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Ziri ibn Atiyya (died 1001, Achir) was the tribal leader of the Berber Maghrawa tribal confederacy and kingdom in Fez.
Under the protection of the Umayyad Caliph in Spain, Hisham II, and his powerful regent al-Mansur, Ziri became king of the Zenata tribes in 978-979 and immediately set about conquering as much as he could of what is now known as northern Morocco. In 987-988 he was secure enough to be able to establish his court at Fes after capturing it from the Idrissids [1] [2] In 989, he was asked by al-Mansur to attack Abu al-Bahar, who controlled most of what is now Algeria and Tunisia. Abu al-Bahar had deserted the Fatimid cause to align himself with the Umayyads, but then changed sides again once he had gained control of most of the Maghreb. Ziri attacked with such vigour that Abu al-Bahar fled without much of a fight, and Ziri became master of the Maghreb in the year 991, which led to the annexation of Souss and Zab [3] [4] After this victory, Ziri is said to have sent al-Mansur a present consisting of 200 racehorses, 50 racing camels, 1000 shields, musk civets, giraffes, gazelles and other animals of the Sahara, and 1000 loads of dates. Al-Mansur invited Ziri to Cordoba. He went accompanied by 300 slaves on horseback and 300 more on foot, as well as taking more presents including lions in cages, cattle that resembled horses, a bird that spoke both Arabic and Berber, dates the size of melons, and other prodigies. Al-Mansur gave him the title of vizier. However, on his return to Morocco, Ziri is said to have exclaimed "Now my head is my own!" and forbade anyone to call him by any title other than amir [ citation needed ] in his absence, the Banu Ifran had managed to capture Fes. They were led by Yaddū, a long-standing adversary of Ziri. After a bloody struggle, Ziri recaptured Fes in 993 and displayed Yaddū's severed head on its walls. [5] [6] [7] the Maghrawa state extended its influence from Fez to Constantine after this [8] Then followed by a period of peace during which time Ziri built (or rebuilt) the city of Oujda beginning in August or September 994. [2] [9] [10] [11] al-Mansur relied on support from the Maghrawa. He often urged Ziri to assist him in his campaigns in Andalusia by providing manpower and financial resources [12] until rumours began to reach al-Mansur that Ziri was ignoring his wishes. At last, in 996, al-Mansur withdrew his support and cancelled his title. Ziri responded by acknowledging Hisham II as rightful Caliph. Al-Mansur then sent an invasion force to Morocco. After three months of struggle, al-Mansur's force had to retreat to the safety of Tangiers. Al-Mansur immediately sent a powerful reinforcement under his son Abd al-Malik. The armies clashed near Tangier. During the battle, Ziri was stabbed by an African soldier who reported to Abd al-Malik that he had seriously wounded the Zenata leader. Abd al-Malik pressed home the advantage, and the wounded Ziri fled the field hotly pursued by the Caliph's army. The inhabitants of Fes would not let him enter the city, but opened the gates to Abd al-Malik on October 13, 998. [13] Ziri fled to the Sahara, where he rallied the Zenata tribes and overthrew the unpopular remnants of the Idrisid dynasty at Tiaret. He was able to expand his territory to include Tlemcen and other parts of western Algeria, this time under Fatimid protection. [14] [15]
Ziri died in Achir, in 1001 of the eventual effects of the stab wounds. He was succeeded by his son al-Mu'izz, who made his peace with al-Mansur, who restored him to possession of all his father's former territories. [13] [16] [17] [18]
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Ifriqiya, also known as al-Maghrib al-Adna, was a medieval historical region comprising today's Tunisia and eastern Algeria, and Tripolitania. It included all of what had previously been the Byzantine province of Africa Proconsularis and extended beyond it, but did not include the Mauretanias.
The Zirid dynasty, Banu Ziri, was a Sanhaja Berber dynasty from what is now Algeria which ruled the central Maghreb from 972 to 1014 and Ifriqiya from 972 to 1148.
The Zenata are a group of Berber tribes, historically one of the largest Berber confederations along with the Sanhaja and Masmuda. Their lifestyle was either nomadic or semi-nomadic.
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The Maghrawa or Meghrawa were a large Zenata Berber tribal confederation whose cradle and seat of power was the territory located on the Chlef in the north-western part of today's Algeria, bounded by the Ouarsenis to the south, the Mediterranean Sea to the north and Tlemcen to the west. They ruled these areas on behalf of the Umayyad Caliphate of Cordoba at the end of the 10th century and during the first half of the 11th century.
The Idrisid dynasty or Idrisids were an Arab Muslim dynasty from 788 to 974, ruling most of present-day Morocco and parts of present-day western Algeria. Named after the founder, Idris I, the Idrisids were an Alid dynasty descended from Muhammad through his grandson Hasan. The Idrisids are traditionally considered to be the founders of the first Moroccan state, setting the stage for subsequent dynasties and states centered in this region. Their reign played an important role in the early Islamization of Morocco and also presided over an increase in Arab immigration and Arabization in major urban centers.
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The Banu Ifran or Ifranids, were a Zenata Berber tribe prominent in the history of pre-Islamic and early Islamic North Africa. In the 8th century, they established a kingdom in the central Maghreb, with Tlemcen as its capital.
Maysar al-Matghari was a Berber rebel leader and original architect of the Great Berber Revolt that erupted in 739-743 against the Umayyad Muslim empire. However, he was deposed by the rebels, replaced with another Berber leader, and died or possibly was executed by them in 740. The Berber Revolt succeeded 3 years after his death in defeating the Umayyad armies.
Igawawen or Gawawa, mostly known as Zwawa were a group of Kabyle tribes inhabiting the Djurdjura mountains, Greater Kabylia, in Algeria. The Zouaoua are a branch of the Kutama tribe of the Baranis Berbers.
Yaghmurasen Ibn Zyan was the founder of the Zayyanid dynasty. Under his reign the Zayyanid Kingdom of Tlemcen extended over present-day north-western Algeria.
Zawi ibn Ziri as-Sanhaji or Al-Mansur Zawi ibn Ziri ibn Manad as-Sanhaji, was a chief in the Berber Sanhaja tribe. He arrived in Spain in 1000 (391) during the reign of Almanzor. He took part in the rebellion against the Caliphate of Córdoba and settled in the Cora of Elvira with followers from his Sanhaja tribe. He founded the Taifa of Granada, and founded the Zirid dynasty of Granada as its first Emir, reigning from 1013 to 1019.
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The Zirids conquered the western Maghreb in 979 when Buluggin Ibn Ziri led a campaign to expand his territory. He captured most of present-day Morocco by 980, which remained briefly under Zirid control until his death in 984.
Oum el-Iman bint Ali el-Bethary also known as Oum el-Youmn bint Mahalli was the wife of the Moroccan Emir of the Marinid Sultanate Abd al-Haqq I and the mother of Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd al-Haqq. She was from the Zenata group of tribes and is considered a walia (saint) in Morocco.
Abu Kamal Temim bin Ziri bin Ya'la Al-Yafrani, was the leader of the Berber Zenata tribe known as Banu Ifren from 1029 to 1035 during the Middle Ages in the Maghreb. He is the grandson of Yala Ibn Mohammed.
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Abu Soda ibn Khalila Al-Ifreni was the Emir of the Zenatas from the Banu Ifran up until his death in 1058 cause of the Banu Hilal.
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