Human rights in Ivory Coast

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Ivory Coast is a sub-Saharan nation in West Africa. It is a representative presidential democracy where rights are protected in the constitution, international law, and common law. As a member of the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, it is a party to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights [1] and a signatory to major international human-rights agreements. In 2011, the Second Ivorian Civil War saw increases in violence and human-rights abuses. Although progress has been made towards reconciliation, the trial of former first lady Simone Gbagbo (who was acquitted in 2017) suggests that the root causes have not been addressed; no one has been convicted of crimes against humanity. According to a 2018 Human Rights Watch report, "Ongoing indiscipline by members of the security services and violent army mutinies demonstrated the precariousness of the country’s newfound stability." [2]

Contents

Sources of rights

Constitution

Human rights are protected in the 2016 Ivory Coast Constitution's Title 1: Rights, Freedoms and Duties. [3]

International human-rights laws

Ivory Coast accepted the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court in 2003, making the country liable for international human-rights crimes committed after 19 September 2002. [5] It signed and ratified the 2002 Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court on 15 February 2013. [6] Although Ivory Coast has signed some of the major human-rights conventions, it has not yet signed treaties concerning migrant-worker rights, apartheid and forced disappearance (leaving it unaccountable to the United Nations and other countries).

International human-rights treaties
TreatyOrganisationIntroducedSignedRatified
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women [7] United Nations 197919801995
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women [8] United Nations1999-2012
Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide [9] United Nations1948-1995
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination [10] United Nations1966-1973
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights [11] United Nations1966-1992
Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights [12] [lower-alpha 1] United Nations2008--
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights [13] United Nations1966-1992
Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights [14] United Nations1966-1997
International Convention on the Suppression and Punishment of the Crime of Apartheid [15] [lower-alpha 1] United Nations1973--
Convention on the non-applicability of statutory limitations to war crimes and crimes against humanity [16] [lower-alpha 1] United Nations1968--
Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment [17] United Nations1984-1995
Optional Protocol to the Convention against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment [18] [lower-alpha 1] United Nations2002--
International Convention against Apartheid in Sports [19] [lower-alpha 1] United Nations1985--
Convention on the Rights of the Child [20] United Nations198919901991
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict [21] United Nations2000-2012
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography [22] United Nations2000-2011
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on a communications procedure [23] [lower-alpha 1] United Nations2011--
Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, aiming at the abolition of the death penalty [24] [lower-alpha 1] United Nations1989--
International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families [25] [lower-alpha 1] United Nations1990--
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities [26] United Nations200620072014
Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities [27] [lower-alpha 1] United Nations20062007-
International Convention for the Protection of All Persons from Enforced Disappearance [28] [lower-alpha 1] United Nations2006--

Issues

2010–2011 crisis

After the 2010 election, the United Nations-backed Independent Electoral Commission announced that Alassane Ouattara was the president of Ivory Coast. [29] However, Laurent Gbagbo refused to accept the election results and appealed them to the Ivorian Constitutional Council. The council annulled the results; Gbagbo claimed the presidency, [29] triggering political instability and violence. [30] According to Guillaume Ngefa, deputy director of the human-rights division of the United Nations operation in Ivory Coast, at least 462 people died in the violence. [31] Nearly 700,000 Ivorians were displaced. [32]

Ouattara's forces arrested Gbagbo in 2011 and handed him over to the International Criminal Court to face four charges of crimes against humanity, including murder, rape, and persecution. [33] Although human-rights abuses were committed by both sides during the crisis, only Gbagbo's crimes have been investigated by the International Criminal Court. [34]

Human trafficking

Human trafficking in Ivory Coast is a long-standing problem. Although the country is used for domestic and international trafficking of children and adults, domestic trafficking of children is most prevalent. [35] The United States government has identified the main industries for which male and female children and adults are trafficked; [35] females are trafficked primarily for sexual exploitation and forced labour. Child labour in the cocoa industry is widespread, with children brought in from surrounding countries to work in poor conditions on the plantations. [36] The 2016 constitution established the government's strong stance on eliminating trafficking in the country, with more laws and punishment. [37] The government established a four-year plan to combat human trafficking, and made their first arrests under the new legislation in 2018.[ citation needed ]

UNICEF and with other organisations are working to help reduce and eliminate human trafficking from Ivory Coast. UNICEF workers are stationed at the country's border to intercept child traffickers. It and its partner organizations work with the government to help strengthen and enforce existing laws. [38]

Child labour in the cocoa industry

Ivory Coast, producing 41 percent of the world's cocoa, is the world's largest producer; [39] the industry supplies 60 percent of the country's export revenue. Cocoa production employs nearly seven million people nationwide. The International Labour Organisation estimated that Ivory Coast has 378,000 working children; at the time, the country had not signed the Minimum Age Convention. Dangerous child labour on cocoa plantations has been widely reported, and international human-rights institutions have called for better regulation of a problem affecting an estimated 15,000 child slaves on the plantations. [40] [41] [42] The governments of Ivory Coast and Ghana signed a bilateral cooperation agreement in 2016 to fight cross-border trafficking and forced child labour. [43]

International Criminal Court

Ivory Coast accepted the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in 2003, although it was not a signatory of the Rome Statute at the time; it ratified the statute in February 2013. [44] The ICC opened an investigation after the 2011 post-election crisis, guided by the ICC prosecutor, of all crimes alleged from 19 September 2002 to the present. The investigation was the first of its kind in which the nation had accepted the jurisdiction of the court but not yet signed the Rome Statute.

After motu proprio investigations opened by the ICC prosecutor, a warrant was issued in 2011 for Laurent Gbagbo's arrest. [45] Gbagbo and former youth minister Charles Blé Goudé are being investigated for crimes against humanity, including murder, rape, attempted murder, and persecution. [46] Although Gbagbo is in ICC custody, his detention has been reviewed in light of his possible release for the remainder of his trial. [47] Gbagbo is the first former head of state to be tried by the ICC. [47]

Ivorian Human Rights League

The Ivorian Human Rights League (Ligue Ivoirienne des Droits de l'Homme, LIDHO) is a politically- and religiously-independent body with a goal of ensuring a fair and lawful legal system. [48] Established on 21 March 1987, it relies on donations from partner organisations. [48] The league focuses on research and producing educational materials as a lobby for the rule of law, denouncing human-rights violations and providing strategies for overcoming them. [49] LIDHO works in a number of areas, including gender equality and peace. [49] The league was not recognised until 1990, after the oppressive rule of Félix Houphouët-Boigny ended with his death. [50] Since their recognition, LIDHO has worked with international institutions to investigate human-rights abuses in Ivory Coast and have united organisations from a variety of religious, social and political backgrounds in the Convention of Ivorian Civil Society to work together for peace. [49]

United Nations

In 2004, the United Nations Operation in Ivory Coast (ONUCI) was formed to promote peace and human rights. Formed as unrest between Ivorian political parties increased, it worked towards a peace agreement. The ONUCI also worked to legitimise elections and minimise violence by both parties. [51] During the 2011 political crisis, UN peacekeepers worked to ensure the safety and protection of civilians caught in war. [52] The ONUCI's mandate was extended several times to reflect the changing political situation in the country. UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon said in March 2013 that although the operation could reduce its military presence due to increased political stability, considerable peace-building and national dialogue was still needed. [53] The operation ended on 30 June 2017, but the United Nations and other supporting organisations continue to provide funding and aid to maintain peace and work with the government to ensure stability. [54]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ivory Coast</span> Country in West Africa

Ivory Coast, officially the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, also known as Côte d'Ivoire, is a country on the southern coast of West Africa. Its capital is Yamoussoukro, in the centre of the country, while its largest city and economic centre is the port city of Abidjan. It borders Guinea to the northwest, Liberia to the west, Mali to the northwest, Burkina Faso to the northeast, Ghana to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south. Its official language is French, and indigenous languages are also widely used, including Bété, Baoulé, Dioula, Dan, Anyin, and Cebaara Senufo. In total, there are around 78 different languages spoken in Ivory Coast. The country has a religiously diverse population, including numerous followers of Islam, Christianity, and traditional faiths like Animism.

The First Ivorian Civil War was a civil conflict in the Ivory Coast that began with a military rebellion on 19 September 2002 and ended with a peace agreement on 4 March 2007. The conflict pitted the government of Ivorian President Laurent Gbagbo against a domestic insurgency led by the New Forces of Ivory Coast. Following the war, a second civil war (2010–2011) would begin over the results of the 2010 Ivorian presidential election.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire</span> Peacekeeping mission

The United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI) was a UN-NATO peacekeeping mission in Ivory Coast whose objective was "to facilitate the implementation by the Ivorian parties of the peace agreement signed by them in January 2003". The two main Ivorian parties were the Ivorian Government forces who controlled the south of the country, and the New Forces, who controlled the north. The UNOCI mission aimed to control a "zone of confidence" across the centre of the country separating the two parties. The Head of Mission and Special Representative of the Secretary-General was Aïchatou Mindaoudou Souleymane from Niger. She succeeded Bert Koenders from the Netherlands in 2013, who himself succeeded Choi Young-jin from South Korea in 2011. The mission officially ended on 30 June 2017.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Opération Licorne</span> Military operation in Côte dIvoire

Opération Licorne was a French Armed Forces peacekeeping operation in support of the United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire. The French forces had been stationed in the country since shortly after the outbreak of the Ivorian Civil War. The troops' main mission was to support the United Nations peacekeeping mission and to ensure the security of French and foreign nationals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Simone Gbagbo</span> Ivorian politician

Simone Ehivet Gbagbo is an Ivorian politician. She is the President of the Parliamentary Group of the Ivorian Popular Front (FPI) and is a Vice-President of the FPI. As the wife of Laurent Gbagbo, the President of Côte d'Ivoire from 2000 to 2011, she was also First Lady of Ivory Coast prior to their arrest by pro-Ouattara forces.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1933</span> United Nations resolution adopted in 2010

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1933, adopted unanimously on June 30, 2010, after reaffirming resolutions 1893 (2009), 1911 (2010) and 1924 (2010) on the situation in Côte d'Ivoire and Resolution 1885 (2009) on the situation in Liberia, the Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI) and supporting French forces until December 31, 2010, and expanded UNOCI's mandate with provisions to strengthen its capacity to consolidate stability in the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1528</span> 2004 resolution on Côte dIvoire

United Nations Security Council resolution 1528, adopted unanimously on 27 February 2004, after recalling resolutions 1464 (2003), 1479 (2003), 1498 (2003), 1514 (2003) and 1527 (2004) on the situation in Côte d'Ivoire, the council established the United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI) for an initial period of twelve months.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2010–2011 Ivorian crisis</span>

The 2010–11 Ivorian crisis was a political crisis in Ivory Coast which began after Laurent Gbagbo, the President of Ivory Coast since 2000, was proclaimed the winner of the Ivorian election of 2010, the first election in the country in 10 years. The opposition candidate, Alassane Ouattara, and a number of countries, organisations and leaders worldwide claimed Ouattara had won the election. After months of attempted negotiation and sporadic violence, the crisis entered a decisive stage as Ouattara's forces began a military offensive in which they quickly gained control of most of the country and besieged key targets in Abidjan, the country's largest city. At the time, international organizations reported numerous human rights violations, and the UN undertook its own military action with the stated objective to protect itself and civilians.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1962</span> United Nations resolution adopted in 2010

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1962, adopted unanimously on December 20, 2010, after recalling previous resolutions on the situation in Côte d'Ivoire, including resolutions 1893 (2009), 1911 (2010), 1924 (2010), 1933 (2010), 1942 (2010), 1946 (2010) and 1951 (2010), the Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI) until June 30, 2011 and urged all Ivorian parties to respect the outcome of the presidential election and the recognition of Alassane Ouattara as President.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1967</span> United Nations resolution adopted in 2011

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1967, adopted unanimously on January 19, 2011, after recalling previous resolutions on the situation in Côte d'Ivoire, including resolutions 1933 (2010), 1942 (2010), 1946 (2010), 1951 (2010) and 1962 (2010), the Council increased the number of forces in the United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI) by 2,000. It was the first Security Council resolution adopted in 2011.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1968</span> United Nations resolution adopted in 2011

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1968, adopted unanimously on February 16, 2011, after recalling previous resolutions on the situation in Côte d'Ivoire, including resolutions 1933 (2010), 1942 (2010), 1946 (2010), 1951 (2010), 1962 (2010) and 1967 (2011), the Council extended the deployment of troops from the United Nations Mission in Liberia (UNMIL) to the United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI) for an additional three months.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Second Ivorian Civil War</span> Civil War in Ivory Coast from November 2010 to April 2011

The Second Ivorian Civil War broke out in March 2011 when the crisis in Ivory Coast escalated into full-scale military conflict between forces loyal to Laurent Gbagbo, the President of Ivory Coast since 2000, and supporters of the internationally recognised president-elect Alassane Ouattara. After months of unsuccessful negotiations and sporadic violence between supporters of the two sides, the crisis entered a critical stage as Ouattara's forces seized control of most of the country with the help of the UN, with Gbagbo entrenched in Abidjan, the country's largest city. International organizations have reported numerous instances of human rights violations by both sides, in particular in the city of Duékoué where Ouattara's forces killed hundreds of people. Overall casualties of the war are estimated around 3000. The UN and French forces took military action, with the stated objective to protect their forces and civilians. France's forces arrested Gbagbo at his residence on 11 April 2011.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1633</span> United Nations resolution adopted in 2005

United Nations Security Council resolution 1633, adopted unanimously on 21 October 2005, after recalling previous resolutions on the situation in Côte d'Ivoire, the Council demanded the implementation of the Linas-Marcoussis, Accra III and Pretoria peace agreements by the signatories to those accords, as well as all relevant Ivorian parties concerned.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1975</span> United Nations resolution adopted in 2011

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1975, adopted unanimously on March 30, 2011, after recalling previous resolutions on the situation in Côte d'Ivoire, including resolutions 1572 (2004), 1893 (2009), 1911 (2010), 1924 (2010), 1933 (2010), 1942 (2010), 1946 (2010), 1951 (2010), 1962 (2010), 1967 (2011) and 1968 (2011), the Council demanded that Laurent Gbagbo step down as President and imposed sanctions on him and his close associates.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1643</span> United Nations resolution adopted in 2005

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1643, adopted unanimously on 15 December 2005, after recalling previous resolutions on the situation in Côte d'Ivoire, the Council extended an arms embargo and travel and financial restrictions against the country until 15 December 2006, and included a ban on the trade of diamonds.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Nations Security Council Resolution 1721</span> United Nations resolution adopted in 2006

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1721, adopted unanimously on November 1, 2006, after recalling previous resolutions on the situation in Côte d'Ivoire, the Council extended the transitional mandates of President Laurent Gbagbo and Prime Minister Charles Konan Banny for no more than a year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">United Nations Security Council Resolution 2000</span> United Nations resolution adopted in 2011

United Nations Security Council Resolution 2000, adopted unanimously on July 27, 2011, after recalling previous resolutions on the situation in Côte d'Ivoire, including resolutions 1933 (2010), 1942 (2010), 1951 (2010), 1962 (2010), 1967 (2011), 1968 (2011), 1975 (2011), 1980 (2011), 1981 (2011) and 1992 (2011), and Resolution 1938 (2010) on the situation in Liberia, the Council extended the mandate of the United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI) until July 31, 2012.

The following lists events that happened during 2010 in Ivory Coast.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Crime in Ivory Coast</span> Overview of crimes in Cote dIvoire

Crime in Cote d'Ivoire is prevalent and versatile across the West African country. The most common forms of crime include child labour, arms trafficking, terrorism and human rights abuse. Other less common, but still evident types of crime include cannabis and synthetic drug trade, sex trafficking, fauna and flora crimes.

This period in the history of Ivory Coast was affected by the end of the 33-year reign of Félix Houphouët-Boigny in 1993, as well as demographic change which had seen the Muslim population rise from 6% in 1922 to 38.6% in 1998, including a majority in the north of the country.

References

  1. ↑ "African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights". African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  2. ↑ "Côte d'Ivoire Events of 2017". Human Rights Watch. Retrieved 28 January 2019.
  3. ↑ "Cote D'Ivoire Constitution". Constitute Project. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  4. ↑ "Cote D'Ivoire 2016". Constitute Project. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  5. ↑ "Situation in the Republic of Côte d'Ivoire". International Criminal Court. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
  6. ↑ "Situation in the Republic of the Côte d'Ivoire". International Criminal Court. Retrieved 4 September 2018.
  7. ↑ "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter 4, Article 8". United Nations Treaty Collection. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  8. ↑ "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter 4, Article 8b". United Nations Treaty Collection. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  9. ↑ "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter 4, Article 1". United Nations Treaty Collection. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  10. ↑ "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter 4, Article 2". United Nations Treaty Collection. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  11. ↑ "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter 4, Article 3". United Nations Treaty Collection. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  12. ↑ "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter 4, Article 3a". United Nations Treaty Collection. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  13. ↑ "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter 4, Article 4". United Nations Treaty Collection. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  14. ↑ "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter 4, Article 5". United Nations Treaty Collection. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  15. ↑ "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter 4, Article 7". United Nations Treaty Collection. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  16. ↑ "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter 4, Article 6". United Nations Treaty Collection. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  17. ↑ "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter 4, Article 9". United Nations Treaty Collection. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  18. ↑ "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter 4, Article 9b". United Nations Treaty Collection. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  19. ↑ "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter 4, Article 10". United Nations Treaty Collection. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  20. ↑ "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter 4, Article 11". United Nations Treaty Collection. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  21. ↑ "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter 4, Article 11b". United Nations Treaty Collection. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  22. ↑ "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter 4, Article 11c". United Nations Treaty Collection. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  23. ↑ "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter 4, Article 11d". United Nations Treaty Collection. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  24. ↑ "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter 4, Article 12". United Nations Treaty Collection. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  25. ↑ "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter 4, Article 13". United Nations Treaty Collection. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  26. ↑ "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter 4, Article 15". United Nations Treaty Collection. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  27. ↑ "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter 4, Article 15a". United Nations Treaty Collection. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  28. ↑ "United Nations Treaty Collection: Chapter 4, Article 16". United Nations Treaty Collection. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  29. 1 2 "Cote d'Ivoire's Post-Election Crisis" (PDF). Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  30. ↑ Walt, Vivienne (21 December 2010). "Ivory Coast: Trying to Break a Bloody Cycle". Time. ISSN   0040-781X . Retrieved 2 October 2018.
  31. ↑ Touré, H. 2011, Summary of UNOCI Weekly Press Conference, United Nations Operation in Cote d'Ivoire.
  32. ↑ Nebehay, Stephany. "Nearly one million Ivorians uprooted by conflict: UNHCR". AF. Archived from the original on 27 April 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
  33. ↑ "Timeline: Ivory Coast". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
  34. ↑ ""They Killed Them Like It Was Nothing" | The Need for Justice for Côte d'Ivoire's Post-Election Crimes". Human Rights Watch. 5 October 2011. Retrieved 2 October 2018.
  35. 1 2 "Cote d'Ivoire". U.S. Department of State. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  36. ↑ "Human Trafficking & Modern-day Slavery in Cote D'Ivoire (Ivory Coast)". gvnet.com. Retrieved 26 January 2021.
  37. ↑ "Cote d'Ivoire". U.S. Department of State. Archived from the original on 3 July 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  38. ↑ "Child trafficking in Côte d'Ivoire: Efforts under way to reverse a tragic trend". UNICEF. Archived from the original on 6 March 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  39. ↑ "Challenges of the Cocoa Industry in Cote D'Ivoire". Child Labour Monitoring System.
  40. ↑ Lamb, Christina (21 April 2001). "The child slaves of the Ivory Coast - bought and sold for as little as £40". Daily Telegraph. ISSN   0307-1235 . Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  41. ↑ "Inside Big Chocolate's Child Labor Problem". Fortune. Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  42. ↑ Hawksley, Humphrey (10 November 2011). "Calls to end child labour on West Africa's cocoa farms". BBC News. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  43. ↑ "GHANA AND COTE D' IVOIRE SIGN AGREEMENT TO FIGHT CHILD TRAFFICKING - Government of Ghana". www.ghana.gov.gh. Archived from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  44. ↑ "Situation in Côte d'Ivoire". International Criminal Court. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  45. ↑ Tawa, Netton Prince with Engelsdorfer, Alexandra. 2017. ‘Acceptance of the International Criminal Court in Côte d’Ivoire: Between the Hope for Justice and the Concern of ‘Victor’s Justice.’ In After Nuremberg. Exploring Multiple Dimensions of the Acceptance of International Criminal Justice, edited by Susanne Buckley-Zistel, Friederike Mieth and Marjana Papa. Nuremberg: International Nuremberg Principles Academy.
  46. ↑ "Laurent Gbagbo and Charles Blé Goudé". Coalition for the International Criminal Court. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  47. 1 2 "ICC judges ordered to review Laurent Gbagbo's detention". Al Jazeera. 20 July 2018. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  48. 1 2 "Ligue Ivoirienne des Droits de l'Homme". World Coalition Against the Death Penalty. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  49. 1 2 3 "Ligue Ivoirienne des Droits de l'Homme". Peace Insight. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  50. ↑ C., Saha, Santosh (1999). Dictionary of human rights advocacy organizations in Africa. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. ISBN   9780313371295. OCLC   506229161.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  51. ↑ "The Election Context". United Nations Operation in Cote d'Ivoire (in French). 1 October 2010. Retrieved 18 October 2018.
  52. ↑ "United Nations Operation in Côte d'Ivoire (UNOCI)" (PDF).
  53. ↑ "UNOCI Background". United Nations Operation in Cote D'Ivoire.
  54. ↑ "The Final Closure of the UNOCI". United Nations Operation in Cote D'Ivoire. 26 June 2017.
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