2013 Glasgow helicopter crash

Last updated

Glasgow helicopter crash
G-SPAO (8491328815).jpg
G-SPAO, the EC135 helicopter involved in the crash, photographed in 2010
Accident
Date29 November 2013 (2013-11-29)
Summary Fuel starvation due to pilot error
SiteThe Clutha Vaults, 169 Stockwell Street, Glasgow, Scotland
55°51′16″N4°15′0″W / 55.85444°N 4.25000°W / 55.85444; -4.25000
Total fatalities10
Total injuries31
Aircraft
Aircraft type Eurocopter EC135-T2+
Operator Bond Air Services for Police Scotland
Registration G-SPAO
Flight origin Glasgow City Heliport
Occupants3
Crew3
Fatalities3
Survivors0
Ground casualties
Ground fatalities7
Ground injuries31

On 29 November 2013, a police helicopter operated by Bond Air Services for Police Scotland crashed into The Clutha, a pub in central Glasgow, killing all three crew on board and seven patrons of the pub. Thirty-one more people in the pub were injured. [1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8]

Contents

The subsequent investigation concluded that the cause of the crash was fuel starvation due to incorrect operation of the fuel system. [9]

Accident

The helicopter took off from its base at Glasgow City Heliport (which at the time operated from Stobcross Quay adjacent to the SECC) at 20:45 on 29 November 2013. [10] The pilot was 51-year-old David Traill; Traill had flown Chinook helicopters in the RAF for 20 years, latterly as an instructor. [11] He had worked for the police for four years, and had 646 hours of flight experience on the EC135. [10] [12] The helicopter carried two police observers, PCs Kirsty Nelis and Tony Collins. [12] On takeoff it carried 400 kilograms (880 lb) of fuel. [10]

The flight, callsign SP99, was initially involved in the search for a suspected trespasser on railway lines around Eglinton Toll. [12] It was then tasked to Dalkeith in Midlothian, around 44 miles (71 kilometres) east of its base, before returning to the Glasgow area. [10] A few minutes before the crash, the pilot had received air traffic control clearance to return to Glasgow City Heliport. [10]

At 22:22, approximately two miles (three kilometres) east of its home base, the helicopter crashed on the flat roof of The Clutha, a pub in Stockwell Street [10] (Clutha is Latin for the River Clyde, which is adjacent to the pub). [13] No distress call was made. [14] A ska band, Esperanza, was playing in the pub at the time of the crash and there were reported to be around 120 people in the building, some of whom were trapped by the collapsing roof. [1] The three helicopter occupants and six people on the ground were killed. Thirty-two others were injured, twelve seriously, one of whom died some days later. [15] One witness, Gordon Smart, editor of the Scottish Sun , stated that he did not see a fireball or hear an explosion, and that the engine seemed to be misfiring.[ citation needed ]

Aircraft

The accident aircraft was a twin-engined Eurocopter EC135 T2+, serial 0546, registered G-SPAO and manufactured in 2007. [10] At the time of the accident, it had flown for 6,351 hours and made 9,385 landings. [9] The helicopter's Certificate of Airworthiness was valid until 4 September 2018. [16]

Emergency response

2008 view of the accident site; The Clutha pub is the cream building in the foreground The Clutha Vaults - geograph.org.uk - 1081818.jpg
2008 view of the accident site; The Clutha pub is the cream building in the foreground

The building is a former tenement which used to have multiple storeys, but after a fire in the 1960s the upper storeys were removed. The walls were therefore much thicker than would be expected for a building of this height, and the complex construction of the roof complicated the search and rescue operation. [17] [18] The Scottish Fire and Rescue Service deployed 125 firefighters to the scene rescuing people trapped in the building for hours after the incident. [7] The Scottish Ambulance Service sent upwards of 25 ambulances to the scene along with 2 Special Operations Response Teams that specialise in major and inaccessible incidents. They worked throughout the next two days searching and retrieving people from within the Clutha. Urban search and rescue firefighters were also in attendance to shore up unstable parts of the building and to excavate collapsed areas. People rescued from the scene were initially taken by the emergency services to a nearby Holiday Inn hotel. [1] Labour Party MP Jim Murphy was interviewed as he was passing soon after the crash. [3] [7]

32 people were taken for treatment to local hospitals including Glasgow Royal Infirmary and Glasgow Victoria Infirmary, a dozen with injuries classed as serious. [10] [19] An emergency phone number was set up for anyone concerned about family and relatives who may have been in and around the pub, [7] and Glasgow City Council established a family reception centre to "provide advice and counselling to relatives of people who have been injured or people whose relatives are unaccounted for". [20] One of the seriously injured victims died from his injuries on 12 December. [9]

Reactions

Scottish First Minister Alex Salmond described the crash as "a black day for Glasgow and for Scotland". [21] [22] [23] [24] [25] [26] [27] On the day following the crash, planned St. Andrew's Day celebrations in Glasgow's George Square were cancelled, and flags were flown at half-mast on Scottish Government buildings. [19] Scottish football clubs held a pre-match minute's silence. [28] Special services were held at Glasgow's St Andrew's Cathedral [29] and Glasgow Cathedral. [30]

The Prince of Wales visited the crash site on 6 December and met emergency service personnel. [31] Police investigated offensive, racist or sectarian comments made about the crash on social media. [32] [ needs update ] A weekend of fundraising events for the families of the victims and the emergency services was held on 3–5 January 2014. [33] [ needs update ]

Investigation

The Air Accidents Investigation Branch (AAIB), which is responsible for investigating aircraft crashes in the United Kingdom, launched an investigation into the cause of the accident. [34] Assistance in the investigation was provided by the German Federal Bureau of Aircraft Accident Investigation and the French Bureau d'Enquêtes et d'Analyses pour la Sécurité de l'Aviation Civile aviation incident investigation bodies (the manufacturers of the helicopter and its engine are based in Germany and France). [10] [35] The American National Transportation Safety Board (representing the state of the manufacturer of the engines' FADEC controls), also provided assistance. [9]

The wreckage of the helicopter arrived at the AAIB's headquarters at Farnborough, Hampshire on 3 December. [36] The aircraft was not fitted with flight data recorders but the electronics fitted to the aircraft could contain data helpful in determining the cause of the accident. [37] [ needs update ]

Preliminary findings

The AAIB issued a preliminary report of its findings on 9 December. [10] [38] It confirmed that the rotor blades were attached, [38] but neither they nor the fenestron tail rotor were rotating at the time of impact. [10] No evidence of engine or gearbox failure was found and there were around 95 litres (21 imp gal) of fuel still on board. [38]

The aircraft struck the building with "a high rate of descent and low/negligible forward speed" [10] and no part of it detached in flight. [37] It came to rest approximately upright. [10]

On 14 February 2014, the AAIB issued a Special Bulletin on the accident. It stated that the cause of the accident was that both engines had flamed out, but the reasons that they had done so had not yet been determined. The report stated that of the two supply tanks that provided fuel to the engines, one was empty and the other near empty, containing only 0.4 kg (14 oz) of fuel. The main tank contained 75 kg (165 lb) of fuel, but the pumps to transfer this fuel to the two engine supply tanks were switched off. [15] [39]

Final report

The final accident report was published in October 2015. It found the main cause of the accident to be fuel starvation due to the fuel transfer pumps being switched off "for unknown reasons." This resulted in the engines flaming out despite there being 73 kg (161 lb) of usable fuel remaining in the main tank. A failure to land within ten minutes of the first low-fuel warning, as prescribed by emergency checklists, and a failure to achieve a successful autorotation after both engines failed were cited as additional causal factors.

The AAIB also identified as contributory factor that the radar altimeter and the steerable landing light were both unpowered following the engine flame-out, leading to a loss of height information and reduced visual cues during the autorotation manoeuvre. Seven safety recommendations were made. [9]

Fatal accident inquiry

In 2017 the Crown Office announced that a fatal accident inquiry would be held into the crash. The Crown Office also confirmed that no criminal charges would be laid following an investigation by Police Scotland. [16] [40] Preliminary hearings were held on 3 October and 4 December 2018, then on 11 January 5 February and 3 April 2019. [16] The inquiry began on 8 April 2019 in a temporary court at Hampden Park football ground, and concluded on 5 August. [41] [42] [43] The inquiry was mandatory in respect of the crew of the helicopter, and discretionary in respect of the customers of the Clutha Vaults. The inquiry sat for 31 days between 8 April and 18 July. Sheriff Principal Craig Turnbull provided a written determination which was published on 30 October 2019. No recommendations were made. [16]

Aftermath

The Clutha

The Clutha pub partially reopened in July 2015, with Scotland's First Minister Nicola Sturgeon attending the opening ceremony. [44]

Civil aviation

As a direct result of the accident and recommendations made by the AAIB, the Civil Aviation Authority mandated that all police helicopters would be fitted with Cockpit Voice Recorders and Flight Data Recorders. Implementation of this was to be completed by 31 March 2020. [16]

Media

One of the survivors from the bar, Michael Byrne, was interviewed by Jane Garvey for "We Said We’d Never Talk About It Again", a November 2021 episode of her BBC Radio 4 series Life Changing. He described how the experience had led him to contemplate suicide, and to setting up "Lived Experience Trauma Support", an organisation providing mental health training and support services. [45]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma</span> Medium-lift helicopter series by Aerospatiale, later Airbus Helicopters

The Airbus Helicopters H215 is a four-bladed, twin-engined, medium-sized, utility helicopter developed and initially produced by French aerospace company Aérospatiale. It has been subsequently manufactured by the successor companies Eurocopter and Airbus Helicopters. The Super Puma is a re-engined and more voluminous version of the original Aérospatiale SA 330 Puma.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eurocopter EC135</span> Small utility helicopter

The Eurocopter EC135, now Airbus Helicopters H135, is a twin-engine civil light utility helicopter produced by Airbus Helicopters, formerly known as Eurocopter. It is capable of flight under instrument flight rules (IFR) and is outfitted with a digital automatic flight control system (AFCS). First flying in February 1994, it entered service in 1996. 1,400 have been delivered up to September 2020, to 300 operators in 60 countries, accumulating over 5 million flight hours. It is mainly used for air medical transport (medevac), corporate transport, law enforcement, offshore wind support, and military flight training. Half of them are in Europe and a quarter in North America. The H135M, certified under the name Eurocopter EC635, is a military variant.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eurocopter AS350 Écureuil</span> Single engine series of the Ecureuil light helicopter family

The Eurocopter AS350 Écureuil, now Airbus Helicopters H125, is a single-engine light utility helicopter originally designed and manufactured in France by Aérospatiale and Eurocopter. In North America, the AS350 is marketed as the AStar. The AS355 Ecureuil 2 is a twin-engine variant, marketed in North America as the TwinStar. The Eurocopter EC130 is a derivative of the AS350 airframe and is considered by the manufacturer to be part of the Écureuil single-engine family.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eurocopter AS355 Écureuil 2</span> Type of aircraft

The EurocopterAS355 Écureuil 2 is a twin-engine light utility helicopter developed and originally manufactured by Aérospatiale in France.

Air ambulance services in the United Kingdom provide emergency medical functions, patient transport between specialist centres, or medical repatriation. Services are provided by a mixture of organisations, operating either helicopters or fixed-wing aircraft. All emergency air ambulance helicopters in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland are operated by charities, while Scotland has one charity service in addition to its two NHS-funded helicopters. Fixed-wing air ambulances, used for patient transport, may be government or privately operated. Air ambulance helicopters are complemented by Coastguard SAR helicopters.

Police aviation in United Kingdom provides British police forces with an aerial support unit to assist them in pursuit, surveillance and tracking. All police aviation in England and Wales comes under the National Police Air Service (NPAS), while Police Scotland and the Police Service of Northern Ireland operate independent units.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eurocopter EC225 Super Puma</span> Type of aircraft

The Airbus Helicopters H225 is a long-range passenger transport helicopter developed by Eurocopter as the next generation of the civilian Super Puma family. It is a twin-engined aircraft and can carry up to 24 passengers along with two crew and a cabin attendant, dependent on customer configuration. The helicopter is marketed for offshore support and VIP passenger transport duties, as well as public service missions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">British Airways Flight 38</span> 2008 aviation incident at London Heathrow Airport

British Airways Flight 38 was a scheduled international passenger flight from Beijing Capital International Airport in Beijing, China, to London Heathrow Airport in London, United Kingdom, an 8,100-kilometre trip. On 17 January 2008, the Boeing 777-200ER aircraft operating the flight crashed just short of the runway while landing at Heathrow. No fatalities occurred; of the 152 people on board, 47 sustained injuries, one serious. It was the first time in the aircraft type's history that a Boeing 777 was declared a hull loss, and subsequently written off.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2008 Biggin Hill Cessna Citation crash</span> Private plane crash in England

On 30 March 2008, a Cessna 501 Citation crashed into a house in Farnborough, London (UK), near Biggin Hill Airport, from where the aircraft had taken off a short time before. There were no survivors among the five people on board, which included former racing drivers Richard Lloyd and David Leslie.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Glasgow City Heliport</span> Airport in Govan, Glasgow

Glasgow City Heliport is a heliport located in Glasgow, Scotland. The Heliport is located at Linthouse Road in Govan, close to the Queen Elizabeth University Hospital.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bond Offshore Helicopters Flight 85N</span> 2009 helicopter accident

Just before 2:00 pm on 1 April 2009, Bond Offshore Helicopters Flight 85N crashed 11 nautical miles (20 km) north-east of Peterhead, Scotland in the North Sea while returning from a BP oil platform in the Miller oilfield, 240 km (150 mi) north-east of Peterhead. The crash killed all sixteen people aboard. The flight was operated using a Eurocopter AS332L2 Super Puma Mk 2 belonging to Bond Offshore Helicopters. The cause of the crash was main rotor separation following a catastrophic gearbox failure.

Babcock Mission Critical Services Onshore, formerly Bond Air Services , is an operator of air ambulance, police, and offshore windfarm helicopters in the UK. Babcock operates a mixed fleet of light twin-engine helicopters custom designed to perform specific and specialised tasks. It operates from 17 bases around the UK. It has base maintenance facilities in Staverton and Glasgow.

The East Midlands Air Support Unit was a joint consortium established to provide police aviation for Leicestershire Constabulary, Northamptonshire Police and Warwickshire Police. It was formed in April 1994 and operated a Eurocopter EC135 from Sulby, near Welford in Northamptonshire.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Police Scotland</span> Police Service of Scotland

Police Scotland, officially the Police Service of Scotland, is the national police force of Scotland. It was formed in 2013, through the merging of eight regional police forces in Scotland, as well as the specialist services of the Scottish Police Services Authority, including the Scottish Crime and Drug Enforcement Agency. Although not formally absorbing it, the merger also resulted in the winding up of the Association of Chief Police Officers in Scotland.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Scotland's Charity Air Ambulance</span> Scottish charity air ambulance

Scotland's Charity Air Ambulance (SCAA) is a registered charity which assists the Scottish Ambulance Service (SAS) with emergency medical services through the provision of helicopter-based air ambulances.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2013 CHC Helicopters Eurocopter AS332 crash</span> An air accident at Sumburgh 23 Aug 2013

On 23 August 2013, a Eurocopter AS332 Super Puma helicopter belonging to CHC Helicopters crashed into the sea 2 nautical miles from Sumburgh in the Shetland Islands, Scotland, while en route from the Borgsten Dolphin drilling rig. The accident killed four passengers; twelve other passengers and two crew were rescued with injuries. A further passenger killed himself in 2017 as a result of PTSD caused by the crash. An investigation by the UK's Air Accident Investigation Branch concluded in 2016 that the accident was primarily caused by pilot error in failing to monitor instruments during approach. The public inquiry concluded in October 2020 that the crash was primarily caused by pilot error.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haughey Air AgustaWestland AW139 crash</span> Haughey Air AgustaWestland AW139 crash

On 13 March 2014, an AgustaWestland AW139 helicopter of Haughey Air crashed shortly after taking off at night in fog from Gillingham, Norfolk, United Kingdom, killing all four people on board. Among the victims was Edward Haughey, Baron Ballyedmond.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">CHC Helikopter Service Flight 241</span> Fatal crash landing in Norway

On 29 April 2016, a CHC Helikopter Service Eurocopter EC225 Super Puma helicopter, carrying oil workers from the Gullfaks B platform in the North Sea, crashed near Turøy, a Norwegian coastal island 36 kilometres (22 mi) from the city of Bergen. The main rotor assembly detached from the aircraft and the fuselage plummeted to the ground, exploding on impact. All thirteen people on board were killed.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2018 Leicester helicopter crash</span> Aviation disaster in Leicester, England

On 27 October 2018, a Leonardo AW169 helicopter crashed shortly after take-off from Leicester City's King Power Stadium in Leicester, England, while on route to Luton Airport. All people on board—the pilot and four passengers, including club owner Vichai Srivaddhanaprabha—were killed in the crash. The Air Accidents Investigation Branch attributed the crash to a loss of yaw control owing to a failure of the tail rotor control linkage.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Quinn, Ben (30 November 2013). "Police helicopter crashes into roof of Glasgow pub". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 30 November 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
  2. ↑ "Helicopter crash in central Glasgow". STV. 29 November 2013. Archived from the original on 30 November 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
  3. 1 2 "Police Helicopter Crashes into Glasgow Pub Roof". Sky News. 29 November 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
  4. ↑ "Glasgow helicopter crash: Clutha death toll rises to 10". bbc.co.uk/news. BBC News. 12 December 2013. Archived from the original on 12 December 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
  5. ↑ "Glasgow helicopter crash: Eight dead at Clutha pub". BBC News . 30 November 2013. Archived from the original on 30 November 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
  6. ↑ "Glasgow helicopter crash: Ninth victim found". BBC News. 2 December 2013. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
  7. 1 2 3 4 "Helicopter crashes into Glasgow pub". BBC. 29 November 2013. Archived from the original on 30 November 2013. Retrieved 29 November 2013.
  8. ↑ "Glasgow Clutha helicopter crash claims 10th victim". The Scotsman. Johnston Press. 12 December 2013. Archived from the original on 15 December 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2013.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 "AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT REPORT 3/2015 Report on the accident to Eurocopter (Deutschland) EC135 T2+, G-SPAO Glasgow City Centre, Scotland on 29 November 2013" (PDF). Air Accidents Investigation Branch. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 November 2015. Retrieved 23 October 2013.
  10. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 "Air Accidents Investigation: S9/2013 – Eurocopter EC135 T2+, G-SPAO". Air Accidents Investigation Branch. 9 November 2013. Archived from the original on 11 October 2015. Retrieved 22 October 2015.
  11. ↑ Gordon Darroch (2 December 2013). "Tributes paid as victims of Glasgow helicopter tragedy named". STV News. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 4 March 2015.
  12. 1 2 3 Cramb, Auslan (2 December 2013). "Glasgow helicopter crash: bravery of police officers who were killed". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 4 December 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  13. ↑ Scott Graham – ABACUS. "TheGlasgowStory: Clyde Navigation Trust". Archived from the original on 25 December 2014.
  14. ↑ "Glasgow helicopter crash: Victims' bodies released to families". BBC Online . 3 December 2013. Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  15. 1 2 "AAIB Bulletin S2/2014 SPECIAL" (PDF). Air Accidents Investigation Branch. Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 "Determination of Sheriff Principal C D Turnbull under the Inquiries into Fatal Accidents etc (Scotland) Act 2016 into the deaths of Gary Louis Arthur; Anthony Lyndon Collins; Joseph Robert Cusker; Colin Gibson; Robert James Jenkins; John McGarrigle; Samuel Bell McGhee; Kirsty Mary Nelis; Mark Edward O'Prey; and David Iain Trail" (PDF). Sheriffdom of Glasgow and Strathleven. Retrieved 30 October 2019.
  17. ↑ Carrell, Severin (2 December 2013). "Ninth Glasgow helicopter victim's body removed past guard of honour". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 6 December 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
  18. ↑ Garavelli, Dani (7 December 2013). "Insight: The Clutha – best bar none". The Scotsman. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
  19. 1 2 "Glasgow helicopter crash: Police appeal for Clutha tragedy video". BBC News. 30 November 2013. Archived from the original on 30 November 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
  20. ↑ "Glasgow helicopter crash claims eight lives". The Targe. 30 November 2013. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  21. ↑ "Helicopter Crash: Relatives Face Anxious Wait". Sky News. British Sky Broadcasting. 1 December 2013. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  22. ↑ "Reaction: Glasgow Clutha pub helicopter crash". The Scotsman. Johnston Press. 30 November 2013. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
  23. ↑ "In quotes: Glasgow helicopter crash reaction". BBC News. BBC. 30 November 2013. Archived from the original on 30 November 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
  24. ↑ "Glasgow helicopter crash: Response 'courage' praised". BBC News. 30 November 2013. Archived from the original on 30 November 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
  25. ↑ "Glasgow helicopter crash: search for survivors continues". Channel 4 News. 30 November 2013. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
  26. ↑ "Helicopter Crashes into Glasgow Pub: Eight Die". Sky News. British Sky Broadcasting. 30 November 2013. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2013.
  27. ↑ Carrell, Severin (3 December 2013). "Relatives of Glasgow crash victims question speed of recovery operation". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2013.
  28. ↑ "Glasgow helicopter crash: McKeown plays after rescue duties". BBC Sport. BBC. 30 November 2013. Archived from the original on 1 December 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  29. ↑ Levdon, Liz (30 November 2013). "We pray for our city of Glasgow, which is in mourning today". Scottish Catholic Observer. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 1 December 2013.
  30. ↑ Duffy, Owen (1 December 2013). "Glasgow mourns helicopter crash victims at cathedral service". The Guardian. Archived from the original on 1 December 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
  31. ↑ "Prince visits Glasgow after police helicopter crash". BBC News. 6 December 2013. Archived from the original on 7 December 2013. Retrieved 6 December 2013.
  32. ↑ "Glasgow helicopter crash: Clutha hate comments investigated by police". BBC Online . 8 December 2013. Archived from the original on 12 February 2014. Retrieved 13 January 2014.
  33. ↑ Mcleod, Kayleigh (3 January 2014). "Clutha Benefit Weekender will see pubs across the city rock out for charity". STV. Archived from the original on 13 January 2014. Retrieved 12 January 2014.
  34. ↑ "The AAIB has sent a team to investigate the helicopter accident in Glasgow City Centre". Air Accidents Investigation Branch . 30 November 2013. Archived from the original on 3 December 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2013. The AAIB has sent a team to investigate the helicopter accident in Glasgow City Centre
  35. ↑ Eurocopter, Safety Information Notice No. 2665-S-00-Rev-1, 3 December 2013 Archived 7 December 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  36. ↑ "Glasgow helicopter crash: Air accident investigators begin work". BBC News Online. 4 December 2013. Archived from the original on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 5 December 2013.
  37. 1 2 "Glasgow crash search continues". BBC News. 2 December 2013. Archived from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 2 December 2013.
  38. 1 2 3 "BBC News – Clutha helicopter crash: No mechanical fault found". BBC Online . 9 November 2013. Archived from the original on 9 December 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2013.
  39. ↑ "Clutha crash: Police helicopter engines 'flamed out'". BBC News. BBC. 14 February 2014. Archived from the original on 15 February 2014. Retrieved 14 February 2014.
  40. ↑ "Fatal accident inquiry to be held into Clutha helicopter crash". BBC News. BBC. 24 November 2017. Archived from the original on 24 November 2017. Retrieved 24 November 2017.
  41. ↑ "Clutha crash inquiry hears of helicopter's final seconds". BBC News Online. Retrieved 8 April 2019.
  42. ↑ "Clutha helicopter pilot given five low fuel warnings". BBC News Online. Retrieved 9 April 2019.
  43. ↑ "Clutha Fatal Accident Inquiry (FAI)" . Retrieved 18 August 2019.
  44. ↑ "New bar at Clutha to open after helicopter crash". BBC. 24 July 2015. Archived from the original on 24 July 2015. Retrieved 24 July 2015.
  45. ↑ "We Said We'd Never Talk About It Again". Life Changing. 3 November 2021. BBC Radio 4 . Retrieved 4 December 2021.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.