John L. Comaroff (born 1 January 1945)[1] is Professor of African and African American Studies and of Anthropology, Oppenheimer Fellow in African Studies at Harvard University. He is recognised for his study of African and African-American society. Comaroff and his wife, anthropologist Jean Comaroff, have collaborated on publications examining post-colonialism and the Tswana people of South Africa. He has written several texts describing his research and has presented peer-reviewed anthropological theories of African cultures that have relevance to understanding global society.
Comaroff was placed on paid administrative leave from his position at Harvard in August 2020 following allegations of sexual harassment and later placed on unpaid leave in January 2022.[2] He has resumed teaching since September 2022.
Comaroff was born in Cape Town, South Africa, the only child of Jane Miller Comaroff and Louis (sometimes known as Lionel) Comaroff. His father's family was from Ukraine: his grandfather migrated in the early 1890s from Ukraine to England, and his father, Louis, was born in Rhodesia.[3] Comaroff's mother's family migrated to South Africa from Lithuania in the early 1900s.[3]
Comaroff was the first person in his family to attend University. He attended the University of Cape Town, where he developed his interest in anthropology. In his second year at the university, he met his classmate and future wife, Jean. They completed their bachelor's degrees and part of their Honors year at the University of Cape Town. The second part of their Honors year was completed at the London School of Economics.
Career
Comaroff has conducted most of his field research in South Africa. From 1969 to 1970 he spent 19 months studying society, culture, politics, and law among the Barolong boo Ratshidi, part of the Tswana chiefdoms along the South Africa-Botswana Borderland. From 1972 to 1973, he went back to the Mafeking District, of the Barolong boo Ratshidi, for supplementary research on society and culture for filming Heal the Whole Man, which looks at healing and other religious practices of the Barolong boo Ratshidi. He then focused his research on the social and cultural aspects of economic development of the Barolong in Botswana for 15 months in 1974 and 1975. From 1977 to 1978 for three months, he focused on this group again but looked at the rise of agrarian capitalism. During the summers of 1990–1998, Comaroff returned to South Africa to conduct research in various places such as Bophuthatswana, better known as the North West Province. From 1999 to 2001, he again studied in the North West Province, looking at occult-related violence. He researched this topic for 15 months. Then from 2002 to 2001, he studied crime and policing in this area. During 2005–2010 he researched the Tswana and San people and how ethnic identity and cultural property are becoming commoditised.
Since 2009, Comaroff has worked on the project Ethnicity Inc., follow-up research being conducted in connection with the Comaroffs' book Ethnicity Inc. The project focuses on why ethnic groups have become increasingly like corporations, why culture has become more like intellectual property, and what about the contemporary world has made it that way.[3]
The Comaroffs published a book, Theory from the South, based on research conducted in South Africa.
John and Jean Comaroff spent 34 years teaching at the University of Chicago. In 2012, he and Jean Comaroff took teaching positions at Harvard University.
Research interests
Witchcraft has been a topic of interest for the Comaroffs since 1969. The Comaroffs became particularly interested in this phenomenon after they returned to South Africa in the 1990s, shortly after apartheid had ended in South Africa.
Global capitalism also serves as a topic of interest for both Comaroffs. They published Ethnicity Inc. (2009), which focuses specifically on the topic of global capitalism. They have also expressed an interest in the concept of lawfare, specifically how the law has been used to inflict violence indirectly by using the law to benefit oneself at the expense of others. This concept is used in their book Law and Disorder in the Postcolony (2006) in an analytical sense.
In their book, Of Revelation and Revolution, the Comaroffs look closely at hegemony. Their definition states, "We take hegemony to refer to that order of signs and practices, relations and distinctions, images and epistemologies – drawn from a historically situated cultural field – that come to be taken for granted for as the natural and received shape of the world"(Comaroff, 1991).
Comaroff has also been a lecturer in social anthropology at the University of Wales (1971–1972), University College of Swansea (1971–1972), and the University of Manchester (1972–1978). He was also a visiting professor at the University of California Riverside (1981–1982), Duke University (1989), Tel Aviv University (2000), University of Basel (2005), and the University of Vienna (2007). Additionally, Comaroff was an Honorary Senior Fellow at the University of Manchester in the International Centre for Contemporary Cultural Research (1994–1995) and in the Department of Social Anthropology (1996–1998). In 1988 and 1995 he was an Associate Director of Studies in Paris. Furthermore, Comaroff was a visiting scholar at the Center for Modern Oriental Studies in Berlin (1998) and a visiting fellow at the Stellenbosch Institute for Advance Study in South Africa (2010 and 2011). Since 2004, John Comaroff has been an Honorary Professor at the University of Cape Town.[citation needed]
Sexual harassment allegations
A May 2020 investigation by The Harvard Crimson asserted that several students had raised concerns with the university's Title IX office, making allegations of "unwanted touching, verbal sexual harassment, and professional retaliation" against Comaroff.[4][5] The University declined to comment on the unproven accusations[4], but Comaroff was placed on "paid administrative leave" in August 2020 pending an investigation.
The investigation by Harvard’s Office of Dispute Resolution (ODR), which took fourteen months, concluded in January 2022. Based on its findings, Harvard placed Comaroff on one semester of unpaid leave.[6] The investigation did not substantiate the allegations of "unwanted sexual contact", or of “professional retaliation”, but found Comaroff responsible for an incident of "verbal sexual harassment".
Comaroff's lawyers denied the allegation that "he told the student she 'would be raped' when traveling.” They wrote in a statement to the Chronicle that he “did raise the risks of fieldwork” – in a specific African country, a warning also issued by the US State Department [7] and the Human Rights Campaign Foundation [8] – “but not out of prurient interest."[9] At least one LGBTQ+ organization had reported on the horrific violence against lesbians in Cameroon.[10] Comaroff’s legal team argued that this was a mere ethical warning that was misconstrued as sexual harassment.[9] In support of Comaroff, 38 Harvard scholars signed an open letter condemning the sanctions and review process. “How can advice intended to protect an advisee from sexual violence be itself construed as sexual harassment?” the letter said. “What rules of professional conduct are broken by informing students of the risks of gender-based violence in the multiple locations around the world that do not recognize the rights of women and LGBQTIA+ individuals in the same manner as in the United States?”.[9] 73 other Harvard faculty reacted to the letter with another open letter, criticizing their colleagues for defending Comaroff too quickly without knowing the details of the internal investigation.[11]
Comaroff’s lawyers emphasized that he was found solely responsible by the ODR for this one alleged verbal exchange, and not for any of the other allegations filed by the three other students.[9] In spite of this finding, The Harvard Crimson repeatedly stated or suggested that Comaroff had been accused of sexual misconduct by three students, [9][12][13] neither noting the narrow ODR finding, nor pointing out that two of those students had accused him only of professional retaliation, not harassment – for which, as noted, he had been found not responsible.
On February 8, 2022, the three students initiated a lawsuit against Harvard University, challenging the results of the Title IX/ODR investigation and claiming that Harvard had failed to respond to years of sexual harassment allegations against Comaroff.[14] They also claimed that Comaroff had "threatened retaliation against them",[15] for which, as Comaroff’s lawyers pointed out,[9] the ODR had not found evidence. The student who alleged verbal sexual harassment claimed that Comaroff had, with a "tone of enjoyment", described how she might be forced into "corrective rape",[14][16]an allegation that Comaroff had flatly denied and for which no evidence had been presented. The student in question alleged that this was only part of a broader pattern of physical sexual harassment, of which, she added Harvard's investigation failed to find sufficient evidence. [9]
In fact, Harvard, in its protracted process, found that there was no factual basis in support of her claim to this effect: Harvard’s Press Release at the time made this plain by stressing that Comaroff had been found responsible (only) for “verbal conduct that violated the FAS Sexual and Gender-Based Harassment Policy and the FAS Professional Conduct Policy”.[17] The same release also responded to the law suit, stating “Harvard University disputes the allegations of the lawsuit...which are in no way a fair or accurate representation of the thoughtful steps taken by the University in response to concerns that were brought forward, the thorough reviews conducted, and the results of those reviews.” [17] Subsequently, Harvard’s motions to dismiss the suit also offered a strong response to the accusations, contesting all of them in substantial detail. [18]
As the allegations made in the lawsuit were circulated in the media, 35 of the 38 Harvard scholars who had signed the original letter in support of Comaroff retracted their signatures, and released a statement to the effect that they "were lacking full information about the case" [9][19] – although no further information had been released or had emerged. The three who did not were all prominent professors at Harvard Law
School. Wrote one, “The initial open letter indicated deep concern, based on available information, about the university’s treatment of Professor Comaroff...No new information about which I am aware erases the [worries] that prompted me to sign the letter in the first place”.[19] Articles from both left and right media sources were heavily critical of Harvard’s actions against Comaroff [20][21] and of the retraction of the 35 signatures.[20] They were equally censorious of the mass media coverage of the case: “At every turn, coverage of the case has raced ahead of the facts, maligning a professor whom Harvard's own Title IX process cleared of sexual assault:’[21]
After Comaroff returned from administrative leave, on September 6, 2022, a handful of non-registered students entered his classroom to register their objection to his teaching before the first lecture of the semester was to begin.[22] Harvard chose not to prevent or sanction this disruption, although it violated Harvard’s rules.[23] Harvard Graduate Students Union then staged a protest first inside and then outside the building, criticizing Harvard's decision to not fire Comaroff.[22] They also circulated a petition demanding that Harvard be more transparent about how it conducted sexual harassment investigations and decided upon sanctions. Comaroff faced a similar class invasion of non-registered students protesting at his first class of January 2023.[17] Again, Harvard declined to comment on the invasion or to sanction a breach of its rules against protest inside classrooms.
Awards
Oppenheimer Research Scholar at Harvard University in Cambridge, MA.[16]
Bibliography
Comaroff, J. & Comaroff J. (1991). Of Revelation and Revolution Volume 1: Christianity, Colonialism, and Consciousness in South Africa. Illinois, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Comaroff, J., & Comaroff, J. (2006). Law and Disorder in the Postcolony. Illinois, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Comaroff, J., & Comaroff, J. (2009). Ethnicity Inc. Illinois, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Comaroff, J., & Comaroff, J. (2011). Theory from the South: Or, How Euro-America is Evolving Toward Africa. Colorado, Boulder: Paradigm.
Comaroff, John L., & Roberts, S. (1986). Rules and Processes: The Cultural Logic of Dispute in an African Context. Illinois, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Comaroff, J., Comaroff, J., & James, D. (2007). Picturing a Colonial Past: The African Photographs of Isaac Schapera. Illinois, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Notes
↑ Europa Publications, International Who's Who of Authors and Writers 2004 (Routledge, 2003: ISBN1-85743-179-0), p. 111.
↑ Cerwienski, Margaret; Kilburn, Lilia; Mandava, Amulya. "Case 1:22-cv-10202-JGD, Document 19 Filed 05/31/22, "DEFENDANT'S MOTION TO DISMISS COUNTS ONE THROUGH NINE OF PLAINTIFFS' COMPLAINT" and Document 54 Filed 07/19/22, "DEFENDANT'S MEMORANDUM OF LAW IN SUPPORT OF ITS MOTION TO DISMISS COUNTS ONE THROUGH NINE OF PLAINTIFFS' AMENDED COMPLAINT". Harvard University and the President and Fellows of Harvard College.
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