Hutuknga (alternative spellings: Hotuuknga or Hutuukuga) was a large Tongva village located in the foothills along the present channel of the Santa Ana River in what is now Yorba Linda, California. [1] [2] [3] People from the village were recorded in mission records as Jutucabit. [4] Hutuknga was part of a series of villages along the Santa Ana River, which included Lupukngna, Genga, Pajbenga, and Totpavit. [5] [6] The Turnball Canyon area is sometimes falsely associated with Hutuknga. [7]
The village may have had a population of about 250 at the time of contact, and has been described as one of the largest Tongva villages. It was linked to the downstream village of Genga through marriage ties. [1] [8]
It is likely that villagers primarily subsisted on oak trees for acorns and seeds from various grasses and sage bushes. Rabbit and mule deer were likely consumed for meat. Like other surrounding villages, it likely had deep trade connections with coastal villages and those further inland. [1]
The Portolá expedition (1769-1770) may have come into contact with the village, in which a recount of the encounter recalled that residents brought gifts of food to the Spaniards. The chief then made a speech. Friar Juan Crespí noted "they are all very well-behaved tractable folk, who seem somewhat lean – though the men very strongly built – and food must be in short supply with them." [9]
People from the village were primarily baptized at Mission San Gabriel as part of a larger colonial project of Christian conversion of Indigenous peoples at Spanish missions in California. [10] One of the earliest converts at the mission was a boy from the village, who was converted in 1772. [11] 240 people from Hutuknga were baptized in at Mission San Gabriel from between 1773 and 1790. [8] It was recorded in San Gabriel mission records as a large village, along with Totabit, Pasinonga, and Wapijangna. [12]
Native American villages in Orange County, California:
Buena Park is a city in northern Orange County, California, United States. As of the 2020 census its population was 84,034. It is the location of several tourist attractions, including Knott's Berry Farm. It is about 12 miles (20 km) northwest of downtown Santa Ana, the county seat, and is within the Los Angeles metropolitan area.
Rancho Santa Margarita is a city in Orange County, California, United States. One of Orange County's youngest cities, Rancho Santa Margarita is a master-planned community. The population was 47,853 at the 2010 census, up from 47,214 at the 2000 census. Although it is named for Rancho Santa Margarita y Las Flores, which was in San Diego County, the city limits fall within the borders of Rancho Mission Viejo. At 20 characters long, it is the longest city name in California.
The Santa Ana River is the largest river entirely within Southern California in the United States. It rises in the San Bernardino Mountains and flows for most of its length through San Bernardino and Riverside counties, before cutting through the northern Santa Ana Mountains via Santa Ana Canyon and flowing southwest through urban Orange County to drain into the Pacific Ocean. The Santa Ana River is 96 miles (154 km) long, and its drainage basin is 2,650 square miles (6,900 km2) in size.
Trabuco Canyon is a small unincorporated community located in the foothills of the Santa Ana Mountains in eastern Orange County, California, and lies partly within the Cleveland National Forest.
Putuidem, alternative spelling Putiidhem or Putuidhem, was a large native village of the Acjachemen people, also known as Juaneño since their relocation to Mission San Juan Capistrano. Putuidem was a mother village, a community that spawned other villages of the tribe.
The Back Bay is the colloquial term for the inland delta in Newport Beach, California. It connects the Upper Newport Bay with the Newport Harbor. It is a nature reserve home to several species of birds with hiking and biking trails. The bay is recognized for protection by the California Bays and Estuaries Policy.
Olive is an unincorporated parcel of about 32.67 acres (132,200 m2) in the city of Orange, located along Lincoln Avenue, between Eisenhower Park and Orange Olive Road.
The San Joaquin Hills are a low mountain range of the Peninsular Ranges System, located in coastal Orange County, California.
Newport Bay, in Southern California, United States, is the lower bay formed along the coast below the Upper Newport Bay, after the end of the Pleistocene. It was formed by sand, brought by ocean currents from the Santa Ana River and other rivers to the north, which constructed an offshore beach, now called the Balboa Peninsula. The bay was named by the Spanish Bolsa de Gengar in the 18th century, to refer to the nearby Tongva and Acjachemen village of Genga. An estuary of the Santa Ana River in the late 19th century, it was dredged to form Newport Harbor, the harbor of Newport Beach.
Puhú was a major residential village in the Santa Ana Mountains shared by the Tongva, Acjachemen, Payómkawichum, and Serrano near Santiago Peak. The village resided approximately 600m above sea level in the upper areas of the Black Star Canyon. The village was at its height from the years 1220–1770. The village retained its multi-seasonal occupancy and economic and political systems up until its destruction and a communal massacre in 1832.
Genga, alternative spelling Gengaa and Kengaa, was a Tongva and Acjachemen village located on Newport Mesa overlooking the Santa Ana River in the Newport Beach and Costa Mesa, California area which included an open site now referred to as Banning Ranch. Archaeological evidence dates the village at over 9,000 years old. Villagers were recorded as Gebit in Spanish Mission records. The village may have been occupied as late as 1829 or 1830.
Pajbenga, alternative spelling Pagbigna and Pasbengna, was a Tongva village located at Santa Ana, California, near the El Refugio Adobe, which was the home of José Sepulveda. It was one of the main villages along the Santa Ana River, including Lupukngna, Genga, Totpavit, and Hutuknga. People from the village were recorded in mission records as Pajebet, Pajbet, Pajbebet, and Pajbepet.
Totpavit, alternative spellings Totabit and possibly Totavet, was a Tongva village located in what is now Olive, California. The village was located between the Santa Ana River and Santiago Creek. It was part of a series of villages along the Santa Ana River, including Genga, Pajbenga, and Hutuknga.
Ahunx ("elevated") was a village site significant to the Payómkawichum and Acjachemen located between the old town of El Toro and Tomato Springs.
Moyongna, alternatively spelled Moyonga, was a coastal Tongva village or landmark site located near the entrance of Newport Bay in Newport Beach, California near Corona del Mar. As a coastal village, the usage of te'aats was likely important to the village's people. Nearby coastal villages included Genga, located on Newport Mesa, and Lupukngna, located near the mouth of the Santa Ana River.
Alume was a large Acjachemen village located between Trabuco Creek and Tijeras Creek at Rancho Santa Margarita, California. The village was also recorded as Alaugna and as El Trabuco in San Juan Capistrano mission records, and is also referred to as Alauna, Aluna, and Alona.
Lupukngna was a coastal Tongva village that was at least 3,000 years old located on the bluffs along the Santa Ana River in Huntington Beach near the Newland House Museum. Other nearby coastal villages included Genga, located in West Newport Beach, and Moyongna, located down the coast near Corona del Mar. The village has also been referred to as Lukup and Lukupa. The village has been chronicled in the history of Costa Mesa, California.
Piwiva was a Acjachemen village located at the meeting place of the San Juan Creek and Cañada Gobernadora tributary in what is now Rancho Mission Viejo, California. The name for the village was closely related to the Payómkawichum word for wild tobacco piivat. It was located north of Mission San Juan Capistrano, downstream from the village of Huumai and upstream from the village of Sajavit. Alternative names for the village include Pii'iv, Pivits, and Peviva.
Acjacheme was an Acjachemen village that was closely situated to the mother village of Putuidem in what is now San Juan Capistrano, California. The Spanish missionaries constructed Mission San Juan Capistrano less than 60 yards from the village in 1776. Acjachemen is a pluralization of the word Acjacheme, and became the moniker for the people overall after the mission period.
Tovaangar refers to the Tongva world or homelands. It includes the greater area of the Los Angeles Basin, including the San Gabriel Valley, San Fernando Valley, northern Orange County, parts of San Bernardino County and Riverside County, and the southern Channel Islands, including San Nicholas, Santa Catalina, Santa Barbara, and San Clemente. The homelands of the Chumash are to the northwest, the Tataviam to the north, the Serrano and Cahuilla to the east, and the Acjachemen and Payómkawichum to the south.
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