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In the Lattimer massacre, at least 19 unarmed striking immigrant anthracite miners were killed violently at the Lattimer mine near Hazleton, Pennsylvania, United States, on September 10, 1897. The miners, mostly of Polish, Slovak, Lithuanian and German ethnicity, were shot and killed by a Luzerne County sheriff's posse. Scores more workers were wounded. The massacre was a turning point in the history of the United Mine Workers (UMW).
The Harlan County War, or Bloody Harlan, was a series of coal industry skirmishes, executions, bombings and strikes that took place in Harlan County, Kentucky, during the 1930s. The incidents involved coal miners and union organizers on one side and coal firms and law enforcement officials on the other. The Harlan County coal miners campaigned and fought to organize their workplaces and better their wages and working conditions. It was a nearly decade-long conflict, lasting from 1931 to 1939. Before its conclusion, an unknown number of miners, deputies and bosses would be killed, state and federal troops would occupy the county more than half a dozen times, two acclaimed folk singers would emerge, union membership would oscillate wildly and workers in the nation's most anti-labor coal county would ultimately be represented by a union.
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The Paint Creek–Cabin Creek Strike, or the Paint Creek Mine War, was a confrontation between striking coal miners and coal operators in Kanawha County, West Virginia, centered on the area enclosed by two streams, Paint Creek and Cabin Creek.
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The Pana riot, or Pana massacre, was a coal mining labor conflict and also a racial conflict that occurred on April 10, 1899, in Pana, Illinois, and resulted in the deaths of seven people. It was one of many similar labor conflicts in the coal mining regions of Illinois that occurred in 1898 and 1899.
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The Carterville Mine Riot was part of the turn-of-the-century Illinois coal wars in the United States. The national United Mine Workers of America coal strike of 1897 was officially settled for Illinois District 12 in January 1898, with the vast majority of operators accepting the union terms: thirty-six to forty cents per ton, an 8-hour day, and union recognition. However, several mine owners in Carterville, Virden, and Pana, refused or abrogated. They attempted to run with African-American strikebreakers from Alabama and Tennessee. At the same time, lynching and racial exclusion were increasingly practiced by local white mining communities. Racial segregation was enforced within and among UMWA-organized coal mines.
The 1959 United Mine Workers strike was a labor action by union miners in Eastern Kentucky. Originally over a pay increase, it grew into a conflict between union and non-union mines that resulted in three deaths. It was the first instance of labor violence in the area since the Harlan County War and was the prelude to the Roving Picket Movement.
In 1915, coal miners affiliated with the United Mine Workers (UMW) labor union at the Wheelbarrow Mine in Johnson County, Arkansas, went on strike against the mine's operators, the Pennsylvania Mining Company (PMC). The strike ended in 1917 after the PMC declared bankruptcy and a new company, the Fernwood Mining Company, was established to operate the mine and quickly agreed to recognize the UMW.
References
- ↑ "1920's".
- 1 2 Feldman, Glenn (June 1994). "Labour Repression in the American South: Corporation, State, and Race in Alabama's Coal Fields, 1917-1921" . The Historical Journal. 37 (2): 349. doi:10.1017/S0018246X00016502. JSTOR 2640206. S2CID 161955836 . Retrieved 14 December 2021.
- ↑ "Strike Called in Alabama to Determine Whether Coal Operators Are Stronger Than Government". United Mine Workers Journal. XXXI (18): 13. September 15, 1920. Retrieved 13 December 2021.
- 1 2 Tindall 1995, p. 337.
- ↑ Foner 1991, p. 228.
- 1 2 Letwin, Daniel (1998). The Challenge of Interracial Unionism. Chapel Hill, N.C: The University of North Carolina Press. p. 186. ISBN 9780807823774 . Retrieved 13 December 2021.
- ↑ "President Lewis Urges President Wilson to Take Legal Action to Compel Observance of Principle of Collective Bargaining by Alabama Operators". United Mine Workers Journal. XXXI (21): 3. November 1, 1920. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
- ↑ Woodrum 2007, p. 13.
- ↑ Kelly 2001, p. 174.
- ↑ Davis, Colin John; Brown, Edwin L. (1999). It is union and liberty : Alabama coal miners and the UMW. University of Alabama Press. pp. 58–59. ISBN 9780817309992 . Retrieved 14 December 2021.
- ↑ Rothermel, J. Fisher (September 17, 1920). "Strikers Pitch Camp". The Birmingham News. Vol. XXXIII, no. 188. Birmingham, Alabama. p. 2. Retrieved 15 December 2021– via Newspapers.com.
- ↑ Lewis 2009, p. 60.
- ↑ Kelly 2001, p. 187.
- ↑ "Thomas Erby Kilby". Alabama Department of Archives and History. February 7, 2014. Retrieved 19 November 2021.[ permanent dead link ]
- ↑ Kelly 2001, p. 178.
- ↑ Foner 1991, p. 229.
- ↑ Chenery, William L. (April 9, 1921). Kellogg, Paul U. (ed.). "The Alabama Coal Settlement". The Survey. New York: Survey Associates Inc. XLVI: 52. Retrieved 19 November 2021.
- ↑ Woodrum 2007, p. 48.
- ↑ Lewis 2009, p. 61.
- 1 2 Kelly 2001, p. 196.
