The climate of Russia is formed under the influence of several determining factors. The enormous size of the country and the remoteness of many areas from the sea result in the dominance of the continental climate, which is prevalent in European and Asian Russia except for the tundra and the extreme southwest. Mountains in the south obstructing the flow of warm air masses from the Indian Ocean and the plain of the west and north makes the country open to Arctic and Atlantic influences. [1] [2]
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Due to the moderating influence of the Atlantic or Pacific, most areas of the country in European Russia, in the south of West Siberia and in the south of the Russian Far East, including the cities of Moscow and Saint Petersburg, experience a humid continental climate. (Köppen's Dfb, Dfa, Dwb, Dwa, Dsb, Dsa types). Most of Northern European Russia and Siberia between the Scandinavian Peninsula and the Pacific Ocean has a subarctic climate, with extremely severe winters (Dfd, Dwd, Dsd) in the inner regions of Northeast Siberia (mostly the Sakha Republic) with the record low temperature of −67.8 °C or −90.0 °F), and more moderate (Dwc, Dfc, Dsc) elsewhere.
The strip of land along the shore of the Arctic Ocean, as well as the Arctic islands, have a polar climate, namely, an ice cap climate (EF) on some of the islands, and a tundra climate (ET) elsewhere. A small portion of the Black Sea coast, most notably in Sochi, possesses a humid subtropical climate (Köppen's Cfa) with unusually wet winters. Winter is dry compared to summer in many regions of East Siberia and the Far East (Dwa, Dwb, Dwc, Dwd types), while other parts of the country experience more even precipitation across seasons. Winter precipitation in most parts of the country usually falls as snow. The region along the Lower Volga and Caspian Sea coast, as well as some areas of southernmost Siberia, possess a semi-arid climate (BSk) and an arid climate (BWk). The city of Kaliningrad has an Oceanic climate (Cfb, Cfc) due to its relatively mild winters (monthly means above −3 °C (27 °F)) and cool summers.
About 65% of the Russian territory is underlain by permafrost.
| Climate data for Russia | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 26.7 (80.1) | 28.3 (82.9) | 33.5 (92.3) | 36.8 (98.2) | 39.7 (103.5) | 43.7 (110.7) | 45.4 (113.7) | 45.0 (113.0) | 41.5 (106.7) | 36.3 (97.3) | 31.0 (87.8) | 28.1 (82.6) | 45.4 (113.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −67.8 (−90.0) | −67.8 (−90.0) | −60.6 (−77.1) | −57.2 (−71.0) | −35.8 (−32.4) | −22.2 (−8.0) | −9.3 (15.3) | −17.1 (1.2) | −27.6 (−17.7) | −48.7 (−55.7) | −62.2 (−80.0) | −64.5 (−84.1) | −67.8 (−90.0) |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net - Climate Monitor [3] — Meteo.ru - Baseline Climatological Data Sets [4] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA NCDC - Climate Data Online [5] | |||||||||||||
| Month | Temperature | Date | Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| January | 26.7 °C (80.1 °F) | 4 January 1979 | Derbent, Dagestan Republic |
| February | 28.2 °C (82.8 °F) | 28 February 2020 | Kasumkent, Dagestan Republic |
| March | 33.5 °C (92.3 °F) | 29 March 1901 | Maykop, Adygea Republic |
| April | 36.8 °C (98.2 °F) | 12 April 1998 | Armavir, Krasnodar Krai |
| May | 39.7 °C (103.5 °F) | 22 May 2021 | Khasavyurt, Republic of Dagestan |
| June | 43.7 °C (110.7 °F) | 22 June 2015 | Alexandrov Gay, Saratov Oblast |
| July | 45.4 °C (113.7 °F) | 12 July 2010 | Utta, Kalmykia Republic |
| August | 45 °C (113 °F) | 7 August 1940 | Lake Elton, Volgograd Oblast |
| September | 41.5 °C (106.7 °F) | 2 September 2010 | Lake Elton, Volgograd Oblast; Kalininsk, Saratov Oblast |
| October | 36.3 °C (97.3 °F) | 2 October 1999 | Armavir, Krasnodar Krai; Novoalexandrovsk, Saratov Oblast |
| November | 31.0 °C (87.8 °F) | 10 November 2016 | Shatoy, Chechen Republic |
| December | 28.1 °C (82.6 °F) | 10 December 1998 | Buynaksk, Dagestan Republic |
| Month | Temperature | Date | Location |
|---|---|---|---|
| January | −67.8 °C (−90.0 °F) | 15 January 1885 | Verkhoyansk, Sakha Republic |
| February | −67.8 °C (−90.0 °F) | 5,7 February 1892; 6 February 1933 | Verkhoyansk, Sakha Republic; Oymyakon, Sakha Republic |
| March | −60.6 °C (−77.1 °F) | 10 March 1954 | Oymyakon, Sakha Republic |
| April | −57.2 °C (−71.0 °F) | 2 April 1896 | Verkhoyansk, Sakha Republic |
| May | −35.8 °C (−32.4 °F) | 2 May 1964 | Ilirney, Chukotka AO |
| June | −22.2 °C (−8.0 °F) | 2 June 1964 | Strait of Sterlegova, Krasnoyarsk Krai |
| July | −9.3 °C (15.3 °F) | 15 July 1966 | Oymyakon, Sakha Republic |
| August | −17.1 °C (1.2 °F) | 31 August 1969 | |
| September | −27.6 °C (−17.7 °F) | 29 September 1965 | Ilirney, Chukotka AO |
| October | −48.7 °C (−55.7 °F) | 29 October 1915 | Verkhoyansk, Sakha Republic |
| November | −62.2 °C (−80.0 °F) | 29 November 1960 | Oymyakon, Sakha Republic |
| December | −64.5 °C (−84.1 °F) | 22 December 1902 | Verkhoyansk, Sakha Republic |
| Climate data for Arkhangelsk (1991–2020, extremes 1881–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 5.0 (41.0) | 5.2 (41.4) | 12.3 (54.1) | 25.3 (77.5) | 32.1 (89.8) | 33.0 (91.4) | 34.4 (93.9) | 33.4 (92.1) | 27.7 (81.9) | 18.3 (64.9) | 10.0 (50.0) | 5.8 (42.4) | 34.4 (93.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −8.4 (16.9) | −7.1 (19.2) | −1.1 (30.0) | 5.6 (42.1) | 13.1 (55.6) | 18.7 (65.7) | 22.1 (71.8) | 18.6 (65.5) | 12.8 (55.0) | 5.0 (41.0) | −1.9 (28.6) | −5.3 (22.5) | 6.0 (42.8) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −11.6 (11.1) | −10.7 (12.7) | −5.5 (22.1) | 0.8 (33.4) | 7.5 (45.5) | 13.1 (55.6) | 16.5 (61.7) | 13.6 (56.5) | 8.8 (47.8) | 2.5 (36.5) | −4.2 (24.4) | −8.2 (17.2) | 1.9 (35.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −15.2 (4.6) | −14.4 (6.1) | −9.7 (14.5) | −3.4 (25.9) | 2.5 (36.5) | 7.7 (45.9) | 11.5 (52.7) | 9.3 (48.7) | 5.6 (42.1) | 0.4 (32.7) | −6.7 (19.9) | −11.3 (11.7) | −2.0 (28.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −45.2 (−49.4) | −41.2 (−42.2) | −37.1 (−34.8) | −27.3 (−17.1) | −13.7 (7.3) | −3.9 (25.0) | −0.5 (31.1) | −4.1 (24.6) | −7.5 (18.5) | −21.1 (−6.0) | −36.5 (−33.7) | −43.2 (−45.8) | −45.2 (−49.4) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 42 (1.7) | 32 (1.3) | 31 (1.2) | 32 (1.3) | 48 (1.9) | 65 (2.6) | 75 (3.0) | 82 (3.2) | 62 (2.4) | 68 (2.7) | 51 (2.0) | 48 (1.9) | 636 (25.0) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 36 (14) | 45 (18) | 48 (19) | 19 (7.5) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.8) | 11 (4.3) | 24 (9.4) | 48 (19) |
| Average rainy days | 2 | 2 | 4 | 10 | 17 | 17 | 18 | 19 | 22 | 19 | 9 | 4 | 143 |
| Average snowy days | 27 | 26 | 23 | 13 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 0.03 | 1 | 13 | 25 | 28 | 163 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 85 | 84 | 80 | 72 | 68 | 69 | 75 | 81 | 85 | 88 | 89 | 87 | 80 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 13 | 56 | 117 | 193 | 262 | 298 | 301 | 203 | 116 | 59 | 19 | 6 | 1,643 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net [6] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990) [7] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Chita (1991–2020, extremes 1890–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 0.4 (32.7) | 7.4 (45.3) | 18.3 (64.9) | 29.3 (84.7) | 34.6 (94.3) | 38.8 (101.8) | 38.0 (100.4) | 40.6 (105.1) | 30.9 (87.6) | 22.7 (72.9) | 12.7 (54.9) | 5.0 (41.0) | 40.6 (105.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −17.2 (1.0) | −9.5 (14.9) | 0.0 (32.0) | 9.7 (49.5) | 18.2 (64.8) | 24.9 (76.8) | 26.7 (80.1) | 23.7 (74.7) | 16.8 (62.2) | 7.0 (44.6) | −6.0 (21.2) | −15.7 (3.7) | 6.6 (43.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −24.6 (−12.3) | −18.3 (−0.9) | −8.1 (17.4) | 2.2 (36.0) | 10.2 (50.4) | 17.1 (62.8) | 19.5 (67.1) | 16.6 (61.9) | 9.2 (48.6) | −0.1 (31.8) | −12.5 (9.5) | −22.1 (−7.8) | −0.9 (30.4) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −30.4 (−22.7) | −25.9 (−14.6) | −16.0 (3.2) | −5.0 (23.0) | 2.2 (36.0) | 9.2 (48.6) | 12.7 (54.9) | 10.4 (50.7) | 2.7 (36.9) | −6.0 (21.2) | −18.0 (−0.4) | −27.4 (−17.3) | −7.6 (18.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −49.6 (−57.3) | −48.0 (−54.4) | −45.3 (−49.5) | −29.6 (−21.3) | −13.3 (8.1) | −5.4 (22.3) | 0.1 (32.2) | −9.2 (15.4) | −10.8 (12.6) | −33.1 (−27.6) | −41.1 (−42.0) | −47.8 (−54.0) | −49.6 (−57.3) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 3 (0.1) | 2 (0.1) | 4 (0.2) | 12 (0.5) | 27 (1.1) | 59 (2.3) | 88 (3.5) | 85 (3.3) | 41 (1.6) | 10 (0.4) | 5 (0.2) | 5 (0.2) | 341 (13.4) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 7 (2.8) | 7 (2.8) | 2 (0.8) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (1.2) | 6 (2.4) | 7 (2.8) |
| Average rainy days | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5 | 11 | 16 | 18 | 17 | 13 | 5 | 0.2 | 0 | 86 |
| Average snowy days | 15 | 9 | 8 | 7 | 3 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 11 | 15 | 76 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 76 | 72 | 59 | 47 | 46 | 58 | 68 | 73 | 66 | 61 | 70 | 77 | 64 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 139 | 179 | 239 | 242 | 277 | 279 | 247 | 226 | 212 | 190 | 134 | 108 | 2,472 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net [8] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990) [9] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Irkutsk (1991–2020, extremes 1820–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 2.3 (36.1) | 10.2 (50.4) | 20.0 (68.0) | 29.2 (84.6) | 34.5 (94.1) | 35.6 (96.1) | 37.2 (99.0) | 34.7 (94.5) | 29.7 (85.5) | 25.6 (78.1) | 14.4 (57.9) | 5.3 (41.5) | 37.2 (99.0) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −12.7 (9.1) | −7.5 (18.5) | 1.2 (34.2) | 10.5 (50.9) | 18.1 (64.6) | 23.8 (74.8) | 25.7 (78.3) | 22.9 (73.2) | 16.1 (61.0) | 7.9 (46.2) | −2.7 (27.1) | −10.8 (12.6) | 7.7 (45.9) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −17.6 (0.3) | −14.1 (6.6) | −5.5 (22.1) | 3.6 (38.5) | 10.4 (50.7) | 16.4 (61.5) | 19.0 (66.2) | 16.4 (61.5) | 9.5 (49.1) | 2.0 (35.6) | −7.6 (18.3) | −15.4 (4.3) | 1.4 (34.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −21.4 (−6.5) | −19.1 (−2.4) | −11.1 (12.0) | −1.9 (28.6) | 3.7 (38.7) | 10.1 (50.2) | 13.5 (56.3) | 11.4 (52.5) | 4.6 (40.3) | −2.4 (27.7) | −11.5 (11.3) | −19.1 (−2.4) | −3.6 (25.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −49.7 (−57.5) | −44.7 (−48.5) | −37.3 (−35.1) | −31.8 (−25.2) | −14.3 (6.3) | −6 (21) | 0.4 (32.7) | −2.7 (27.1) | −11.9 (10.6) | −30.5 (−22.9) | −40.4 (−40.7) | −46.3 (−51.3) | −49.7 (−57.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 14 (0.6) | 9 (0.4) | 12 (0.5) | 21 (0.8) | 36 (1.4) | 69 (2.7) | 107 (4.2) | 96 (3.8) | 53 (2.1) | 21 (0.8) | 20 (0.8) | 19 (0.7) | 477 (18.8) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 24 (9.4) | 28 (11) | 18 (7.1) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.4) | 8 (3.1) | 18 (7.1) | 28 (11) |
| Average rainy days | 0 | 0.04 | 1 | 9 | 15 | 18 | 18 | 17 | 16 | 9 | 2 | 0 | 105 |
| Average snowy days | 21 | 16 | 13 | 11 | 3 | 0.2 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 10 | 20 | 23 | 119 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 82 | 76 | 65 | 56 | 55 | 67 | 74 | 78 | 76 | 73 | 79 | 85 | 72 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 93 | 149 | 207 | 223 | 266 | 264 | 243 | 218 | 182 | 152 | 93 | 62 | 2,142 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net [10] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990) [11] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Kaliningrad (1991–2020, extremes 1848–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 12.7 (54.9) | 16.9 (62.4) | 23.0 (73.4) | 28.5 (83.3) | 30.6 (87.1) | 34.0 (93.2) | 36.3 (97.3) | 36.5 (97.7) | 33.8 (92.8) | 26.4 (79.5) | 19.4 (66.9) | 13.3 (55.9) | 36.5 (97.7) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 1.1 (34.0) | 2.1 (35.8) | 6.1 (43.0) | 13.1 (55.6) | 18.2 (64.8) | 21.3 (70.3) | 23.5 (74.3) | 23.3 (73.9) | 18.4 (65.1) | 12.2 (54.0) | 6.2 (43.2) | 2.6 (36.7) | 12.3 (54.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −1.2 (29.8) | −0.6 (30.9) | 2.4 (36.3) | 7.9 (46.2) | 12.7 (54.9) | 16.1 (61.0) | 18.5 (65.3) | 18.1 (64.6) | 13.5 (56.3) | 8.4 (47.1) | 3.9 (39.0) | 0.4 (32.7) | 8.3 (46.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −3.5 (25.7) | −3.0 (26.6) | −0.8 (30.6) | 3.4 (38.1) | 7.5 (45.5) | 11.3 (52.3) | 13.9 (57.0) | 13.3 (55.9) | 9.4 (48.9) | 5.2 (41.4) | 1.7 (35.1) | −1.8 (28.8) | 4.7 (40.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −32.5 (−26.5) | −33.3 (−27.9) | −21.7 (−7.1) | −5.8 (21.6) | −3.1 (26.4) | 0.7 (33.3) | 4.5 (40.1) | 1.6 (34.9) | −2.0 (28.4) | −11.2 (11.8) | −18.7 (−1.7) | −25.6 (−14.1) | −33.3 (−27.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 68 (2.7) | 54 (2.1) | 49 (1.9) | 38 (1.5) | 52 (2.0) | 69 (2.7) | 91 (3.6) | 91 (3.6) | 73 (2.9) | 86 (3.4) | 76 (3.0) | 69 (2.7) | 816 (32.1) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 7 (2.8) | 7 (2.8) | 3 (1.2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.8) | 5 (2.0) | 7 (2.8) |
| Average rainy days | 14 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 16 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 18 | 16 | 185 |
| Average snowy days | 15 | 15 | 10 | 3 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 13 | 64 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 85 | 83 | 78 | 72 | 71 | 74 | 75 | 77 | 81 | 83 | 86 | 87 | 79 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 35 | 61 | 120 | 171 | 253 | 264 | 257 | 228 | 158 | 96 | 38 | 26 | 1,707 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net [12] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun 1961–1990) [13] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Khabarovsk (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1953–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 0.6 (33.1) | 6.3 (43.3) | 17.0 (62.6) | 28.6 (83.5) | 31.5 (88.7) | 36.4 (97.5) | 35.7 (96.3) | 35.6 (96.1) | 29.8 (85.6) | 26.4 (79.5) | 15.5 (59.9) | 6.6 (43.9) | 36.4 (97.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −14.9 (5.2) | −9.9 (14.2) | −1.0 (30.2) | 10.5 (50.9) | 19.2 (66.6) | 23.8 (74.8) | 26.8 (80.2) | 24.9 (76.8) | 19.7 (67.5) | 10.6 (51.1) | −2.8 (27.0) | −13.6 (7.5) | 7.8 (46.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −19.2 (−2.6) | −14.9 (5.2) | −5.9 (21.4) | 4.8 (40.6) | 12.9 (55.2) | 18.0 (64.4) | 21.4 (70.5) | 19.9 (67.8) | 14.1 (57.4) | 5.4 (41.7) | −6.9 (19.6) | −17.4 (0.7) | 2.7 (36.9) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −23.1 (−9.6) | −19.6 (−3.3) | −10.7 (12.7) | −0.1 (31.8) | 7.3 (45.1) | 12.8 (55.0) | 16.8 (62.2) | 15.7 (60.3) | 9.4 (48.9) | 1.0 (33.8) | −10.4 (13.3) | −20.9 (−5.6) | −1.8 (28.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −40.0 (−40.0) | −35.1 (−31.2) | −28.9 (−20.0) | −15.1 (4.8) | −3.1 (26.4) | 2.2 (36.0) | 6.8 (44.2) | 4.9 (40.8) | −3.3 (26.1) | −15.6 (3.9) | −27.7 (−17.9) | −36.7 (−34.1) | −40.0 (−40.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 13 (0.5) | 12 (0.5) | 22 (0.9) | 37 (1.5) | 70 (2.8) | 84 (3.3) | 137 (5.4) | 143 (5.6) | 85 (3.3) | 48 (1.9) | 26 (1.0) | 19 (0.7) | 696 (27.4) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 14 (5.5) | 16 (6.3) | 12 (4.7) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.4) | 5 (2.0) | 10 (3.9) | 16 (6.3) |
| Average rainy days | 0 | 0 | 1 | 10 | 16 | 15 | 15 | 17 | 15 | 11 | 2 | 0 | 102 |
| Average snowy days | 14 | 11 | 11 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 4 | 12 | 14 | 73 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 75 | 72 | 68 | 63 | 65 | 74 | 79 | 83 | 78 | 67 | 69 | 73 | 72 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 147 | 181 | 231 | 213 | 242 | 262 | 248 | 217 | 212 | 189 | 159 | 145 | 2,446 |
| Source 1: Погода и Климат [14] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990) [15] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Krasnoyarsk (1991–2020, extremes 1891–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 6.0 (42.8) | 8.5 (47.3) | 18.5 (65.3) | 31.4 (88.5) | 34.0 (93.2) | 34.8 (94.6) | 36.4 (97.5) | 35.1 (95.2) | 31.3 (88.3) | 24.5 (76.1) | 13.6 (56.5) | 8.6 (47.5) | 36.4 (97.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −11.6 (11.1) | −7.5 (18.5) | 0.7 (33.3) | 9.3 (48.7) | 17.1 (62.8) | 23.5 (74.3) | 25.2 (77.4) | 22.2 (72.0) | 14.6 (58.3) | 6.7 (44.1) | −3.6 (25.5) | −9.3 (15.3) | 7.3 (45.1) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −15.6 (3.9) | −12.3 (9.9) | −4.9 (23.2) | 3.4 (38.1) | 10.4 (50.7) | 16.9 (62.4) | 19.1 (66.4) | 16.1 (61.0) | 9.1 (48.4) | 2.3 (36.1) | −7.3 (18.9) | −13.2 (8.2) | 2.0 (35.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −19.2 (−2.6) | −16.3 (2.7) | −9.4 (15.1) | −1.4 (29.5) | 4.7 (40.5) | 11.1 (52.0) | 13.7 (56.7) | 11.2 (52.2) | 5.0 (41.0) | −1.3 (29.7) | −10.7 (12.7) | −16.9 (1.6) | −2.5 (27.5) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −52.8 (−63.0) | −41.6 (−42.9) | −38.7 (−37.7) | −25.7 (−14.3) | −11.2 (11.8) | −3.6 (25.5) | 3.3 (37.9) | −1.0 (30.2) | −9.6 (14.7) | −25.1 (−13.2) | −42.3 (−44.1) | −47.0 (−52.6) | −52.8 (−63.0) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 17 (0.7) | 15 (0.6) | 19 (0.7) | 29 (1.1) | 48 (1.9) | 66 (2.6) | 70 (2.8) | 76 (3.0) | 55 (2.2) | 42 (1.7) | 39 (1.5) | 31 (1.2) | 507 (20.0) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 16 (6.3) | 16 (6.3) | 13 (5.1) | 3 (1.2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 2 (0.8) | 7 (2.8) | 14 (5.5) | 16 (6.3) |
| Average rainy days | 0.3 | 0.4 | 2 | 9 | 17 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 19 | 13 | 4 | 0.3 | 120 |
| Average snowy days | 24 | 21 | 17 | 14 | 4 | 0.1 | 0 | 0.03 | 2 | 14 | 23 | 25 | 144 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 73 | 70 | 64 | 58 | 54 | 64 | 72 | 76 | 75 | 71 | 74 | 73 | 69 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 63 | 100 | 171 | 216 | 251 | 280 | 281 | 237 | 160 | 111 | 58 | 41 | 1,969 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net [16] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun only 1961–1990) [17] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Moscow (VVC) normals 1991–2020, records 1879–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 8.6 (47.5) | 8.3 (46.9) | 19.7 (67.5) | 28.9 (84.0) | 33.2 (91.8) | 34.8 (94.6) | 38.2 (100.8) | 37.3 (99.1) | 32.3 (90.1) | 24.0 (75.2) | 16.2 (61.2) | 9.6 (49.3) | 38.2 (100.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −3.9 (25.0) | −3 (27) | 3.0 (37.4) | 11.7 (53.1) | 19.0 (66.2) | 22.4 (72.3) | 24.7 (76.5) | 22.7 (72.9) | 16.4 (61.5) | 8.9 (48.0) | 1.6 (34.9) | −2.3 (27.9) | 10.1 (50.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −6.2 (20.8) | −5.9 (21.4) | −0.7 (30.7) | 6.9 (44.4) | 13.6 (56.5) | 17.3 (63.1) | 19.7 (67.5) | 17.6 (63.7) | 11.9 (53.4) | 5.8 (42.4) | −0.5 (31.1) | −4.4 (24.1) | 6.3 (43.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −8.7 (16.3) | −8.8 (16.2) | −4.2 (24.4) | 2.3 (36.1) | 8.1 (46.6) | 12.2 (54.0) | 14.8 (58.6) | 13.0 (55.4) | 8.0 (46.4) | 3.0 (37.4) | −2.4 (27.7) | −6.5 (20.3) | 2.6 (36.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −42.1 (−43.8) | −38.2 (−36.8) | −32.4 (−26.3) | −21 (−6) | −7.5 (18.5) | −2.3 (27.9) | 1.3 (34.3) | −1.2 (29.8) | −8.5 (16.7) | −20.3 (−4.5) | −32.8 (−27.0) | −38.8 (−37.8) | −42.1 (−43.8) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 53 (2.1) | 44 (1.7) | 39 (1.5) | 37 (1.5) | 61 (2.4) | 78 (3.1) | 84 (3.3) | 78 (3.1) | 66 (2.6) | 70 (2.8) | 52 (2.0) | 51 (2.0) | 713 (28.1) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 24 (9.4) | 35 (14) | 29 (11) | 2 (0.8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (1.6) | 12 (4.7) | 35 (14) |
| Average rainy days | 8 | 6 | 9 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 15 | 16 | 16 | 17 | 13 | 8 | 155 |
| Average snowy days | 25 | 23 | 15 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 5 | 17 | 24 | 116 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 85 | 81 | 74 | 68 | 67 | 72 | 74 | 78 | 82 | 83 | 86 | 86 | 78 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 33 | 72 | 128 | 170 | 265 | 279 | 271 | 238 | 147 | 78 | 32 | 18 | 1,731 |
| Percent possible sunshine | 14 | 27 | 35 | 40 | 53 | 53 | 52 | 51 | 38 | 24 | 13 | 8 | 34 |
| Average ultraviolet index | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 3 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net, [18] [19] Thermograph.ru, [20] Meteoweb.ru (sunshine hours) [21] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV) [22] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Murmansk (1991–2020, extremes 1918–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 7.0 (44.6) | 6.6 (43.9) | 9.0 (48.2) | 17.6 (63.7) | 29.4 (84.9) | 30.8 (87.4) | 32.9 (91.2) | 30.2 (86.4) | 24.2 (75.6) | 15.0 (59.0) | 9.6 (49.3) | 7.2 (45.0) | 32.9 (91.2) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −6.5 (20.3) | −6.4 (20.5) | −1.9 (28.6) | 2.9 (37.2) | 8.4 (47.1) | 13.8 (56.8) | 17.7 (63.9) | 15.3 (59.5) | 10.7 (51.3) | 3.6 (38.5) | −1.8 (28.8) | −4.1 (24.6) | 4.3 (39.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −9.6 (14.7) | −9.3 (15.3) | −5.1 (22.8) | −0.3 (31.5) | 4.6 (40.3) | 9.4 (48.9) | 13.2 (55.8) | 11.5 (52.7) | 7.6 (45.7) | 1.6 (34.9) | −4.0 (24.8) | −6.8 (19.8) | 1.1 (34.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −12.7 (9.1) | −12.3 (9.9) | −8.2 (17.2) | −3.3 (26.1) | 1.5 (34.7) | 5.9 (42.6) | 9.6 (49.3) | 8.3 (46.9) | 5.1 (41.2) | −0.3 (31.5) | −6.2 (20.8) | −9.6 (14.7) | −1.8 (28.8) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −39.4 (−38.9) | −38.6 (−37.5) | −32.6 (−26.7) | −24.0 (−11.2) | −10.3 (13.5) | −2.8 (27.0) | 1.7 (35.1) | −2.0 (28.4) | −10.1 (13.8) | −21.2 (−6.2) | −32.2 (−26.0) | −34.9 (−30.8) | −39.4 (−38.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 34 (1.3) | 24 (0.9) | 29 (1.1) | 29 (1.1) | 37 (1.5) | 56 (2.2) | 66 (2.6) | 71 (2.8) | 54 (2.1) | 56 (2.2) | 36 (1.4) | 37 (1.5) | 529 (20.8) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 26 (10) | 28 (11) | 30 (12) | 19 (7.5) | 2 (0.8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (1.2) | 11 (4.3) | 19 (7.5) | 30 (12) |
| Average rainy days | 2 | 2 | 3 | 9 | 18 | 22 | 22 | 22 | 24 | 17 | 5 | 3 | 149 |
| Average snowy days | 27 | 26 | 24 | 19 | 14 | 4 | 0.03 | 0.1 | 2 | 16 | 24 | 27 | 183 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 84 | 83 | 79 | 73 | 72 | 70 | 75 | 79 | 80 | 83 | 86 | 85 | 79 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 3 | 33 | 122 | 182 | 192 | 228 | 236 | 154 | 89 | 47 | 7 | 0 | 1,293 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net [23] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990) [24] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Nizhny Novgorod (1991–2020, extremes 1835–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 5.7 (42.3) | 7.2 (45.0) | 17.3 (63.1) | 26.3 (79.3) | 32.5 (90.5) | 36.3 (97.3) | 38.2 (100.8) | 38.0 (100.4) | 31.0 (87.8) | 24.2 (75.6) | 13.8 (56.8) | 8.5 (47.3) | 38.2 (100.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −5.9 (21.4) | −4.8 (23.4) | 1.5 (34.7) | 11.0 (51.8) | 19.3 (66.7) | 22.7 (72.9) | 24.9 (76.8) | 22.6 (72.7) | 16.2 (61.2) | 8.3 (46.9) | 0.1 (32.2) | −4.3 (24.3) | 9.3 (48.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −8.6 (16.5) | −8.0 (17.6) | −2.2 (28.0) | 6.1 (43.0) | 13.5 (56.3) | 17.3 (63.1) | 19.7 (67.5) | 17.4 (63.3) | 11.7 (53.1) | 5.0 (41.0) | −2.1 (28.2) | −6.7 (19.9) | 5.3 (41.5) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −11.1 (12.0) | −10.7 (12.7) | −5.2 (22.6) | 2.2 (36.0) | 8.6 (47.5) | 12.6 (54.7) | 15.1 (59.2) | 13.2 (55.8) | 8.3 (46.9) | 2.5 (36.5) | −4.0 (24.8) | −8.9 (16.0) | 1.9 (35.4) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −41.2 (−42.2) | −37.2 (−35.0) | −28.3 (−18.9) | −19.7 (−3.5) | −6.9 (19.6) | −1.8 (28.8) | 5.1 (41.2) | 0.9 (33.6) | −5.5 (22.1) | −16.0 (3.2) | −30.9 (−23.6) | −41.4 (−42.5) | −41.4 (−42.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 50 (2.0) | 40 (1.6) | 40 (1.6) | 40 (1.6) | 42 (1.7) | 73 (2.9) | 75 (3.0) | 68 (2.7) | 59 (2.3) | 67 (2.6) | 52 (2.0) | 59 (2.3) | 665 (26.2) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 31 (12) | 43 (17) | 40 (16) | 5 (2.0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.4) | 6 (2.4) | 16 (6.3) | 43 (17) |
| Average rainy days | 5 | 4 | 5 | 13 | 17 | 19 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 10 | 6 | 151 |
| Average snowy days | 28 | 24 | 18 | 7 | 1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 20 | 26 | 133 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 86 | 81 | 74 | 64 | 60 | 69 | 70 | 74 | 79 | 82 | 87 | 86 | 76 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 43 | 79 | 145 | 196 | 275 | 287 | 280 | 238 | 152 | 81 | 38 | 25 | 1,839 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net [25] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun 1961–1990) [26] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Saint Petersburg (1991–2020, extremes 1743–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 8.7 (47.7) | 10.2 (50.4) | 15.3 (59.5) | 25.3 (77.5) | 33.0 (91.4) | 35.9 (96.6) | 35.3 (95.5) | 37.1 (98.8) | 30.4 (86.7) | 21.0 (69.8) | 12.3 (54.1) | 10.9 (51.6) | 37.1 (98.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −2.5 (27.5) | −2.4 (27.7) | 2.3 (36.1) | 9.5 (49.1) | 16.3 (61.3) | 20.5 (68.9) | 23.3 (73.9) | 21.4 (70.5) | 15.9 (60.6) | 8.7 (47.7) | 2.8 (37.0) | −0.5 (31.1) | 9.6 (49.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −4.8 (23.4) | −5.0 (23.0) | −1.0 (30.2) | 5.2 (41.4) | 11.5 (52.7) | 16.1 (61.0) | 19.1 (66.4) | 17.4 (63.3) | 12.4 (54.3) | 6.2 (43.2) | 0.9 (33.6) | −2.5 (27.5) | 6.3 (43.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −7.2 (19.0) | −7.6 (18.3) | −4.0 (24.8) | 1.7 (35.1) | 7.2 (45.0) | 12.2 (54.0) | 15.3 (59.5) | 13.9 (57.0) | 9.4 (48.9) | 4.1 (39.4) | −0.9 (30.4) | −4.5 (23.9) | 3.3 (37.9) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −35.9 (−32.6) | −35.2 (−31.4) | −29.9 (−21.8) | −21.8 (−7.2) | −6.6 (20.1) | 0.1 (32.2) | 4.9 (40.8) | 1.3 (34.3) | −3.1 (26.4) | −12.9 (8.8) | −22.2 (−8.0) | −34.4 (−29.9) | −35.9 (−32.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 46 (1.8) | 36 (1.4) | 36 (1.4) | 37 (1.5) | 47 (1.9) | 69 (2.7) | 84 (3.3) | 87 (3.4) | 57 (2.2) | 64 (2.5) | 56 (2.2) | 51 (2.0) | 670 (26.4) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 15 (5.9) | 19 (7.5) | 14 (5.5) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (1.2) | 9 (3.5) | 19 (7.5) |
| Average rainy days | 9 | 7 | 10 | 13 | 16 | 18 | 17 | 17 | 20 | 20 | 16 | 10 | 173 |
| Average snowy days | 25 | 23 | 16 | 8 | 1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.1 | 5 | 16 | 23 | 117 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 86 | 84 | 79 | 69 | 65 | 69 | 71 | 76 | 80 | 83 | 86 | 87 | 78 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 18.9 | 45.5 | 120.5 | 177.9 | 255.6 | 254.3 | 267.7 | 228.1 | 134.8 | 61.8 | 23.0 | 8.1 | 1,596.2 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net [27] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA [28] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Samara (1991–2020, extremes 1852–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 5.2 (41.4) | 6.8 (44.2) | 16.7 (62.1) | 31.1 (88.0) | 35.9 (96.6) | 38.4 (101.1) | 39.4 (102.9) | 39.9 (103.8) | 34.0 (93.2) | 26.0 (78.8) | 14.7 (58.5) | 7.3 (45.1) | 39.9 (103.8) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −6.7 (19.9) | −5.8 (21.6) | 0.9 (33.6) | 12.4 (54.3) | 21.4 (70.5) | 25.3 (77.5) | 27.3 (81.1) | 25.5 (77.9) | 19.0 (66.2) | 10.3 (50.5) | 0.7 (33.3) | −5.2 (22.6) | 10.4 (50.7) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −9.6 (14.7) | −9.3 (15.3) | −2.9 (26.8) | 7.5 (45.5) | 15.6 (60.1) | 19.8 (67.6) | 21.9 (71.4) | 19.9 (67.8) | 13.8 (56.8) | 6.5 (43.7) | −1.7 (28.9) | −7.8 (18.0) | 6.1 (43.0) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −12.3 (9.9) | −12.5 (9.5) | −6.2 (20.8) | 3.2 (37.8) | 10.3 (50.5) | 14.7 (58.5) | 16.8 (62.2) | 15.0 (59.0) | 9.6 (49.3) | 3.5 (38.3) | −3.8 (25.2) | −10.2 (13.6) | 2.3 (36.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −44.0 (−47.2) | −36.9 (−34.4) | −36.1 (−33.0) | −20.9 (−5.6) | −4.9 (23.2) | −0.4 (31.3) | 6.0 (42.8) | 4.1 (39.4) | −3.4 (25.9) | −15.7 (3.7) | −28.1 (−18.6) | −41.3 (−42.3) | −44.0 (−47.2) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 56 (2.2) | 44 (1.7) | 42 (1.7) | 40 (1.6) | 38 (1.5) | 48 (1.9) | 47 (1.9) | 41 (1.6) | 46 (1.8) | 49 (1.9) | 46 (1.8) | 52 (2.0) | 549 (21.6) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 37 (15) | 54 (21) | 50 (20) | 7 (2.8) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 5 (2.0) | 19 (7.5) | 54 (21) |
| Average rainy days | 4 | 3 | 5 | 11 | 14 | 15 | 14 | 12 | 14 | 14 | 10 | 6 | 122 |
| Average snowy days | 24 | 20 | 14 | 4 | 1 | 0.1 | 0 | 0 | 0.3 | 4 | 15 | 22 | 104 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 83 | 80 | 79 | 67 | 58 | 64 | 67 | 69 | 73 | 76 | 83 | 83 | 74 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 64 | 102 | 149 | 214 | 305 | 303 | 310 | 275 | 190 | 108 | 47 | 46 | 2,113 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net [29] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990) [30] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Sochi (1991–2020, extremes 1870–present) | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 22.4 (72.3) | 23.5 (74.3) | 30.0 (86.0) | 33.7 (92.7) | 34.7 (94.5) | 35.2 (95.4) | 35.2 (95.4) | 38.5 (101.3) | 36.0 (96.8) | 32.1 (89.8) | 29.1 (84.4) | 23.5 (74.3) | 39.4 (102.9) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | 9.9 (49.8) | 10.4 (50.7) | 12.7 (54.9) | 17.0 (62.6) | 21.2 (70.2) | 25.4 (77.7) | 27.9 (82.2) | 28.6 (83.5) | 25.2 (77.4) | 20.7 (69.3) | 15.6 (60.1) | 12.0 (53.6) | 18.9 (66.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 6.3 (43.3) | 6.5 (43.7) | 8.6 (47.5) | 12.3 (54.1) | 16.6 (61.9) | 20.9 (69.6) | 23.7 (74.7) | 24.3 (75.7) | 20.5 (68.9) | 16.2 (61.2) | 11.4 (52.5) | 8.3 (46.9) | 14.6 (58.3) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | 3.8 (38.8) | 3.7 (38.7) | 5.6 (42.1) | 9.0 (48.2) | 13.3 (55.9) | 17.4 (63.3) | 20.0 (68.0) | 20.7 (69.3) | 16.9 (62.4) | 13.1 (55.6) | 8.5 (47.3) | 5.7 (42.3) | 11.5 (52.7) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −13.4 (7.9) | −12.6 (9.3) | −7.0 (19.4) | −5.0 (23.0) | 3.0 (37.4) | 7.1 (44.8) | 12.6 (54.7) | 10.4 (50.7) | 2.7 (36.9) | −3.2 (26.2) | −5.4 (22.3) | −8.3 (17.1) | −13.4 (7.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 177 (7.0) | 134 (5.3) | 133 (5.2) | 109 (4.3) | 107 (4.2) | 95 (3.7) | 120 (4.7) | 106 (4.2) | 140 (5.5) | 177 (7.0) | 175 (6.9) | 178 (7.0) | 1,651 (65.0) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 1 (0.4) | 1 (0.4) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.4) |
| Average rainy days | 19 | 18 | 18 | 18 | 16 | 14 | 11 | 10 | 13 | 15 | 17 | 20 | 189 |
| Average snowy days | 6 | 6 | 3 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 4 | 20 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 73 | 72 | 72 | 75 | 79 | 79 | 79 | 78 | 76 | 76 | 74 | 72 | 75 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 96 | 105 | 145 | 161 | 221 | 258 | 279 | 281 | 226 | 195 | 121 | 86 | 2,174 |
| Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net [31] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961–1990) [32] | |||||||||||||
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Record high °C (°F) | −0.4 (31.3) | 7.9 (46.2) | 19.8 (67.6) | 28.7 (83.7) | 35.6 (96.1) | 40.0 (104.0) | 40.6 (105.1) | 39.7 (103.5) | 32.2 (90.0) | 24.7 (76.5) | 11.3 (52.3) | 5.2 (41.4) | 40.6 (105.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −17.6 (0.3) | −10.6 (12.9) | 0.4 (32.7) | 10.7 (51.3) | 18.6 (65.5) | 25.5 (77.9) | 27.5 (81.5) | 24.2 (75.6) | 16.8 (62.2) | 6.9 (44.4) | −5.2 (22.6) | −14.8 (5.4) | 6.9 (44.4) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −22.8 (−9.0) | −17.5 (0.5) | −6.7 (19.9) | 3.4 (38.1) | 10.9 (51.6) | 17.9 (64.2) | 20.6 (69.1) | 17.7 (63.9) | 10.0 (50.0) | 0.8 (33.4) | −10.3 (13.5) | −19.4 (−2.9) | 0.4 (32.7) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −27.2 (−17.0) | −23.5 (−10.3) | −13.0 (8.6) | −3.0 (26.6) | 3.8 (38.8) | 11.1 (52.0) | 14.6 (58.3) | 12.3 (54.1) | 4.6 (40.3) | −4.0 (24.8) | −14.4 (6.1) | −23.2 (−9.8) | −5.2 (22.6) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −54.4 (−65.9) | −44.9 (−48.8) | −40.4 (−40.7) | −28.0 (−18.4) | −15.1 (4.8) | −3.9 (25.0) | 1.2 (34.2) | −4.0 (24.8) | −11.4 (11.5) | −27.9 (−18.2) | −38.0 (−36.4) | −48.8 (−55.8) | −54.4 (−65.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 5 (0.2) | 3 (0.1) | 3 (0.1) | 6 (0.2) | 18 (0.7) | 34 (1.3) | 64 (2.5) | 63 (2.5) | 27 (1.1) | 7 (0.3) | 9 (0.4) | 11 (0.4) | 250 (9.8) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 12 (4.7) | 12 (4.7) | 4 (1.6) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 3 (1.2) | 9 (3.5) | 12 (4.7) |
| Average rainy days | 0 | 0.04 | 1 | 6 | 10 | 14 | 16 | 15 | 13 | 7 | 1 | 0 | 83 |
| Average snowy days | 15 | 11 | 9 | 8 | 2 | 0.03 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 8 | 17 | 18 | 89 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 77 | 75 | 66 | 53 | 49 | 57 | 64 | 69 | 68 | 68 | 76 | 78 | 67 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 115 | 155 | 225 | 248 | 287 | 288 | 270 | 247 | 211 | 167 | 113 | 92 | 2,418 |
| Source 1: Погода и Климат [33] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA (sun, 1961-1990) [34] | |||||||||||||
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Record high °C (°F) | 5.0 (41.0) | 9.9 (49.8) | 19.4 (66.9) | 27.7 (81.9) | 29.5 (85.1) | 31.8 (89.2) | 33.6 (92.5) | 32.6 (90.7) | 30.0 (86.0) | 23.7 (74.7) | 17.5 (63.5) | 9.4 (48.9) | 33.6 (92.5) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −7.8 (18.0) | −3.8 (25.2) | 2.7 (36.9) | 10.1 (50.2) | 14.9 (58.8) | 17.9 (64.2) | 21.6 (70.9) | 23.3 (73.9) | 20.1 (68.2) | 13.2 (55.8) | 3.3 (37.9) | −5.4 (22.3) | 9.2 (48.6) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −11.9 (10.6) | −8.1 (17.4) | −1.5 (29.3) | 5.3 (41.5) | 10.0 (50.0) | 13.8 (56.8) | 18.1 (64.6) | 20.0 (68.0) | 16.3 (61.3) | 9.2 (48.6) | −0.7 (30.7) | −9.2 (15.4) | 5.1 (41.2) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −15.0 (5.0) | −11.3 (11.7) | −4.5 (23.9) | 2.1 (35.8) | 7.0 (44.6) | 11.3 (52.3) | 16.1 (61.0) | 17.9 (64.2) | 13.5 (56.3) | 6.2 (43.2) | −3.5 (25.7) | −12.0 (10.4) | 2.3 (36.1) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −31.4 (−24.5) | −28.9 (−20.0) | −21.3 (−6.3) | −7.8 (18.0) | −0.8 (30.6) | 3.7 (38.7) | 8.7 (47.7) | 10.1 (50.2) | 1.3 (34.3) | −9.7 (14.5) | −20.0 (−4.0) | −28.1 (−18.6) | −31.4 (−24.5) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 12 (0.5) | 16 (0.6) | 27 (1.1) | 43 (1.7) | 97 (3.8) | 105 (4.1) | 159 (6.3) | 176 (6.9) | 103 (4.1) | 67 (2.6) | 36 (1.4) | 19 (0.7) | 860 (33.9) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 5 (2.0) | 4 (1.6) | 3 (1.2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.4) | 3 (1.2) | 5 (2.0) |
| Average rainy days | 0.3 | 0.3 | 4 | 13 | 20 | 22 | 22 | 19 | 14 | 12 | 5 | 1 | 133 |
| Average snowy days | 7 | 8 | 11 | 4 | 0.3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 7 | 9 | 47 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 58 | 57 | 60 | 67 | 76 | 87 | 92 | 87 | 77 | 65 | 60 | 60 | 71 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 178.2 | 180.8 | 209.6 | 182.3 | 170.3 | 131.1 | 120.3 | 150.2 | 198.0 | 194.6 | 160.0 | 150.3 | 2,025.7 |
| Source 1: Погода и Климат [35] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA [36] | |||||||||||||
| Sea temperature data for Vladivostok | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average sea temperature °C (°F) | -1.2 (29.8) | -1.6 (29.1) | -0.9 (30.4) | 2.6 (36.7) | 8.8 (47.8) | 14.2 (57.6) | 19.4 (66.9) | 22.4 (72.3) | 19.4 (66.9) | 13.7 (56.7) | 6.2 (43.2) | 0.7 (33.3) | 8.64 (47.6) |
| Source: [37] | |||||||||||||
| Climate data for Yakutsk/Jakutsk weather station (WMO identifier: 24959), 98.3m amsl, 1991−2020, extremes 1829–present | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | −11.5 (11.3) | −2.2 (28.0) | 8.3 (46.9) | 21.1 (70.0) | 31.1 (88.0) | 35.4 (95.7) | 38.4 (101.1) | 35.4 (95.7) | 27.0 (80.6) | 18.6 (65.5) | 3.9 (39.0) | −3.9 (25.0) | 38.4 (101.1) |
| Mean daily maximum °C (°F) | −34.0 (−29.2) | −27.9 (−18.2) | −11.6 (11.1) | 2.6 (36.7) | 13.8 (56.8) | 23.1 (73.6) | 25.8 (78.4) | 21.8 (71.2) | 11.9 (53.4) | −3.0 (26.6) | −22.3 (−8.1) | −34.4 (−29.9) | −2.8 (27.0) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −36.9 (−34.4) | −32.9 (−27.2) | −19.1 (−2.4) | −3.7 (25.3) | 8.0 (46.4) | 17.0 (62.6) | 19.9 (67.8) | 15.6 (60.1) | 6.4 (43.5) | −6.9 (19.6) | −25.9 (−14.6) | −37.0 (−34.6) | −8.0 (17.6) |
| Mean daily minimum °C (°F) | −39.8 (−39.6) | −37.2 (−35.0) | −26.0 (−14.8) | −10.4 (13.3) | 1.5 (34.7) | 9.8 (49.6) | 13.1 (55.6) | 9.3 (48.7) | 1.3 (34.3) | −11.0 (12.2) | −29.6 (−21.3) | −39.5 (−39.1) | −13.2 (8.2) |
| Record low °C (°F) | −63.0 (−81.4) | −64.4 (−83.9) | −54.9 (−66.8) | −41.0 (−41.8) | −18.1 (−0.6) | −4.5 (23.9) | −1.5 (29.3) | −7.8 (18.0) | −14.2 (6.4) | −40.9 (−41.6) | −54.5 (−66.1) | −59.8 (−75.6) | −64.4 (−83.9) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 10 (0.4) | 9 (0.4) | 6 (0.2) | 8 (0.3) | 20 (0.8) | 30 (1.2) | 40 (1.6) | 37 (1.5) | 30 (1.2) | 19 (0.7) | 17 (0.7) | 9 (0.4) | 235 (9.3) |
| Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) | 27 (11) | 31 (12) | 33 (13) | 21 (8.3) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 4 (1.6) | 15 (5.9) | 22 (8.7) | 33 (13) |
| Average rainy days | 0 | 0 | 0.2 | 3 | 13 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 14 | 3 | 0.1 | 0 | 75 |
| Average snowy days | 26 | 24 | 16 | 9 | 3 | 0.2 | 0.03 | 0.1 | 3 | 24 | 27 | 25 | 157 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 76 | 76 | 70 | 59 | 53 | 56 | 62 | 68 | 71 | 78 | 78 | 75 | 69 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 20.7 | 102.6 | 252.8 | 296.8 | 288.2 | 334.8 | 334.0 | 262.9 | 170.1 | 96.3 | 66.9 | 11.5 | 2,251.1 |
| Source 1: Погода и Климат [38] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: NOAA [39] | |||||||||||||
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The climate of Romania is continental, transitioning into humid subtropical on the eastern coast, influenced by polar intrusions, and therefore characterized by harsh winters. The mountain ranges of the Carpathian arc have a cool mountain climate with high humidity throughout the year.
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