2009. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ↑ Carr, Adam (2005). "Kyrgyz republic: Legislative election of February March 2005". Psephos. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ↑ Orozobekova, Cholpon (10 November 2016). "Kyrgyzstan Prepares for Referendum on Boosting Powers of Prime Minister, President". Eurasia Daily Monitor . Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ↑ Yusupova, Anara. "Politician's Murder Shakes Kyrgyzstan". Institute for War and Peace Reporting . Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ↑ "Regional integration opens new opportunities for Central Asian countries". Kazakh TV . 10 September 2018. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
- ↑ "Kyrgyzstan Prepares for Referendum on Boosting Powers of Prime Minister, President". Eurasia Daily Monitor. 10 November 2016. Retrieved 6 July 2020.
| General | |
|---|---|
| National libraries | |
