List of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points

Last updated

This is a list of Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points. Since 1977, Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (abbreviated GSSPs) are internationally agreed upon reference points on stratigraphic sections of rock which define the lower boundaries of stages on the geologic time scale. They are selected by the International Commission on Stratigraphy based on multiple factors, but their accessibility and the degree to which they are representative of the same boundary on sections worldwide are among the most important.

Contents

Since GSSPs require well-preserved sections of rock without interruptions in sedimentation, and since most are defined by different stages of animal life, defining them becomes progressively more difficult as one goes further back in time.

Organization of this list

This list is divided first into the geologic eras of the Phanerozoic (the Cenozoic, the Mesozoic, and the Paleozoic) and then into the geologic periods of each era. Each period is marked below the era bar on top of its subdivided epochs and stages. Each stage is assigned an age in mya, an acronym for million years ago, which is the age at which it began. Most of these ages are derived from astronomical cycles in sediments, magnetic data, biostratigraphic data, and radiometric dating methods. The GSSP assigned to each stage is that stage's lower boundary and oldest point.

Ages are given in "million year ago" (mya). They are obtained with different radiometric dating methods depending on the type of rock and its age. Ages that have a tilde (~) prefix are approximate ages for GSSPs that have not been defined or not been accurately dated.

The Status column has a "golden spike" for every GSSP which has been formally agreed by the ICS. Those without have only candidate sections which have not yet been formally ratified. The clock stands for times that are currently defined only by an age.

The "Defining markers" column lists the evidence in the rock used to define the boundary. (Ideally, these are applicable in rock sections worldwide.) Most of the boundaries rely on the fossil record (biologic), paleomagnetic data (magnetic), and/or climate data determined by carbon and oxygen isotopes.

List

Cenozoic

Quaternary

EpochStageAge (mya)StatusGSSP locationDefining markersGeographic CoordinatesReferences
Holocene
Meghalayan 0.0042
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Mawmluh Cave, Meghalaya, India 25°15′44″N91°42′54″E / 25.2622°N 91.7150°E / 25.2622; 91.7150 [1] [2]
Northgrippian 0.0082
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
NGRIP1 ice core,

Greenland

75°06′00″N42°19′12″W / 75.1000°N 42.3200°W / 75.1000; -42.3200 [1]
Greenlandian 0.0117
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
NGRIP2 ice core,

Greenland

75°06′00″N42°19′12″W / 75.1000°N 42.3200°W / 75.1000; -42.3200 [1] [3]
Pleistocene
Upper/Late 0.129-
  • Climatic: Marine Isotope Substage 5e
--
Chibanian 0.774
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Chiba, Japan 35°17′39″N140°08′47″E / 35.2943°N 140.1465°E / 35.2943; 140.1465 [4]
Calabrian 1.8
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Vrica Section,

Calabria, Italy

 39°02′19″N17°08′05″E / 39.0385°N 17.1348°E / 39.0385; 17.1348 [5]
Gelasian 2.58
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Monte San Nicola Section,

Gela, Sicily, Italy

 37°08′47″N14°12′16″E / 37.146468°N 14.204562°E / 37.146468; 14.204562 [6]

Neogene

EpochStageAge (mya)StatusGSSP locationDefining markersGeographic CoordinatesReferences
Pliocene
Piacenzian 3.6
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Punta Piccola Section,

Porto Empedocle, Sicily, Italy

 37°17′22″N13°29′29″E / 37.289386°N 13.491443°E / 37.289386; 13.491443 [7]
Zanclean 5.333
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Heraclea Minoa section

Heraclea Minoa, Cattolica Eraclea, Sicily, Italy

 37°23′33″N13°16′52″E / 37.392435°N 13.281052°E / 37.392435; 13.281052 [8]
Miocene
Messinian 7.246
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Oued Akrech section,

Rabat, Morocco

33°55′30″N6°48′33″W / 33.925050°N 6.809047°W / 33.925050; -6.809047 [9]
Tortonian 11.63
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Monte dei Corvi Beach section,

Ancona, Italy

 43°35′14″N13°33′58″E / 43.587242°N 13.566148°E / 43.587242; 13.566148 [10]
Serravallian 13.82
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Ras il Pellegrin section,

Fomm ir-Riħ Bay, Malta

35°54′50″N14°20′10″E / 35.9139°N 14.3361°E / 35.9139; 14.3361 [11]
Langhian 15.98
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
At 17.84 m in the 'Lower La Vedova Beach' section, Ancona, Italy 43°35′31″N13°33′44″E / 43.5919°N 13.5623°E / 43.5919; 13.5623 [4]
Burdigalian 20.44Candidate sections:
  • Astronomically tuned ODP core (e.g. Ceara Rise, Leg 154)
- [4]
Aquitanian 23.03
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Lemme-Carrosio Section,

Carrosio, Italy

 44°39′36″N8°50′21″E / 44.6601°N 8.83928°E / 44.6601; 8.83928 [12]

Paleogene

EpochStageAge (mya)StatusGSSP locationDefining markersGeographic CoordinatesReferences
Oligocene
Chattian 27.82
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Monte Cagnero, Central Apennines, ItalyBiological: last occurrence of the planktonic foraminifer Chiloguembelina (Base of Foram Zone P21b) 43°38′48″N12°28′04″E / 43.646748°N 12.467771°E / 43.646748; 12.467771 [13]
Rupelian 33.9
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Massignano quarry section,

Massignano, Ancona, Italy

 43°32′10″N13°35′33″E / 43.536038°N 13.592499°E / 43.536038; 13.592499 [14]
Eocene
Priabonian 37.71
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Alano section,

Piave river, Venetian Prealps, Belluno, Italy

 45°54′51″N11°55′05″E / 45.9141°N 11.9180°E / 45.9141; 11.9180 [15]
Bartonian 41.2Contessa highway section

Gubbio, Central Apennines, Italy

 43°22′47″N12°33′44″E / 43.37972°N 12.56219°E / 43.37972; 12.56219 -
Lutetian 47.8
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Gorrondatxe sea-cliff section,

Western Pyrenees, Basque Country, Spain

 43°22′47″N3°00′51″W / 43.3796°N 3.0143°W / 43.3796; -3.0143 [16]
Ypresian 56
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Dababiya section,

Luxor, Egypt

  • Climatic: Base of negative Carbon Isotope Excursion (CIE).
 25°30′00″N32°31′52″E / 25.5000°N 32.5311°E / 25.5000; 32.5311 [17] [18]
Paleocene
Thanetian 59.2
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Zumaia Section,

Basque Country, Spain

  • Magnetic: Base of magnetic polarity chronozone C26n.
 43°17′59″N2°15′39″W / 43.2996°N 2.2609°W / 43.2996; -2.2609 [19]
Selandian 61.6
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Zumaia Section,

Basque Country, Spain

  • Chemical: Onset of sea-level drop and carbon isotope shift.
  • Magnetic: 30 precession cycles after the top of magnetic polarity Chron 27n
 43°17′57″N2°15′40″W / 43.2992°N 2.2610°W / 43.2992; -2.2610 [19]
Danian 66
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
El Kef Section,

El Kef, Tunisia

36°09′13″N8°38′55″E / 36.1537°N 8.6486°E / 36.1537; 8.6486 [20]

Mesozoic

Cretaceous

EpochStageAge (mya)StatusGSSP locationDefining markersGeographic CoordinatesReferences
Upper
Maastrichtian 72.1
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Grande Carrière quarry,

Landes, France

 43°40′46″N1°06′48″W / 43.6795°N 1.1133°W / 43.6795; -1.1133 [21]
Campanian 83.6
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Bottaccione, Gubbio, Italy
  • Magnetic: Base of Chron C33r.
 43°21′46″N12°34′58″E / 43.3627°N 12.5828°E / 43.3627; 12.5828 [22] [23]
Santonian 86.3
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Olazagutia, Spain 42°52′00″N2°11′48″W / 42.8668°N 2.1968°W / 42.8668; -2.1968 [4]
Coniacian 89.8
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Salzgitter-Salder quarry, Germany 52°07′27″N10°19′46″E / 52.1243°N 10.3295°E / 52.1243; 10.3295 [4]
Turonian 93.9
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Rock Canyon,

Colorado, United States

 38°16′56″N104°43′39″W / 38.2822°N 104.7275°W / 38.2822; -104.7275 [24]
Cenomanian 100.5
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Mont Risoux,

Hautes-Alpes, France

 44°23′28″N5°30′39″E / 44.391120°N 5.510970°E / 44.391120; 5.510970 [25]
Lower
Albian 113
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Col de Pré-Guittard section, Arnayon, Drôme, France 44°30′28″N5°17′50″E / 44.507861°N 5.297250°E / 44.507861; 5.297250 [26]

[27]

Aptian 121.4Candidate section: --
Barremian 125.77
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Río Argos, Caravaca de la Cruz, Murcia Province, Spain
  • Biologic: First appearance of Ammonite Taveraidiscus hugii.
- [28]
Hauterivian 132.6
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
La Charce, Drôme, France 44°28′10″N5°26′37″E / 44.4694°N 5.4437°E / 44.4694; 5.4437 [29] [30]
Valanginian 139.8Candidates sections: --
Berriasian 145Candidate section:

Candidates:

Jurassic

EpochStageAge (mya)StatusGSSP locationDefining markersGeographic CoordinatesReferences
Upper
Tithonian 149.2Candidate sections: --
Kimmeridgian 154.8
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Flodigarry, Isle of Skye, Scotland, U.K. 57°39′40″N6°14′44″W / 57.6610°N 6.2455°W / 57.6610; -6.2455 [4]
Oxfordian 161.5Candidate sections: --
Middle
Callovian 165.3Candidate sections: --
Bathonian 168.2
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Ravin du Bès, Bas-Auran, Alpes de Haute, France 43°57′38″N6°18′55″E / 43.9606°N 6.3153°E / 43.9606; 6.3153 [32]
Bajocian 170.9
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Cabo Mondego, Portugal 40°11′57″N8°54′15″W / 40.1992°N 8.9042°W / 40.1992; -8.9042 [33]
Aalenian 174.7
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Fuentelsaz, Spain 41°4′44.9″N1°49′49.2″W / 41.079139°N 1.830333°W / 41.079139; -1.830333 [34]
Lower
Toarcian 184.2
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Peniche, Portugal 39°22′15″N9°23′07″W / 39.3708°N 9.3853°W / 39.3708; -9.3853 [35]
Pliensbachian 192.9
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Robin Hood's Bay, Yorkshire, England, U.K. 54°24′25″N0°29′51″W / 54.4069°N 0.4975°W / 54.4069; -0.4975 [36]
Sinemurian 199.5
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
East Quantoxhead, West Somerset, England, UK 51°11′27″N3°14′11″W / 51.1909°N 3.2364°W / 51.1909; -3.2364 [37]
Hettangian 201.4
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Kuhjoch section, Karwendel mountains, Northern Calcareous Alps, Austria 47°29′02″N11°31′50″E / 47.4839°N 11.5306°E / 47.4839; 11.5306

Triassic

EpochStageAge (mya)StatusGSSP locationDefining markersGeographic CoordinatesReferences
Upper
Rhaetian ~208.5Candidate sections: --
Norian ~227Candidate sections: --
Carnian ~237
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Prati di Stuores, Dolomites, Italy 46°31′37″N11°55′49″E / 46.5269°N 11.9303°E / 46.5269; 11.9303 [39]
Middle
Ladinian ~242
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Bagolino, Lombardian pre-Alps, Italy 45°49′06″N10°28′13″E / 45.818380°N 10.470270°E / 45.818380; 10.470270 [40]
Anisian 247.2Candidate sections: 45°04′27″N28°48′08″E / 45.0742°N 28.8022°E / 45.0742; 28.8022
Lower
Olenekian 251.2Candidate sections: 31°57′55″N78°01′29″E / 31.9654°N 78.0246°E / 31.9654; 78.0246
Induan 251.9
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Meishan, Zhejiang, China 31°04′47″N119°42′21″E / 31.0798°N 119.7058°E / 31.0798; 119.7058

Paleozoic

Permian

EpochStageAge (mya)StatusGSSP locationDefining markersGeographic CoordinatesReferences
Lopingian
Changhsingian 254.14
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Zhejiang, China 31°04′55″N119°42′23″E / 31.0819°N 119.7064°E / 31.0819; 119.7064 [41]
Wuchiapingian 259.51
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Penglaitan Section,

Laibin, Guangxi, China

 23°41′43″N109°19′16″E / 23.6953°N 109.3211°E / 23.6953; 109.3211 [42]
Guadalupian
Capitanian 264.28
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Nipple Hill, Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, U.S.A. 31°54′33″N104°47′21″W / 31.9091°N 104.7892°W / 31.9091; -104.7892 [4]
Wordian 266.9
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Guadalupe Pass, Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, U.S.A. 31°51′57″N104°49′58″W / 31.8658°N 104.8328°W / 31.8658; -104.8328 [4]
Roadian 273.01
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Stratotype Canyon, Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, U.S.A. 31°52′36″N104°52′36″W / 31.8767°N 104.8768°W / 31.8767; -104.8768 [4]
Cisuralian
Kungurian 283.5Candidate section: - [4]
Artinskian 290.1
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Dalny Tulkas section, Southern Ural Mountains, Russia 53°53′18″N56°30′58″E / 53.88847°N 56.51615°E / 53.88847; 56.51615 [4]
Sakmarian 293.52
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Usolka section, Southern Urals, Russia 53°55′29″N56°43′43″E / 53.9247°N 56.7287°E / 53.9247; 56.7287 [43] [44]
Asselian 298.9
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Aidaralash, Ural Mountains, Kazakhstan 50°14′45″N57°53′29″E / 50.2458°N 57.8914°E / 50.2458; 57.8914 [45]

Carboniferous

EpochStageAge (mya)StatusGSSP locationDefining markersGeographic CoordinatesReferences
Pennsylvanian
Gzhelian 303.7Candidate sections: - [4]
Kasimovian 307Candidate sections: - [4]
Moscovian 315.2Candidate sections: - [4]
Bashkirian 323.2
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Arrow Canyon, Nevada, United States 36°44′00″N114°46′40″W / 36.7333°N 114.7778°W / 36.7333; -114.7778 [46]
Mississippian
Serpukhovian 330.9Candidate sections: - [4]
Visean 346.7
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Pengchong Section,

Guangxi, China

 24°26′00″N109°27′00″E / 24.4333°N 109.4500°E / 24.4333; 109.4500 [4]
Tournaisian 358.9
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
La Serre, Montagne Noire, France 43°33′20″N3°21′31″E / 43.55554°N 3.35868°E / 43.55554; 3.35868 [47]

Devonian

EpochStageAge (mya)StatusGSSP locationDefining markersGeographic CoordinatesReferences
Upper
Famennian 372.2
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Coumiac quarry,Coumiac  [ fr ]

Montagne Noire, France

 43°28′14″N3°03′35″E / 43.4705°N 3.0597°E / 43.4705; 3.0597 [48]
Frasnian 382.7
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Col du Puech de la Suque, Montagne Noire, France 43°30′12″N3°05′12″E / 43.5032°N 3.0868°E / 43.5032; 3.0868 [49]
Middle
Givetian 387.7
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Jebel Mech Irdane, Tafilalt, Morocco 31°14′15″N4°21′15″W / 31.2374°N 4.3541°W / 31.2374; -4.3541 [50]
Eifelian 393.3
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Wetteldorf Richtschnitt section,

Wetteldorf, Eifel, Germany

 50°08′59″N6°28′18″E / 50.1496°N 6.4716°E / 50.1496; 6.4716 [51]
Lower
Emsian 407.6
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Zinzil'ban Gorge, Uzbekistan 39°12′00″N67°18′20″E / 39.2000°N 67.3056°E / 39.2000; 67.3056 [52]
Pragian 410.8
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Velká Chuchle quarry

Velká Chuchle, Prague, Czech Republic

50°00′53″N14°22′21″E / 50.0147°N 14.3726°E / 50.0147; 14.3726 [53]
Lochkovian 419.2
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Klonk, Prague, Czech Republic 49°54′03″N14°03′40″E / 49.90083°N 14.06111°E / 49.90083; 14.06111 [4]

Silurian

EpochStageAge (mya)StatusGSSP locationDefining markersGeographic CoordinatesReferences
Přídolí 423
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Požáry Section,

Řeporyje District, Prague, Czech Republic

50°01′40″N14°19′30″E / 50.0277°N 14.3249°E / 50.0277; 14.3249 [54]
Ludlow
Ludfordian 425.6
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Sunnyhill, Ludlow, Shropshire, England, U.K. 52°21′33″N2°46′38″W / 52.3592°N 2.7772°W / 52.3592; -2.7772 [55]
Gorstian 427.4
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Pitch Coppice, Ludlow, Shropshire, England, U.K. 52°21′33″N2°46′38″W / 52.3592°N 2.7772°W / 52.3592; -2.7772 [55]
Wenlock
Homerian 430.5
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Whitwell Coppice, Homer, England, U.K. 52°36′56″N2°33′53″W / 52.6156°N 2.5647°W / 52.6156; -2.5647 [55]
Sheinwoodian 433.4
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Hughley Brook, Apedale, England, U.K.
  • Imprecise GSSP. Will be reexamined.
  • Biologic: Currently between acritarch biozone 5 and last appearance of Pterospathodus amorphognathoides . Candidate boundaries are a conodont boundary (Ireviken datum 2) which is close to the murchisoni graptolite biozone.
 52°34′52″N2°38′20″W / 52.5811°N 2.6389°W / 52.5811; -2.6389 [4] [55]
Llandovery
Telychian 438.5
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
El Pintado section,

Province of Seville, Spain

  • Biologic: FAD of the graptolite Spirograptus guerichi
- [56] [57]
Aeronian 440.8
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Hlásná Třebaň section, Czech Republic
  • Biologic: First appearance of Demirastrites triangulatus (Graptolite).
- [57] [58]
Rhuddanian 443.8
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Dob's Linn, Moffat, Dumfries-shire, Scotland, U.K. 55°25′48″N3°16′19″W / 55.429889°N 3.272036°W / 55.429889; -3.272036 [54]

Ordovician

EpochStageAge (mya)StatusGSSP locationDefining markersGeographic CoordinatesReferences
Upper
Hirnantian 445.2
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Wangjiawan section

Wangjiawan, Yichang, China

  • Biologic: First appearance of Normalograptus extraordinarius (Graptolite).
  • Climatic: Base of major positive carbon isotope excursion.
  • Climatic: Beginning of sea-level fall associated with onset of a major glaciation.
 30°59′03″N111°25′11″E / 30.9841°N 111.4197°E / 30.9841; 111.4197 [59]
Katian 453
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Black Knob Ridge section,

Oklahoma, United States

 34°25′50″N96°04′29″W / 34.4305°N 96.0746°W / 34.4305; -96.0746 [60]
Sandbian 458.4
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Fågelsång section

Sularp Brook, Skåne, Sweden

 55°42′49″N13°19′32″E / 55.7137°N 13.3255°E / 55.7137; 13.3255 [61]
Middle
Darriwilian 467.3
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Huangnitang Section

Huangnitang Village, Changshan, Zhejiang, China

 28°51′14″N118°29′23″E / 28.8539°N 118.4897°E / 28.8539; 118.4897 [62]
Dapingian 470
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Huanghuachang section

Huanghuachang, Yichang, China

 30°51′38″N111°22′26″E / 30.8605°N 111.3740°E / 30.8605; 111.3740 [63] [64]
Lower
Floian 477.7
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Diabasbrottet quarry,

Västergötland, Sweden

 58°21′32″N12°30′09″E / 58.3589°N 12.5024°E / 58.3589; 12.5024 [65]
Tremadocian 485.4
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Greenpoint section

Green Point, Newfoundland, Canada

 49°40′58″N57°57′55″W / 49.6829°N 57.9653°W / 49.6829; -57.9653 [66]

Cambrian

EpochStageAge (mya)StatusGSSP locationDefining markersGeographic CoordinatesReferences
Furongian
Stage 10 489.5Candidate sections:

Candidates:

- [67]
Jiangshanian ~494
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Duibian B Section

Duibian, Zhejiang, China

 28°48′57″N118°36′54″E / 28.815967°N 118.614933°E / 28.815967; 118.614933 [68]
Paibian ~497
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Paibi section

Paibi, Hunan, China

 28°23′22″N109°31′33″E / 28.3895°N 109.5257°E / 28.3895; 109.5257 [69]
Miaolingian
Guzhangian ~500.5
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Luoyixi section

Luoyixi, Guzhang, Hunan, China

 28°43′12″N109°57′53″E / 28.7200°N 109.9647°E / 28.7200; 109.9647 [70]
Drumian ~504.5
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Drumian section

Wheeler Shale, Utah, U.S.A.

39°30′42″N112°59′29″W / 39.5117°N 112.9915°W / 39.5117; -112.9915 [71]
Wuliuan ~509
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Wuliu-Zengjiayan, Guizhou, China 26°04′51″N108°24′50″E / 26.0807°N 108.4138°E / 26.0807; 108.4138 [72] [73]
Series 2
Stage 4 ~514None- [74]
Stage 3 ~521None- [75] [76]
Terreneuvian
Stage 2 ~529None--
Fortunian 538.8
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Fortune head section,

Newfoundland, Canada

 47°04′34″N55°49′52″W / 47.0762°N 55.8310°W / 47.0762; -55.8310 [77]

Precambrian

Proterozoic

EraPeriodAge (mya)StatusGSSP locationDefining markersGeographic CoordinatesReferences
Neoproterozoic
Ediacaran ~635
GSSP Golden Spike.svg
Enorama Creek section

Flinders Ranges, South Australia

  • Geologic: Worldwide distinct cap carbonates.
  • Isotopic: Beginning of a distinctive pattern of secular changes in carbon isotopes.
 31°19′53″S138°38′00″E / 31.3314°S 138.6334°E / -31.3314; 138.6334 [78]
Cryogenian ~720Defined chronometrically with an interim calibrated age of ca. 720 Ma. GSSP is in progress.
  • Geologic: the GSSP has been recommended to be placed at a stratigraphic level beneath the first appearance of widespread glaciation associated with the Sturtian glacial epoch. [79]
- [79]
Tonian 1000
GSSA Golden Clock.svg
Defined chronometrically-- [80]
Mesoproterozoic
Stenian 1200
GSSA Golden Clock.svg
Defined chronometrically-- [80]
Ectasian 1400
GSSA Golden Clock.svg
Defined chronometrically-- [80]
Calymmian 1600
GSSA Golden Clock.svg
Defined chronometrically-- [80]
Paleoproterozoic
Statherian 1800
GSSA Golden Clock.svg
Defined chronometrically-- [80]
Orosirian 2050
GSSA Golden Clock.svg
Defined chronometrically-- [80]
Rhyacian 2300
GSSA Golden Clock.svg
Defined chronometrically-- [80]
Siderian 2500
GSSA Golden Clock.svg
Defined chronometrically-- [80]

Archean and Hadean

EonEraAge (mya)StatusGSSP/GSSA locationDefining markersGeographic CoordinatesReferences
Archean
Neoarchean 2800
GSSA Golden Clock.svg
-Defined chronometrically--
Mesoarchean 3200
GSSA Golden Clock.svg
-Defined chronometrically--
Paleoarchean 3600
GSSA Golden Clock.svg
-Defined chronometrically--
Eoarchean 4031
GSSA Golden Clock.svg
Along the Acasta River, Northwest Territories, Canada Defined chronometrically

Ten oldest U-Pb zircon ages

 65°10′26″N115°33′14″W / 65.1738°N 115.5538°W / 65.1738; -115.5538 [4]
Hadean -4567.3
GSSA Golden Clock.svg
-Defined chronometrically

Formation of the Solar System

- [4]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Zanclean</span> Earliest age on the geologic time scale of the Pliocene era

The Zanclean is the lowest stage or earliest age on the geologic time scale of the Pliocene. It spans the time between 5.332 ± 0.005 Ma and 3.6 ± 0.005 Ma. It is preceded by the Messinian Age of the Miocene Epoch, and followed by the Piacenzian Age.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tremadocian</span> Lowest stage of Ordovician

The Tremadocian is the lowest stage of Ordovician. Together with the later Floian Stage it forms the Lower Ordovician Epoch. The Tremadocian lasted from 485.4 to 477.7 million years ago. The base of the Tremadocian is defined as the first appearance of the conodont species Iapetognathus fluctivagus at the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) section on Newfoundland.

The Albian is both an age of the geologic timescale and a stage in the stratigraphic column. It is the youngest or uppermost subdivision of the Early/Lower Cretaceous Epoch/Series. Its approximate time range is 113.0 ± 1.0 Ma to 100.5 ± 0.9 Ma. The Albian is preceded by the Aptian and followed by the Cenomanian.

The Furongian is the fourth and final epoch and series of the Cambrian. It lasted from 497 to 485.4 million years ago. It succeeds the Miaolingian series of the Cambrian and precedes the Lower Ordovician Tremadocian Stage. It is subdivided into three stages: the Paibian, Jiangshanian and the unnamed 10th stage of the Cambrian.

The Messinian is in the geologic timescale the last age or uppermost stage of the Miocene. It spans the time between 7.246 ± 0.005 Ma and 5.333 ± 0.005 Ma. It follows the Tortonian and is followed by the Zanclean, the first age of the Pliocene.

Calabrian is a subdivision of the Pleistocene Epoch of the geologic time scale, defined as 1.8 Ma—774,000 years ago ± 5,000 years, a period of ~1.026 million years.

The Serravallian is, in the geologic timescale, an age or a stage in the middle Miocene Epoch/Series, which spans the time between 13.82 Ma and 11.63 Ma. The Serravallian follows the Langhian and is followed by the Tortonian.

The Tortonian is in the geologic time scale an age or stage of the late Miocene that spans the time between 11.608 ± 0.005 Ma and 7.246 ± 0.005 Ma. It follows the Serravallian and is followed by the Messinian.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Sinemurian</span> Second age of the Early Jurassic

In the geologic timescale, the Sinemurian is an age and stage in the Early or Lower Jurassic Epoch or Series. It spans the time between 199.5 ±0.3 Ma and 192.9 ±0.3 Ma. The Sinemurian is preceded by the Hettangian and is followed by the Pliensbachian.

The Pliensbachian is an age of the geologic timescale and stage in the stratigraphic column. It is part of the Early or Lower Jurassic Epoch or Series and spans the time between 192.9 ±0.3 Ma and 184.2 ±0.3 Ma. The Pliensbachian is preceded by the Sinemurian and followed by the Toarcian.

The Darriwilian is the upper stage of the Middle Ordovician. It is preceded by the Dapingian and succeeded by the Upper Ordovician Sandbian Stage. The lower boundary of the Darriwilian is defined as the first appearance of the graptolite species Undulograptus austrodentatus around 467.3 million years ago. It lasted for about 8.9 million years until the beginning of the Sandbian around 458.4 million years ago. This stage of the Ordovician was marked by the beginning of the Andean-Saharan glaciation.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Katian</span>

The Katian is the second stage of the Upper Ordovician. It is preceded by the Sandbian and succeeded by the Hirnantian Stage. The Katian began 453 million years ago and lasted for about 7.8 million years until the beginning of the Hirnantian 445.2 million years ago. During the Katian the climate cooled which started the Late Ordovician glaciation.

The Sandbian is the first stage of the Upper Ordovician. It follows the Darriwilian and is succeeded by the Katian. Its lower boundary is defined as the first appearance datum of the graptolite species Nemagraptus gracilis around 458.4 million years ago. The Sandbian lasted for about 5.4 million years until the beginning of the Katian around 453 million years ago.

The Dapingian is the third stage of the Ordovician period and the first stage of the Middle Ordovician series. It is preceded by the Floian and succeeded by the Darriwilian. The top of the Floian is defined as the first appearance of the conodont species Baltoniodus triangularis which happened about 470 million years ago. The Dapingian lasted for about 2.7 million years until about 467.3 million years ago.

The Jiangshanian is the middle stage of the Furongian series. It follows the Paibian Stage and is succeeded by the still unnamed Stage 10 of the Cambrian. The base is defined as the first appearance of the trilobite Agnostotes orientalis which is estimated to be 494 million years ago. The Jiangshanian lasted until approximately 489.5 million years ago.

The Guzhangian is an uppermost stage of the Miaolingian Series of the Cambrian. It follows the Drumian Stage and precedes the Paibian Stage of the Furongian Series. The base is defined as the first appearance of the trilobite Lejopyge laevigata around 500.5 million years ago. The Guzhangian-Paibian boundary is marked by the first appearance of the trilobite Glyptagnostus reticulatus around 497 million years ago.

The Drumian is a stage of the Miaolingian Series of the Cambrian. It succeeds the Wuliuan and precedes the Guzhangian. The base is defined as the first appearance of the trilobite Ptychagnostus atavus around 504.5 million years ago. The top is defined as the first appearance of another trilobite Lejopyge laevigata around 500.5 million years ago.

The Wuliuan stage is the fifth stage of the Cambrian, and the first stage of the Miaolingian Series of the Cambrian. It was formally defined by the International Commission on Stratigraphy in 2018. Its base is defined by the first appearance of the trilobite species Oryctocephalus indicus; it ends with the beginning of the Drumian Stage, marked by the first appearance of the trilobite Ptychagnostus atavus around 504.5 million years ago.

Stage 10 of the Cambrian is the still unnamed third and final stage of the Furongian series. It follows the Jiangshanian and precedes the Ordovician Tremadocian Stage. The proposed lower boundary is the first appearance of the trilobite Lotagnostus americanus around 489.5 million years ago, but other fossils are also being discussed. The upper boundary is defined as the appearance of the conodont Iapetognathus fluctivagus which marks the beginning of the Tremadocian and is radiometrically dated as 485.4 million years ago.

The Miaolingian is the third Series of the Cambrian Period, and was formally named in 2018. It lasted from about 509 to 497 million years ago and is divided in ascending order into 3 stages: the Wuliuan, Drumian, and Guzhangian. The Miaolingian is preceded by the unnamed Cambrian Series 2 and succeeded by the Furongian series.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Walker, Mike; Head, Martin J.; Berkelhammer, Max; Björck, Svante; Cheng, Hai; Cwynar, Les; Fisher, David; Gkinis, Vasilios; Long, Anthony; Lowe, John; Newnham, Rewi; Rasmussen, Sune Olander; Weiss, Harvey (1 December 2018). "Formal ratification of the subdivision of the Holocene Series/ Epoch (Quaternary System/Period): two new Global Boundary Stratotype Sections and Points (GSSPs) and three new stages/subseries" (PDF). Episodes. 41 (4): 213–223. doi: 10.18814/epiiugs/2018/018016 . Retrieved 28 August 2020.
  2. ↑ Head, Martin J. (17 May 2019). "Formal subdivision of the Quaternary System/Period: Present status and future directions". Quaternary International. 500: 32–51. Bibcode:2019QuInt.500...32H. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2019.05.018. S2CID   182783922 . Retrieved 28 August 2020.
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  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 "Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point". International Commission of Stratigraphy. Retrieved 3 July 2023.
  5. ↑ Aguirre, E; G. Pasini (1985). "The Pliocene - Pleistocene Boundary" (PDF). Episodes. 8 (2): 116–120. doi: 10.18814/epiiugs/1985/v8i2/009 .
  6. ↑ Rio, Domenico; R. Sprovieri; D. Castradori; E. Di Stefano (1998). "The Gelasian Stage (Upper Pliocene): A new unit of the global standard chronostratigraphic scale" (PDF). Episodes. 21 (2): 82–87. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1998/v21i2/002.
  7. ↑ Castradori, D.; D. Rio; F. J. Hilgen; L. J. Lourens (1998). "The Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point (GSSP) of the Piacenzian Stage (Middle Pliocene)" (PDF). Episodes. 21 (2): 88–93. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1998/v21i2/003. S2CID   56126092. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 November 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
  8. ↑ Couvering, John A. Van; Castradori, Davide; Maria Bianca Cita; Frederik J. Hilgen; Rio, Domenico (2000). "The base of the Zanclean Stage and of the Pliocene Series" (PDF). Episodes. 23 (3): 179. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2000/v23i3/005. S2CID   10836910. Archived from the original (PDF) on 19 November 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
  9. ↑ Hilgen, F. J.; S. Iaccarino; W. Krijgsman; G. Villa; C. G. Langereis; W. J. Zachariasse (2000). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Messinian Stage (uppermost Miocene)" (PDF). Episodes. 23 (3): 172–178. doi: 10.18814/epiiugs/2000/v23i3/004 .
  10. ↑ Hilgen, F. J.; Hayfaa Abdul Aziz; Bice, David; Iaccarino, Silvia; Krijgsman, Wout; Kuiper, Klaudia; Montanari, Alessandro; Raffi, Isabella; Turco, Elena; Willem-Jan Zachariasse (2005). "The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Tortonian Stage (Upper Miocene) at Monte Dei Corvi". Episodes. 28 (1): 6–17. doi: 10.18814/epiiugs/2005/v28i1/001 .
  11. ↑ Hilgen, F. J.; H. A. Abels; S. Iaccarino; W. Krijgsman; I. Raffi; R. Sprovieri; E. Turco; W. J. Zachariasse (2009). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Serravallian Stage (Middle Miocene)" (PDF). Episodes. 32 (3): 152–166. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2009/v32i3/002. S2CID   31907781. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2012. Retrieved 14 September 2012.
  12. ↑ Steininger, Fritz F.; M. P. Aubry; W. A. Berggren; M. Biolzi; A. M. Borsetti; Julie E. Cartlidge; F. Cati; R. Corfield; R. Gelati; S. Iaccarino; C. Napoleone; F. Ottner; F. Rögl; R. Roetzel; S. Spezzaferri; F. Tateo; G. Villa; D. Zevenboom (1997). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Neogene" (PDF). Episodes. 20 (1): 23–28. doi: 10.18814/epiiugs/1997/v20i1/005 .
  13. ↑ Coccioni, Rodolfo; Montanari, Alessandro; Nice, David; Brinkhuis, Henk; Deino, Alain; Frontalini, Fabrizio; Liter, Fabrizio; Maiorano, Patricia; Monechi, Simonetta; Prods, Jörg; Rochette, Pierre; Sagnotti, Leonardo; Sideri, Marianna; Sprovieri, Mario; Tateo, Fabio; Touchard, Yannick; Can Simaeys, Stefaan; Williams, Graham L. (1 March 2018). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Chattian stage (Paleogene System, Oligocene Series) at Monte Cagnero, Italy". Episodes. 41 (1): 17–32. doi: 10.18814/epiiugs/2018/v41i1/018003 . hdl: 11573/1611823 .
  14. ↑ Silva, Isabella Premoli; D. Graham Jenkins (1993). "Decision on the Eocene-Oligocene boundary stratotype". Episodes. 16 (3): 379–382. doi: 10.18814/epiiugs/1993/v16i3/002 .
  15. ↑ Agnini, Claudia; Backman, Jan; Boscolo-Galazzo, Flavia; Condon, Daniel; Fornaciari, Eliana; Galeotti, Simone; Giusberti, Luca; Grandesso, Paolo; Lanci, Luca; Luciani, Valeria; Monechi, Simonetta; Muttoni, Giovanni; Pälike, Heiko; Pampaloni, Maria; Papazzoni, Cesare; Pearson, Paul; Pignatti, Johannes; Silva, Isabella; Raffi, Isabella; Rio, Domenico; Rook, Lorenzo; Sahy, Diana; Spofforth, David; Stefani, Cristina; Wade, Bridget (12 August 2020). "Proposal for the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the Priabonian Stage (Eocene) at the Alano section (Italy)". Episodes. 44 (2): 151–173. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2020/020074. hdl: 2158/1209925 . S2CID   224987455 . Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  16. ↑ Molina, Eustoquio; Alegret, Laia; Apellaniz, Estibaliz; Bernaola, Gilen; Caballero, Fernando; Jaume Dinarès-Turell; Hardenbol, Jan; Claus Heilmann-Clausen; Juan C. Larrasoana; Hanspeter Luterbacher; Simonetta Monechi; Silvia Ortiz; Xabier Orue-Etxebarria; Aitor Payros; Victoriano Pujalte; Francisco J. Rodríguez-Tobar; Flavia Tori; Josep Tosquella; Alfred Uchman (2011). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Lutetian Stage at the Gorrondatxe section, Spain" (PDF). Episodes. 34 (2): 86–108. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2011/v34i2/006. S2CID   131503804.
  17. ↑ Dupuis, C.; Aubry, M.-P.; Steurbaut, E.; Berggren, W.A.; Ouda, K.; Magioncalda, R.; Cramer, B.S.; Kent, D.V.; Speijer, R.P.; Heilmann-Clausen, C. (2003). "The Dababiya Quarry section: lithostratigraphy, clay mineralogy, geochemistry and paleontology" (PDF). Micropaleontology. 49 (1): 41–59. Bibcode:2003MiPal..49S..41D. doi:10.2113/49.suppl_1.41.
  18. ↑ Aubry, Marie-Pierre; Ouda, Khaled; Dupuis, Christian; William A. Berggren; John A. Van Couvering; Working Group on the Paleocene/Eocene Boundary (2007). "The Global Standard Stratotype-section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Eocene Series in the Dababiya section (Egypt)" (PDF). Episodes. 30 (4): 271–286. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2007/v30i4/003.
  19. 1 2 Schmitz, B.; Pujalte, V.; Molina, E.; Monechi, S.; Orue-Etxebarria, X.; Speijer, R. P.; Alegret, L.; Apellaniz, E.; Arenillas, I.; Aubry, M.-P.; Baceta, J.-I.; Berggren, W. A.; Bernaola, G.; Caballero, F.; Clemmensen, A.; Dinarès-Turell, J.; Dupuis, C.; Heilmann-Clausen, C.; Orús, A. H.; Knox, R.; Martín-Rubio, M.; Ortiz, S.; Payros, A.; Petrizzo, M. R.; von Salis, K.; Sprong, J.; Steurbaut, E.; Thomsen, E. (2011). "The global Stratotype Sections and Points for the bases of the Selandian (Middle Paleocene) and Thanetian (Upper Paleocene Paleocene) stages at Zumaia, Spain". Episodes. 34 (4): 220–243. doi: 10.18814/epiiugs/2011/v34i4/002 .
  20. ↑ Molina, Eustoquio; Alegret, Laia; Arenillas, Ignacio; José A. Arz; Gallala, Njoud; Hardenbol, Jan; Katharina von Salis; Steurbaut, Etienne; Vandenberghe, Noel; Dalila Zaghibib-Turki (2006). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point for the base of the Danian Stage (Paleocene, Paleogene, "Tertiary", Cenozoic) at El Kef, Tunisia - Original definition and revision". Episodes. 29 (4): 263–278. doi: 10.18814/epiiugs/2006/v29i4/004 .
  21. ↑ Odin, Gilles S.; Michèle A. Lamaurelle (2001). "The global Campanian-Maastrichtian stage boundary" (PDF). Episodes. 24 (4): 229–238. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i4/002.
  22. ↑ Jarvis, Ian; et al. (2023). "Carbon isotopes, palynology and stratigraphy of the Santonian–Campanian boundary: The GSSP auxiliary sections, Seaford Head (England) and Bocieniec (Poland), and correlation between the Boreal and Tethyan realms". Cretaceous Research. 143: 105415. Bibcode:2023CrRes.14305415J. doi: 10.1016/j.cretres.2022.105415 . hdl: 10871/133015 . S2CID   253436620.
  23. ↑ Gale, Andy; Batenburg, Sietske; Coccioni, Rodolfo; Dubicka, Zofia; Erba, Elisabetta; Falzoni, Francesca; Haggart, Jim; Hasegawa, Takishi; Ifrim, Christina; Jarvis, Ian; Jenkyns, Hugh; Jurowska, Agata; Kennedy, Jim; Maron, Matteo; Muttoni, Giovanni; Pearce, Martin; Petrizzo, Maria Rose; Premoli-Silva, Isabella; Thibault, Nicolas; Voigt, Silke; Wagreich, Michael; Walaszczyk, Irek (1 February 2023). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Campanian Stage at Bottaccione (Gubbio, Italy) and its Auxiliary Sections: Seaford Head (UK), Bocieniec (Poland), Postalm (Austria), Smoky Hill, Kansas (U.S.A), Tepayac (Mexico)". Episodes. 46 (3): 6. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2022/022048. hdl: 2434/968946 . S2CID   256539746 . Retrieved 27 March 2023.
  24. ↑ Kennedy, W. J.; I. Walaszczyk; W. A. Cobban (2005). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point for the base of the Turonian Stage of the Cretaceous: Pueblo, Colorado, U.S.A." (PDF). Episodes. 28 (2): 93–104. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2005/v28i2/003.
  25. ↑ Kennedy, W. J.; A. S. Gale; J. A. Lees; M. Caron (2004). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Cenomanian Stage, Mont Risou, Hautes-Alpes, France" (PDF). Episodes. 27 (1): 21–32. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2004/v27i1/003.
  26. ↑ Kennedy, J.W.; Gale, A.S.; Huber, B.T.; Petrizzo, M.R.; Bown, P.; Jenkyns, H.C. (2017). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Albian Stage, of the Cretaceous, the Col de Pré-Guittard section, Arnayon, Drôme, France" (PDF). Episodes. 40 (3): 177–188. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2017/v40i3/017021.
  27. ↑ Galbrun, B.; Aretz, M.; Bert, O.; Desmares, D.; Fernandez-Lopez, S. (2022). "Les Points Stratotypiques Mondiaux (PSM) de France". Géochronique (163). Retrieved 21 January 2023.
  28. ↑ "Barremian GSSP Ratified by IUGS". Subcommission on Cretaceous Stratigraphy. Retrieved 17 October 2023.
  29. ↑ "Hauterivian GSSP Working Group". International Subcommission on Cretaceous Stratigraphy. International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
  30. ↑ "GSSP of the Hautervian Stage". International Subcommission on Cretaceous Stratigraphy. International Commission on Stratigraphy. Retrieved 28 August 2020.
  31. ↑ The Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary in the High Andes of Mendoza: New geochronological constraints
  32. ↑ Fernández-López, Sixto Rafael; Pavia, Giulio; Erba, Elisabetta; Guiomar, Myette; Maria Helena Henriques; Lanza, Roberto; Mangold, Charles; Morton, Nicol; Olivero, Davide; Daniele Tiraboschi (2009). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Bathonian Stage (Middle Jurassic), Ravin du Bès Section, SE France" (PDF). Episodes. 32 (4): 222–248. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2009/v32i4/001. S2CID   51754708.
  33. ↑ Pavia, G.; R. Enay (1997). "Definition of the Aalenian-Bajocian Stage boundary" (PDF). Episodes. 20 (1): 16–22. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1997/v20i1/004.
  34. ↑ Cresta, S.; A. Goy; S. Ureta; C. Arias; E. Barrón; J. Bernad; M. L. Canales; F. García-Joral; E. García-Romero; P. R. Gialanella; J. J. Gómez; J. A. González; C. Herrero; G. Martínez; M. L. Osete; N. Perilli; J. J. Villalaín (2001). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Toarcian-Aalenian Boundary (Lower-Middle Jurassic)" (PDF). Episodes. 24 (3): 166–175. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2001/v24i3/003.
  35. ↑ da Rocha, Rogério Bordalo; Mattioli, Emanuela; Duarte, Luís Vítor; Pittet, Bernard; Elmi, Serge; Mouterde, René; Cabral, Maria Cristina; Comas-Rengifo, Maria José; Gómez, Juan José; Goy, António; Hesselbo, Stephen P.; Jenkyns, Hugh C.; Littler, Kate; Mailliot, Samuel; Veiga de Oliveira, Luiz Carlos; Osete, Maria Luisa; Nicola, Perilli; Pinto, Susana; Ruget, Christiane; Suan, Guillaume (1 September 2016). "Base of the Toarcian Stage of the Lower Jurassic defined by the Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) at the Peniche section (Portugal)". Episodes. 39 (3): 460–481. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2016/v39i3/99741. hdl: 10261/140775 . S2CID   131791652 . Retrieved 29 August 2020.
  36. ↑ Meister, Christian; Aberhan, Martin; Blau, Joachim; Jean-Louis Dommergues; Susanne Feist-Burkhardt; Ernie A. Hailwood; Hart, Malcom; Stephen P. Hesselbo; Mark W. Hounslow; Mark Hylton; Nicol Morton; Kevin Page; Greg D. Price (2006). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Pliensbachian Stage (Lower Jurassic), Wine Haven, Yorkshire, UK" (PDF). Episodes. 29 (2): 93–106. doi: 10.18814/epiiugs/2006/v29i2/003 .
  37. ↑ Bloos, Gert; Kevin N. Page (2002). "Global Stratotype Section and Point for base of the Sinemurian Stage (Lower Jurassic)" (PDF). Episodes. 25 (1): 22–28. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2002/v25i1/003.
  38. ↑ Rigo, Manuel; Bertinelli, Angela; Concheri, Giuseppe; Gattolin, Giovanni; Godfrey, Linda; Katz, Miriam E.; Maron, Matteo; Mietto, Paolo; Muttoni, Giovanni; Sprovieri, Mario; Stellin, Fabio; Mariachiara, Zaffani (2016). "The Pignola-Abriola section (southern Apennines, Italy): a new GSSP candidate for the base of the Rhaetian Stage". Lethaia. 49 (3): 287–306. Bibcode:2016Letha..49..287R. doi:10.1111/let.12145. hdl: 11577/3157425 . ISSN   1502-3931.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  39. ↑ Mietto, P.; Manfrin S.; Preto N.; Rigo M.; Roghi G.; Gianolla P.; Posenato R.; Muttoni G.; Nicora A.; Buratti N.; Cirilli S.; Spötl C. (2012). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Carnian stage (Late Triassic) at Prati di Stuores/Stuores Wiesen section (Southern Alps, NE Italy)" (PDF). Episodes. 35 (3): 414–430. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2012/v35i3/003.
  40. ↑ Brack, Peter; Rieber, Hans; Nicora, Alda; Mundil, Roland (2005). "The Global boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Ladinian Stage (Middle Triassic) at Bagolino (Southern Alps, Northern Italy) and its implications for the Triassic time scale" (PDF). Episodes. 28 (4): 233–244. doi: 10.18814/epiiugs/2005/v28i4/001 .
  41. ↑ Yugan, Jin; Wang, Yue; Henderson, Charles; Bruce R. Wardlaw; Shen, Shuzhong; Cao, Changqun (2006). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of Changhsingian Stage (Upper Permian)" (PDF). Episodes. 29 (3): 175–182. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2006/v29i3/003.
  42. ↑ Yugan, Jin; Shen, Shuzhong; Charles M. Henderson; Wang, Xiangdong; Wang, Wei; Wang, Yue; Cao, Changqun; Shang, Qinghua (2006). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the boundary between the Capitanian and Wuchiapingian Stage (Permian)" (PDF). Episodes. 29 (4): 253–262. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2006/v29i4/003.
  43. ↑ Shen, Shuzhong (August 2018). "Notes from the SPS Chair" (PDF). Permophile: 4. ISSN   1684-5927 . Retrieved 12 December 2020.
  44. ↑ "Subcommission on Permian Stratigraphy GSSPs". Subcommission on Permian Stratigraphy. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
  45. ↑ Davydov, Vladimir I.; Brian F. Glenister; Spinosa, Claude; Scott M. Ritter; V. V. Chernykh; B. R. Wardlaw; W. S. Snyder (1998). "Proposal of Aidaralash as Global Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for base of the Permian System" (PDF). Episodes. 21 (1): 11–18. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1998/v21i1/003.
  46. ↑ Lane, H. Richard; Paul L. Brenckle; J. F. Baesemann; Richards, Barry (1999). "The IUGS boundary in the middle of the Carboniferous: Arrow Canyon, Nevada, USA" (PDF). Episodes. 22 (4): 272–283. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1999/v22i4/003.
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  53. ↑ Chlupac, Ivo; William A. Oliver Jr. (1989). "Decision on the Lochkovian - Pragian Boundary Stratotype (Lower Devonian)" (PDF). Episodes. 12 (2): 109–113. doi: 10.18814/epiiugs/1989/v12i2/014 .
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  59. ↑ Chen, Xu; Rong, Jiayu; Fan, Junxuan; Zhan, Renbin; Charles E. Mitchell; David A. T. Harper; Michael J. Melchin; Ping'an Peng; Stan C. Finney; Xiaofeng Wang (2006). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Hirnantian Stage (the uppermost of the Ordovician System)" (PDF). Episodes. 29 (3): 183–196. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2006/v29i3/004.
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  62. ↑ Mitchell, C. E.; Xu, Chen; S. M. Bergström; Zhang Yuan-dong; Wang Zhi-hao; B. D. Webby; S. C. Finney (1997). "Definition of a global boundary stratotype for the Darriwilian Stage of the Ordovician System" (PDF). Episodes. 20 (3): 158–166. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/1997/v20i3/003.
  63. ↑ Wang, Xiaofeng; Stouge, Svend; Bernd-D. Erdtmann; Chen, Xiaohong; Li, Zhihong; Wang, Chuanshang; Zeng, Qingluan; Zhou, Zhiqiang; Chen, Huiming (2005). "A proposed GSSP for the base of the Middle Ordovician Series: the Huanghuachang section, Yichang, China" (PDF). Episodes. 28 (2): 105–117. doi: 10.18814/epiiugs/2005/v28i2/004 .
  64. ↑ Wang, Xiaofeng; Stouge, Svend; Xiaohong, Chen; Zhihong, Li; Chuanshang, Wang; Stan C. Finney; Qingluan, Zeng; Zhiqiang, Zhou; Huiming, Chen; Bernd-D. Erdtmann (2009). "The Global Stratotype Section and Point for the base of the Middle Ordovician Series and the Third Stage (Dapingian)" (PDF). Episodes. 32 (2): 96–113. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2009/v32i2/003. S2CID   43893965.Note: there is an apparent typo in the article referenced; they give the coordinates as "a latitude of 30°51'37.8"N and a longitude of110°22'26.5"E", but their map and location description better corresponds to 30°51'37.8"N 111°22'26.5"E.
  65. ↑ Bergström, Stig M.; Löfgren, Anita; Maletz, Jörg (2004). "The GSSP of the Second (Upper) Stage of the Lower Ordovician Series: Diabasbrottet at Hunneberg, Province of Västergötland, Southwestern Sweden" (PDF). Episodes. 27 (4): 265–272. doi:10.18814/epiiugs/2004/v27i4/005. S2CID   32506478.
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  67. ↑ Landing, E.; Westrop, S.R.; Adrain, J.M. (19 September 2011). "The Lawsonian Stage - the Eoconodontus notchpeakensis FAD and HERB carbon isotope excursion define a globally correlatable terminal Cambrian stage". Bulletin of Geosciences: 621–640. doi: 10.3140/bull.geosci.1251 .
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  70. ↑ Peng, Shanchi; Loren E. Babcok; Zuo, Jingxun; LIn, Huanling; Zhu, Xuejian; Yang, Xianfeng; Richard A. Robison; Qui, Yuping; Bagnoli, Gabriella; Yong'an Chen (2009). "The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) of the Guzhangian Stage (Cambrian) in the Wuling Mountains, Northwestern Hunan, China" (PDF). Episodes. 32 (1): 41–55. doi: 10.18814/epiiugs/2009/v32i1/006 .
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