Haplogroup K2b1 (Y-DNA)

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Haplogroup K2b1
Possible time of origin30,000-40,000
Possible place of originSoutheast Asia; Oceania.
Ancestor K2b (P331)
Descendants S (K2b1a) and M (K2b1b)
Defining mutationsP397, P399 [1] [2]

Haplogroup K2b1, known sometimes as haplogroup MS, is a human Y-DNA haplogroup, defined by SNPs P397 and P399. It has a complex, diverse and not-yet fully understood internal structure; its downstream descendants include the major haplogroups Haplogroup M (P256) and Haplogroup S (M230). [3] [2]

Contents

It is not clear at present whether the basal paragroup K2b1* is carried by any living males. Individuals carrying subclades of K2b1 are found primarily among Papuan peoples, Micronesian peoples, indigenous Australians, and Polynesians.

Structure

K2b1 is a direct descendant of K2b – known previously as Haplogroup MPS.

Its only primary branches are the major haplogroups S (B254), also known as K2b1a (and previously known as Haplogroup S1 or K2b1a4) and M (P256), also known as K2b1b (previously K2b1d).

Distribution

K2b1 is strongly associated with the indigenous peoples of Melanesia (especially the island of New Guinea) and Micronesia, and to a lesser extent Polynesia, where it is generally found only among 5–10% of males. It is found in 83% of males in Papua New Guinea.

Studies of indigenous Australian Y-DNA published in 2014 and 2015, suggest that, before contact with Europeans, about 29% of Australian Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander males belonged to downstream subclades of K2b1. That is, up to 27% indigenous Australian males carry haplogroup S1a1a1 (S-P308; previously known as K2b1a1 or K-P308), [4] and one study found that approximately 2.0% – i.e. 0.9% (11 individuals) of the sample in a study in which 45% of the total was deemed to be non-indigenous – belonged to haplogroup M1 (M-M4; also known as M-M186 and known previously as haplogroup K2b1d1). All of these males carrying M1 were Torres Strait Islanders. [5] (The other Y-DNA haplogroups found were: basal K2* [K-M526], C1b2b [M347; previously Haplogroup C4], and basal C* [M130].)

PopulationK2b1 (including Haplogroups M & S) as a % [6]
Papua New Guinea82.76%
New Zealand0%
Fiji60.75%
Solomon Islands30%
French Polynesia08.00%
Vanuatu 18.5%
Guam33.3% (small sample size)
Samoa08.04%
Kiribati0% (small sample size)
Tonga23% M haplogroup in one study and 26% s haplogroup in a separate study and told in that study to be up to 43% haplogroup m and haplogroup s thereMicronesia FDR66.67%
Marshall Islands63.64%
Palau61.5% small sample size
Cook Islands03.9%
Wallis and Futuna26%
Tuvalu36%
Nauru28.6% (small sample size)
Niue0% (small sample size)
Tokelau50% (small sample size)
Hawaii20% (small sample size from FTDNA)
Aboriginal Australians20% (657 samples; 56% assumed to be non-indigenous) [5]
Timor6%
Aeta0%Chinese0%
Filipinos0%
Malaysia02.40% ( small sample size )
Flores 0% ( Samples includes diverse ethnicities )
Sulawesi11.3% ( Samples includes diverse ethnicities )
Eastern Indonesia (Wallacea)25.9% ( Samples includes diverse ethnicities )
Java0%
Bali0.9%
Sumatra0%
Borneo (Indonesia)05.80% ( samples includes diverse ethnic minorities )
West Papua52.6%
Papua Province 82.6%
Sumba 25.2%
Chuukkese people (Micronesia)76.5%
Pohnpeian people (Micronesia)70% (small sample size)

Related Research Articles

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup C-M130</span> Human Y chromosome DNA grouping found primarily in Asia

Haplogroup C is a major Y-chromosome haplogroup, defined by UEPs M130/RPS4Y711, P184, P255, and P260, which are all SNP mutations. It is one of two primary branches of Haplogroup CF alongside Haplogroup F. Haplogroup C is found in ancient populations on every continent except Africa and is the predominant Y-DNA haplogroup among males belonging to many peoples indigenous to East Asia, Central Asia, Siberia, North America and Australia as well as a some populations in Europe, the Levant, and later Japan.

Haplogroup E-V38, also known as E1b1a-V38, is a major human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. E-V38 is primarily distributed in Africa. E-V38 has two basal branches, E-M329 and E-M2. E-M329 is a subclade mostly found in East Africa. E-M2 is the predominant subclade in West Africa, Central Africa, Southern Africa, and the region of African Great Lakes; it also occurs at moderate frequencies in North Africa, West Asia, and Southern Europe.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup F-M89</span> Human Y chromosome DNA grouping indicating common ancestry

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup M-P256</span> Human Y chromosome DNA grouping common in New Guinea

Haplogroup M, also known as M-P256 and Haplogroup K2b1b is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. M-P256 is a descendant haplogroup of Haplogroup K2b1, and is believed to have first appeared between 32,000 and 47,000 years ago.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup</span> Human DNA groupings

In human genetics, a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup is a haplogroup defined by mutations in the non-recombining portions of DNA from the male-specific Y chromosome. Many people within a haplogroup share similar numbers of short tandem repeats (STRs) and types of mutations called single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs).

Haplogroup R, or R-M207, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is both numerous and widespread amongst modern populations.

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<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup CT</span> Human Y chromosome DNA grouping indicating common ancestry

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Haplogroup K2, also known as K-M526 and formerly known as K(xLT) and MNOPS, is a human Y-DNA haplogroup.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup S-M230</span> Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup

Haplogroup S-M230, also known as S1a1b, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. It is by far the most numerically significant subclade of Haplogroup S1a.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup R1b</span> Type of paternal lineage

Haplogroup R1b (R-M343), previously known as Hg1 and Eu18, is a human Y-chromosome haplogroup.

In human population genetics, Y-Chromosome haplogroups define the major lineages of direct paternal (male) lines back to a shared common ancestor in Africa. Men in the same haplogroup share a set of differences, or markers, on their Y-Chromosome, which distinguish them from men in other haplogroups. These UEPs, or markers used to define haplogroups, are SNP mutations. Y-Chromosome Haplogroups all form "family trees" or "phylogenies", with both branches or sub-clades diverging from a common haplogroup ancestor, and also with all haplogroups themselves linked into one family tree which traces back ultimately to the most recent shared male line ancestor of all men alive today, called in popular science Y Chromosome Adam.

Listed here are notable ethnic groups and native populations from the Oceania and East Indonesia by human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups based on relevant studies.

Haplogroup K2b (P331), also known as MPS is a human y-chromosome haplogroup that is thought to be less than 3,000 years younger than K, and less than 10,000 years younger than F, meaning it probably is around 50,000 years old, according to the age estimates of Tatiana Karafet et al. 2014.

Haplogroup C1 also known as C-F3393, is a major Y-chromosome haplogroup. It is one of two primary branches of the broader Haplogroup C, the other being C2.

Haplogroup S1a is a human Y-DNA haplogroup, defined by SNPs Z41335, Z41336, Z41337, Z41338, Z41339, Z41340, and Z41341.

Haplogroup P1, also known as P-M45 and K2b2a, is a Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup in human genetics. Defined by the SNPs M45 and PF5962, P1 is a primary branch (subclade) of P.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haplogroup K2a (Y-DNA)</span>

Haplogroup K2a is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. K2a is a primary subclade of haplogroup K2 (M526), which in turn is a primary descendant of haplogroup K (M9). Its sole primary descendant is haplogroup K-M2313.

References

  1. ↑ "PhyloTree y - Minimal y tree".
  2. 1 2 Karafet TM, Mendez FL, Sudoyo H, Lansing JS, Hammer MF (June 2014). "Improved phylogenetic resolution and rapid diversification of Y-chromosome haplogroup K-M526 in Southeast Asia". Eur J Hum Genet. 23 (3): 369–373. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2014.106. PMC   4326703 . PMID   24896152.
  3. ↑ van Oven M, Van Geystelen A, Kayser M, Decorte R, Larmuseau MH (Feb 2014). "Seeing the wood for the trees: a minimal reference phylogeny for the human Y chromosome". Human Mutation. 35 (2): 187–191. doi:10.1002/humu.22468. PMID   24166809. S2CID   23291764.
  4. ↑ Karafet 2014
  5. 1 2 Nagle, N. et al., 2015, "Antiquity and diversity of aboriginal Australian Y-chromosomes", American Journal of Physical Anthropology (epub ahead of print version; abstract).
  6. ↑ (i. e. individuals indigenous to Oceania are assumed to be K2b1)
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