Adjuvilo

Last updated
Adjuvilo
Created by Claudius Colas
Date1910
Setting and usage International auxiliary language
Purpose
Esperanto
Language codes
ISO 639-3 qaj (local use). Note that qaj is also used for Ulu.
Glottolog None
IETF art-x-adjuvilo (local use)

Adjuvilo is a constructed language created in 1910 by Claudius Colas under the pseudonym of "Profesoro V. Esperema". Although it was a full language, it may not have been created to be spoken. Many believe that as an Esperantist, Colas created Adjuvilo to help create dissent in the then-growing Ido movement.[ citation needed ] Colas himself called his language simplified Ido and proposed several reforms to Ido.

Contents

Colas created a nearly complete grammar, but did not create a new vocabulary. Adjuvilo uses mainly the vocabulary of Ido with modifications according to the grammatical changes of Ido. Colas in some cases reestablishes the Esperanto forms of words and even constructed some new words like sulo for "sun" (Ido/Esperanto: suno) and dago for "day" (Ido: dio, Esperanto: tago).

Phonology and orthography

Like Ido, Adjuvilo has five vowel phonemes. The vowels e and ɛ are interchangeable depending on speaker preference, as are o and ɔ . The combinations /au/ and /eu/ become diphthongs in word roots but not when adding affixes. [1]

Adjuvilo vowels
Front Back
Close i u
Mid e ~ ɛ o ~ ɔ
Open a
Adjuvilo consonants
Labial Alveolar Post-
alveolar
Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n
Stop p b t d k ɡ
Affricate t͡s t͡ʃ
Fricative f v s z ʃ ʒ h
Approximant l j w
Flap ɾ

Adjuvilo also uses the same orthography as Ido: the 26 letters as the English alphabet and ISO Basic Latin alphabet with three digraphs and no ligatures or diacritics. The only modification is that the stress is always on the penultimate syllable like in Esperanto, whereas in Ido in the infinitive of the verbs the last syllable is stressed.

LetterIPAEnglish
a/a/most similar to a as in "father"
b/b/b as in "stable"
c/t͡s/ts as in "cats"; also used in the digraph ch
d/d/d as in "adopt"
e/e/, /ɛ/most similar to e as in "egg" or e as in "bet"
f/f/f as in "afraid"
g/ɡ/hard g as in "go"
h/h/h as in "hat", "ahoy"
i/i/i as in "machine", ee in "bee"
j/ʒ/, /d͡ʒ/s as in "pleasure, measure" or g in "mirage, beige"
k/k/k as in "skin, skip"
l/l/most similar to l as in "lamb"
m/m/m as in "admit"
n/n/n as in "analogy"
o/o/, /ɔ/most similar to o as in "or"
p/p/p as in "spin, spark"
q/k/same as k; used only in the digraph qu
r/ɾ/tt as in American English "butter", or r as in very in Scottish English and heightened RP, see Pronunciation of English /r/
s/s/s as in "east"; also used in the digraph sh
t/t/t as in "stake, stop"
u/u/u as in "rude"
v/v/v as in "avoid"
w/w/w as in "award"
x/ks/, /ɡz/x as in "except" or "exist"
y/j/y as in "yes"
z/z/z as in "zebra"

The digraphs are:

DigraphIPAEnglish
ch/t͡ʃ/ch as in "chick"
qu/kw/, /kv/qu as in "quick"
sh/ʃ/sh as in "shy"

Grammar

The positive form is indicated by tam (as). Example: Vos estan tam bonas quam nos. (You are as good as us).
The comparative form is indicated by plu (more) and men (less). Example: El estan plu bela quam il. (She is more beautiful than he). Tia libro estan men interesanta quam cia. (That book is less interesting than this [one]).
The superlative form is indicated by la pley (most) and la min (least). Example: Adjuvilo estan la pley facila linguo ex omnas linguos. (Adjuvilo is the easiest language of all languages). Hike estan la min bela urbo de omnas. (Here is the least beautiful city of all).
Singular me (I), tu / vu (you), il (he), el (she), it (it), lo (third person gender not defined). Vu indicates respect.
Plural nos (we), vos (you), ilos (they, masculine), elos (they, female), itos (they, neuter), los (they, unspecified gender)
Additional personal pronouns: on (one, impersonal form), su (reflexive form)
The infinitive ending is -i like in Esperanto: diri (to say), lerni (to learn).
The present tense is formed by replacing the infinitive ending by -an. Example: Me kantan (I sing), tu kantan (you sing).
The past tense is formed by -in. Example: Me vidin (I saw).
The future tense is formed by -on. Example: Me vidon (I will see).
The conjunctive is formed by adding -un. Example: Me vidun (I would see).
The imperative is formed by adding -en. Example: Lekten la libro! (Read the book!)
The active participles are formed with the suffix -ant for the present tense, -int for the past tense and -ont for the future tense. Example: vidinta (having seen), vidanta (seeing), vidonta (about to see). These can be used in the progressive and other compound tenses: Me estin vidinta (I had seen). Me estin vidanta (I was seeing). Me estin vidonta (I was about to see). Me estan vidinta (I have seen). Me estan vidanta (I am seeing). Me estan vidonta (I am about to see). Me eston vidinta (I shall have seen). Me eston vidanta (I shall be seeing). Me eston vidonta (I shall be about to see). Me estun vidinta (I would have seen). Me estun vidanta (I would be seeing). Me estun vidonta (I would be about to see).
The passive participles are formed with the suffix -at for the present tense, -it for the past tense and -ot for the future tense. Example: vidita (having been seen), vidata (being seen), vidota (about to be seen). These can be used in the passive and other compound tenses: Me estin vidita (I had been seen). Me estin vidata (I was being seen). Me estin vidota (I was about to be seen). Me estan vidita (I have been seen). Me estan vidata (I am being seen). Me estan vidota (I am about to be seen). Me eston vidita (I shall have been seen). Me eston vidata (I shall be being seen). Me eston vidota (I shall be about to be seen). Me estun vidita (I would have been seen). Me estun vidata (I would be being seen). Me estun vidota (I would be about to be seen).

Comparison to Ido

Sample

A sample of Adjuvilo, the often-translated Pater Noster:

Comparison with Ido and Esperanto.
Adjuvilo [2] IdoEsperanto [3]

Patro nosa, qua estan en cielos,
santa esten tua nomo;
advenen tua regno;
esten tua volo,
quale en cielos, tale anke sur la tero.
Nosa pano omnadaga donen a nos hodie;
nosas ofendos pardonen a nos;
quale nos pardonan a nosas ofendantos
e ne lasen nos fali en tento,
ma liberifen nos de malbono.

Patro nia, qua esas en la cielo,
tua nomo santigesez;
tua regno advenez;
tua volo facesez
quale en la cielo, tale anke sur la tero.
Donez a ni cadie l'omnadia pano,
e pardonez a ni nia ofensi,
quale anke ni pardonas a nia ofensanti,
e ne duktez ni aden la tento,
ma liberigez ni del malajo.

Patro nia, kiu estas en la ĉielo,
sankta estu Via nomo,
venu reĝeco Via,
estu volo Via,
kiel en la ĉielo, tiel ankaŭ sur la tero.
Panon nian ĉiutagan donu al ni hodiaŭ
kaj pardonu al ni ŝuldojn niajn
kiel ni ankaŭ pardonas al niaj ŝuldantoj;
ne konduku nin en tenton,
sed liberigu nin de la malvera,
ĉar Via estas la regado, la forto kaj la gloro eterne.
Amen!

Bibliography

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References

  1. De Beaufront, Louis (2004) [1st pub. 1925]. Tejón, Fernando (ed.). "Pronunco dil vokali" (PDF). Kompleta Gramatiko detaloza di la linguo internaciona Ido (in Ido). Ponferrada, Spain: Krayono. p. 7. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 August 2015.
  2. Colas, Claudius (1910). L'Adjuvilo (in French). Paris: Librairie Internationale Gamber. p. 26. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
  3. Esperanto, Doktoro. Unua Libro (in Esperanto). p. 19.