Civil rights leaders are influential figures in the promotion and implementation of political freedom and the expansion of personal civil liberties and rights. They work to protect individuals and groups from political repression and discrimination by governments and private organizations, and seek to ensure the ability of all members of society to participate in the civil and political life of the state.
People who motivated themselves and then led others to gain and protect these rights and liberties include:
| Name | Born | Country | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| George Mason | 1725 | 1792 |  United States | wrote the Virginia Declaration of Rights and influenced the United States Bill of Rights |
| Thomas Paine | 1737 | 1809 | United States | English-American activist, author, theorist, wrote Rights of Man |
| Elizabeth Freeman | 1744 | 1829 | United States | also known as Mum Bett – first former slave to win a freedom suit in Massachusetts |
| Olaudah Equiano | 1745 | 1797 |  United Kingdom  Nigeria | purchased his freedom, helped found the Sons of Africa, and wrote the influential The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano depicting the horrors of the slave trade |
| Jeremy Bentham | 1748 | 1832 | United Kingdom | British philosopher, writer, and teacher on civil rights, inspiration |
| Olympe de Gouges | 1748 | 1793 |  France | women's rights pioneer, writer, beheaded during French Revolution |
| Ottobah Cugoano | 1757 | 1791 | United Kingdom  Ghana | captured from West Africa, he became a member of the Sons of Africa and argued against slavery on Christian and philosophical grounds |
| William Wilberforce | 1759 | 1833 | United Kingdom | leader of the British abolition movement |
| Mary Wollstonecraft | 1759 | 1797 | United Kingdom | British author of A Vindication of the Rights of Men and A Vindication of the Rights of Woman |
| Thaddeus Stevens | 1792 | 1868 | United States | representative from Pennsylvania, anti-slavery leader, originator of the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution |
| Lucretia Mott | 1793 | 1880 | United States | women's rights activist, abolitionist |
| John Neal | 1793 | 1876 | United States | feminist essayist and lecturer active 1823–1876; first American women's rights lecturer [1] [2] |
| John Brown | 1800 | 1859 | United States | abolitionist, orator, martyr |
| Angelina Grimké | 1805 | 1879 | United States | advocate for abolition, woman's rights |
| William Lloyd Garrison | 1805 | 1879 | United States | abolitionist, writer, organizer, feminist, initiator |
| Lysander Spooner | 1808 | 1887 | United States | abolitionist, writer, anarchist, proponent of Jury nullification |
| Charles Sumner | 1811 | 1874 | United States | Senator from Massachusetts, anti-slavery leader |
| Abby Kelley | 1811 | 1887 | United States | abolitionist and suffragette |
| Harriet Jacobs | 1813 or 1815 | 1897 | United States | Her autobiography, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, considered an "American classic." Founded schools for fugitive and free slaves. |
| Elizabeth Cady Stanton | 1815 | 1902 | United States | women's suffrage/women's rights leader |
| Lucy Stone | 1818 | 1893 | United States | women's suffrage/voting rights leader |
| Frederick Douglass | 1818 | 1895 | United States | abolitionist, women's rights and suffrage advocate, writer, organizer, black rights activist, inspiration |
| Julia Ward Howe | 1818 | 1910 | United States | writer, organizer, suffragette |
| Susan B. Anthony | 1820 | 1906 | United States | Women's suffrage leader, speaker, inspiration |
| Harriet Tubman | 1822 | 1913 | United States | African-American abolitionist and humanitarian |
| Karl Heinrich Ulrichs | 1825 | 1895 |  Germany | writer, organizer, and the pioneer of the modern LGBT rights movement |
| Antoinette Brown Blackwell | 1825 | 1921 | United States | founded American Woman Suffrage Association with Lucy Stone in 1869 |
| Luís Gama | 1830 | 1882 |  Brazil | former slave, a journalist, poet and an autodidact lawyer who defended enslaved people and was among the earlier proponents of the abolitionist and republican movements in 19th-century Brazil. |
| Victoria Woodhull | 1838 | 1927 | United States | suffragette organizer, women's rights leader |
| Frances Willard | 1839 | 1898 | United States | women's rights activist, woman suffrage leader |
| Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin | 1842 | 1924 | United States | suffragist, editor, co-founder of the first chapter of the NAACP |
| Kate Sheppard | 1848 | 1934 |  New Zealand | suffragist in first country to have universal suffrage |
| Eugene Debs | 1855 | 1926 | United States | organizer, campaigner for the poor, women, dissenters, prisoners |
| Booker T. Washington | 1856 | 1915 | United States | educator, founder of Tuskegee University, and adviser to Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft |
| Emmeline Pankhurst | 1858 | 1928 | United Kingdom | founder and leader of the British Suffragette Movement |
| Charles Grafton | 1869 | 1948 | United States | Reverend Charles Grafton Archdioceses of Wisconsin Fond Du Lac. Responsible for Rescue helping the Slaves. Under Ground Railroad Initiator Wisconsin Boston, New York, and the Southern States civil rights, known abolitionist. Brought the Convent of the Holy Nativity Nuns to Fond Du Lac, Wisconsin activist, movement leader, writer, philosopher, and teacher Responsible for helping to establish townships all over Wisconsin, and other parts of the United States |
| Carrie Chapman Catt | 1859 | 1947 | United States | suffrage leader, president National American Woman Suffrage Association, founder League of Women Voters and International Alliance of Women |
| Jane Addams | 1860 | 1935 | United States | reformer, co-founder of the Hull House and American Civil Liberties Union, 1931 Nobel Peace Prize laureate |
| Ida B. Wells | 1862 | 1931 | United States | journalist, early activist in 20th-century civil rights movement, women's suffrage/voting rights activist |
| W.E.B. Du Bois | 1868 | 1963 | United States | writer, scholar, founder of NAACP |
| Kasturba Gandhi | 1869 | 1944 |  India | wife of Mohandas Gandhi, activist in South Africa and India, often led her husband's movements in India when he was imprisoned |
| Mahatma Gandhi | 1869 | 1948 | India | The Father of India, greatest unifier of Indians pre-Independence and peaceful activist, Pan-Indian Freedom movement Leader, writer, philosopher, social awakening reg Dalits and teacher/inspiration to many like Nelson Mandela, Martin Luther King Jr. |
| Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel | 1875 | 1950 | India | activist, movement leader, followed and trusted Mahatma Gandhi's Ideology and peaceful movement. |
| Muhammad Ali Jinnah | 1876 | 1948 |  Pakistan | lawyer, politician, and the founder of Pakistan; lead Pakistan Movement for the rights of Muslims in the subcontinent |
| Lucy Burns | 1879 | 1966 | United States | women's suffrage/voting rights leader |
| Homer G. Phillips | 1880 | 1931 | United States | Republican political figure, and a prominent advocate for civil rights. [3] |
| José do Patrocínio | 1854 | 1905 |  Brazil | Journalist, one of the main leaders of the abolitionist movement in Brazil. |
| Eleanor Roosevelt | 1884 | 1962 | United States | women's rights and human rights activist both in the United States and in the United Nations |
| Alice Paul | 1885 | 1977 | United States | Women's Voting Rights Movement leader, strategist, and organizer |
| Marcus Garvey | 1887 | 1940 |  Jamaica | political activist, publisher, journalist |
| Sonia Schlesin | 1888 | 1956 |  Russia | worked with Mohandas Gandhi in South Africa and led his movements there when he was absent |
| Toyohiko Kagawa | 1888 | 1960 |  Japan | labor activist, Christian reformer, author |
| Bernard J. Quinn | 1888 | 1940 | United States | Roman Catholic priest |
| Jawaharlal Nehru | 1889 | 1964 | India | first Prime Minister of India, central figure in Indian politics before and after independence, advocate for freedom of the press |
| A. Philip Randolph | 1889 | 1979 | United States | labor and civil rights movement leader |
| B. R. Ambedkar | 1891 | 1956 | India | social reformer, civil rights activist, and scholar and who drafted Constitution of India, campaigned for Indian independence, fought for the women's rights, fought discrimination and inequality among the people. |
| Walter Francis White | 1895 | 1955 | United States | NAACP executive secretary |
| Maria L. de Hernández | 1896 | 1986 | United States | Mexican-American rights activist |
| Thích Quảng Đức | 1897 | 1963 |  South Vietnam | monk, freedom of religion self-martyr |
| Albert Lutuli | 1898 | 1967 |  South Africa | President of the African National Congress, [4] against apartheid in South Africa, [5] 1960 Nobel Peace Prize laureate [5] |
| Edgar Nixon | 1899 | 1987 | United States | Montgomery bus boycott organizer, civil rights activist |
| Roy Wilkins | 1901 | 1981 | United States | NAACP executive secretary/executive director |
| Harriette Moore | 1902 | 1951 | United States | Civil rights activist, and part of the only married couple to be assassinated during the Civil Rights Movement |
| Ella Baker | 1903 | 1986 | United States | SCLC activist, initiated the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) |
| Marvel Cooke | 1903 | 2000 | United States | civil rights leader |
| Myles Horton | 1905 | 1990 | United States | teacher of nonviolence, pioneer activist, founded and led the Highlander Folk School |
| John Peters Humphrey | 1905 | 1995 |  Canada | author of Universal Declaration of Human Rights |
| Jack Patten | 1905 | 1957 |  Australia | Aboriginal Australian civil rights activist, journalist, founder of first Aboriginal newspaper, led the Cummeragunja Walk-Off in 1939, protested the persecution of Jewish people, President and co-founder of Aborigines Progressive Association, led the first Aboriginal delegation to meet with a sitting Prime Minister. |
| Nellie Stone Johnson | 1905 | 2002 | United States | labor and civil rights activist |
| Harry T. Moore | 1905 | 1951 | United States | Civil rights activist, leader, and the first martyr of the Civil Rights Movement |
| Willa Brown | 1906 | 1992 | United States | civil rights activist, first African-American lieutenant in the US Civil Air Patrol, first African-American woman to run for Congress |
| Walter P. Reuther | 1907 | 1970 | United States | labor leader and civil rights activist |
| T.R.M. Howard | 1908 | 1976 | United States | founder of Mississippi's Regional Council of Negro Leadership |
| Winifred C. Stanley | 1909 | 1996 | United States | First member of Congress to introduce legislation prohibiting discrimination in pay on the basis of sex |
| Pauli Murray | 1910 | 1985 | United States | American civil rights activist who became a lawyer, gender equality advocate, Episcopal priest, and author |
| Elizabeth Peratrovich | 1911 | 1958 | United States | Alaskan activist for native people |
| Amelia Boynton Robinson | 1911 | 2015 | United States | Selma Voting Rights Movement activist and early leader |
| Dorothy Height | 1912 | 2010 | United States | activist and advocate for African-American women |
| Bayard Rustin | 1912 | 1987 | United States | civil rights activist |
| Jo Ann Robinson | 1912 | 1992 | United States | Montgomery bus boycott activist |
| Harry Hay | 1912 | 2002 | United States | early leader in American LGBT rights movement, founder Mattachine Society |
| Rosa Parks | 1913 | 2005 | United States | NAACP official, activist, Montgomery bus boycott inspiration |
| Daisy Bates | 1914 | 1999 | United States | organizer of the Little Rock Nine school desegregation events |
| Viola Desmond | 1914 | 1965 | Canada | Black Canadian civil rights activist and businesswoman |
| George Raymond | 1914 | 1999 | United States | civil rights activist, head of the Chester, Pennsylvania branch of the NAACP |
| Claude Black | 1916 | 2009 | United States | civil rights activist |
| Frankie Muse Freeman | 1916 | 2018 | United States | civil rights attorney, first woman appointee to United States Commission on Civil Rights |
| Fannie Lou Hamer | 1917 | 1977 | United States | leader in the American Civil Rights Movement; co-founder of the National Women's Political Caucus and Freedom Democratic Party |
| Marie Foster | 1917 | 2003 | United States | voting rights activist, a local leader in the Selma Voting Rights Movement |
| Humberto "Bert" Corona | 1918 | 2001 | United States | labor and civil rights leader |
| Gordon Hirabayashi | 1918 | 2012 | United States | Japanese-American civil rights hero |
| Nelson Mandela | 1918 | 2013 | South Africa | statesman, leading figure in Anti-Apartheid Movement |
| Fred Korematsu | 1919 | 2005 | United States | Japanese internment resister during World War II |
| Sheikh Mujibur Rahman | 1920 | 1975 |  Bangladesh | Father of the nation of Bangladesh. |
| James Farmer | 1920 | 1999 | United States | Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) leader and activist |
| Golden Frinks | 1920 | 2004 | United States | civil rights organizer in North Carolina, field secretary of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) |
| Betty Friedan | 1921 | 2006 | United States | writer, women's rights activist, feminist |
| Joseph Lowery | 1921 | 2020 | United States | SCLC leader and co-founder, activist |
| Del Martin | 1921 | 2008 | United States | co-founder of Daughters of Bilitis, first social and political organization for lesbians in the US |
| Mamie Elizabeth Till-Mobley | 1921 | 2003 | United States | held an open casket funeral for her son, Emmett Till; speaker, activist |
| Whitney M. Young, Jr. | 1921 | 1971 | United States | Executive director of National Urban League, adviser to U.S. presidents |
| Charles Evers | 1922 | 2020 | United States | civil rights activist |
| Fred Shuttlesworth | 1922 | 2011 | United States | clergyman, activist, SCLC co-founder, initiated the Birmingham Movement |
| Clara Luper | 1923 | 2011 | United States | sit-in movement leader in Oklahoma, activist |
| James Baldwin | 1924 | 1987 | United States | essayist, novelist, public speaker, SNCC activist |
| Phyllis Lyon | 1924 | 2020 | United States | co-founder of Daughters of Bilitis, first social and political organization for lesbians in the U.S. |
| C.T. Vivian | 1924 | 2020 | United States | student civil rights leader, SNCC and SCLC activist |
| Lenny Bruce | 1925 | 1966 | United States | free speech advocate, comedian, political satirist |
| Medgar Evers | 1925 | 1963 | United States | NAACP official in the Mississippi Movement |
| Aiko Herzig-Yoshinaga | 1925 | 2018 | United States | activist in Japanese-American redress movement |
| Frank Kameny | 1925 | 2011 | United States | gay rights activist |
| Malcolm X | 1925 | 1965 | United States | author, speaker, activist, inspiration |
| Ralph Abernathy | 1926 | 1990 | United States | activist, Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) official |
| Reies Tijerina | 1926 | 2015 | United States | Hispano activist |
| Jackie Forster | 1926 | 1998 | United Kingdom | English lesbian rights activist |
| Hosea Williams | 1926 | 2000 | United States | civil rights activist, SCLC organizer and strategist |
| Cesar Chavez | 1927 | 1993 | United States | Chicano activist, organizer, trade unionist |
| Coretta Scott King | 1927 | 2006 | United States | SCLC leader, activist |
| James Forman | 1928 | 2005 | United States | SNCC official and civil rights activist |
| James Lawson | 1928 | United States | American minister and activist, SCLC's teacher of nonviolence in civil rights movement | |
| Elie Wiesel | 1928 | 2016 | United States | writer, Holocaust survivor, Jewish rights leader |
| Martin Luther King Jr. | 1929 | 1968 | United States | SCLC co-founder/president/chairman, activist, author, speaker |
| Edison Uno | 1929 | 1976 | United States | leader for Japanese-American civil rights and redress after World War II |
| Wyatt Tee Walker | 1928 | 2018 | United States | activist and organizer with NAACP, CORE, and SCLC |
| Dorothy Cotton | 1930 | 2018 | United States | SCLC official, activist, organizer, and leader |
| Dolores Huerta | 1930 | United States | labor and civil rights activist, initiator, organizer | |
| Harvey Milk | 1930 | 1978 | United States | politician, gay rights activist, and leader for the LGBT community |
| Rupert Richardson | 1930 | 2008 | United States | civil rights activist and civil rights leader who served as president of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) from 1992 to 1995 |
| Charles Morgan, Jr. | 1930 | 2009 | United States | attorney, established principle of "one man, one vote" |
| Desmond Tutu | 1931 | 2021 | South Africa | anti-apartheid organizer, advocate, first black archbishop of Cape Town |
| Barbara Gittings | 1932 | 2007 | United States | lesbian rights activist |
| Dick Gregory | 1932 | 2017 | United States | free speech advocate, civil rights activist, comedian |
| Lola Hendricks | 1932 | 2013 | United States | activist, local leader in Birmingham Movement |
| Miriam Makeba | 1932 | 2008 | South Africa | singer, anti-apartheid activist |
| Victor Jara | 1932 | 1973 |  Chile | teacher, theater director, poet, singer-songwriter and Communist[2] political activist |
| Andrew Young | 1932 | United States | civil rights activist, SCLC executive director | |
| Stanley Branche | 1933 | 1992 | United States | civil rights activitst, founder of the Committee For Freedom Now |
| James Meredith | 1933 | United States | independent student leader and self–starting Mississippi activist | |
| Violeta Zúñiga | 1933 | 2019 | Chile | human rights activist |
| Roy Innis | 1934 | 2017 | United States | activist, longtime leader of CORE |
| Jane Goodall | 1934 | United States | scientist, activist, ecologist | |
| Gloria Steinem | 1934 | United States | writer, activist, feminist | |
| Bob Moses | 1935 | 2021 | United States | leader, activist, and organizer in '60s Mississippi Movement |
| James Bevel | 1936 | 2008 | United States | organizer and Direct Action leader, SCLC's main strategist, movement initiator, and movement director |
| Barbara Jordan | 1936 | 1996 | United States | legislator, educator, civil rights advocate |
| Charles Sherrod | 1937 | 2022 | United States | civil rights activist, SNCC leader |
| Fela Kuti | 1938 | 1997 | Nigeria | multi-instrumentalist, musician, composer, pioneer of the Afrobeat music genre, human rights activist, and political maverick |
| Diane Nash | 1938 | United States | SNCC and SCLC activist and official, strategist, organizer | |
| Claudette Colvin | 1939 | United States | Montgomery bus boycott pioneer, independent activist | |
| Jack Herer | 1939 | 2010 | United States | pro-hemp activist, speaker, organizer, author |
| Julian Bond | 1940 | 2015 | United States | activist, politician, scholar, NAACP chairman |
| Prathia Hall | 1940 | 2002 | United States | SNCC activist, a leading speaker in the civil rights movement |
| Bernard Lafayette | 1940 | United States | SCLC and SNCC activist, organizer, and leader | |
| Muhammad Yunus | 1940 | Bangladesh | Bangladeshi social entrepreneur, banker, economist and civil society leader who was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for founding the Grameen Bank and pioneering the concepts of microcredit and microfinance.} | |
| John Lewis | 1940 | 2020 | United States | Nashville Student Movement and SNCC activist, organizer, speaker, congressman |
| Stokely Carmichael | 1941 | 1998 | United States | SNCC and Black Panther activist, organizer, speaker |
| Jesse Jackson | 1941 | United States | civil rights activist, politician | |
| James Orange | 1942 | 2008 | United States | SCLC activist and organizer, a voting rights movement leader, trade unionist |
| Gerd Fleischer | 1942 |  Norway | human rights activist | |
| Peter Tosh | 1944 | 1987 | Jamaica | Marijuana legalization activist, promoter of the rights of Africans within Africa as well as Black people across the diaspora, reggae musician. |
| Marsha P. Johnson | 1945 | 1992 | United States | Gay liberation activist, STAR co-founder, AIDS activist with ACT UP |
| Heather Booth | 1945 | United States | SNCC activist, women's movement organizer, and founder of the Midwest Academy | |
| Angelina Atyam | 1946 |  Uganda | human rights activist for the Aboke abductions | |
| Dick Oosting | 1946 |  Netherlands | human rights lawyer and activist | |
| Dana Beal | 1947 | United States | pro-hemp activist, organizer, speaker, initiator | |
| Ashok Row Kavi | 1947 | India | LGBT rights activist, gay rights pioneer, founder of Humsafar Trust | |
| Benjamin Chavis | 1948 | United States | activist, chemist, minister, author, leader of Wilmington Ten, led Commission for Racial Justice of the United Church of Christ, campaigned against environmental racism, executive director of NAACP, national director of Million Man March | |
| Fred Hampton | 1948 | 1969 | United States | NAACP youth leader and Black Panther activist, organizer, speaker |
| Richard C Boone | 1937 | United States | Civil Rights activist SCLC, Chaplain, Major US Army | |
| Sylvia Rivera | 1951 | 2002 | United States | Gay liberation and transgender rights activist, STAR house co-founder |
| Cedric Prakash | 1951 | India | Jesuit Priest, Human Rights Activist, Organizer, Journalist, and Speaker | |
| Judy Shepard | 1952 | United States | gay rights activist, public speaker | |
| Barbara May Cameron | 1954 | 2002 | United States | advocate for the rights of Native Americans, lesbians, and women |
| Bobby Sands | 1954 | 1981 | United Kingdom | hunger striker for better conditions for Irish prisoners in British prisons |
| Al Sharpton | 1954 | United States | clergyman, activist, media | |
| Will Roscoe | 1955 | United States | gay rights activist | |
| Rigoberta Menchú | 1959 |  Guatemala | indigenous rights leader, co-founder of Nobel Women's Initiative | |
| Eulalie Nibizi | 1960 |  Burundi | Human rights activist, trade unionist | |
| Steven Goldstein | 1962 | United States | gay rights advocate, political activist | |
| Chee Soon Juan | 1962 |  Singapore | politician, former political prisoner, democracy and human rights activist | |
| Manasi Pradhan | 1962 | India | women's rights activist, founder of Honour for Women National Campaign | |
| Céline Narmadji | 1964 |  Chad | human and women's rights activist, active in improving conditions for the local population | |
| Deborah Parker | 1970 | United States | Indigenous rights and women's rights activist who was critical in ensuring the passage of the Violence Against Women Reauthorization Act of 2013 [6] [7] | |
| Mariela Belski | 1971 |  Argentina | Executive Director, Amnesty International Argentina | |
| Gloria Casarez | 1971 | 2014 | United States | Latina lesbian civil rights leader and LGBT activist in Philadelphia |
| Harish Iyer | 1979 | India | gender and sexuality rights activist, campaigner against child sexual abuse and for animal rights | |
| Edvin Kanka Ćudić | 1988 |  Bosnia and Herzegovina | human rights activist, founder and coordinator of UDIK in Bosnia and Herzegovina | |
| Malala Yousafzai | 1997 | Pakistan | advocate for education for girls, 2014 Nobel Peace Prize laureate |
Civil and political rights are a class of rights that protect individuals' freedom from infringement by governments, social organizations, and private individuals. They ensure one's entitlement to participate in the civil and political life of society and the state.
Civil liberties are guarantees and freedoms that governments commit not to abridge, either by constitution, legislation, or judicial interpretation, without due process. Though the scope of the term differs between countries, civil liberties may include the freedom of conscience, freedom of press, freedom of religion, freedom of expression, freedom of assembly, the right to security and liberty, freedom of speech, the right to privacy, the right to equal treatment under the law and due process, the right to a fair trial, and the right to life. Other civil liberties include the right to own property, the right to defend oneself, and the right to bodily integrity. Within the distinctions between civil liberties and other types of liberty, distinctions exist between positive liberty/positive rights and negative liberty/negative rights.
Women's rights are the rights and entitlements claimed for women and girls worldwide. They formed the basis for the women's rights movement in the 19th century and the feminist movements during the 20th and 21st centuries. In some countries, these rights are institutionalized or supported by law, local custom, and behavior, whereas in others, they are ignored and suppressed. They differ from broader notions of human rights through claims of an inherent historical and traditional bias against the exercise of rights by women and girls, in favor of men and boys.
Minority rights are the normal individual rights as applied to members of racial, ethnic, class, religious, linguistic or gender and sexual minorities, and also the collective rights accorded to any minority group.
The Fourth World Conference on Women: Action for Equality, Development and Peace was the name given for a conference convened by the United Nations during 4–15 September 1995 in Beijing, China.
A human rights defender or human rights activist is a person who, individually or with others, acts to promote or protect human rights. They can be journalists, environmentalists, whistleblowers, trade unionists, lawyers, teachers, housing campaigners, participants in direct action, or just individuals acting alone. They can defend rights as part of their jobs or in a voluntary capacity. As a result of their activities, human rights defenders (HRDs) are often subjected to reprisals including smears, surveillance, harassment, false charges, arbitrary detention, restrictions on the right to freedom of association, physical attack, and even murder. In 2020, at least 331 HRDs were murdered in 25 countries. The international community and some national governments have attempted to respond to this violence through various protections, but violence against HRDs continues to rise. Women human rights defenders and environmental human rights defenders face greater repression and risks than human rights defenders working on other issues.
Human rights are largely respected in Switzerland, one of Europe's oldest democracies. Switzerland is often at or near the top in international rankings of civil liberties and political rights observance. Switzerland places human rights at the core of the nation's value system, as represented in its Federal Constitution. As described in its FDFA's Foreign Policy Strategy 2016-2019, the promotion of peace, mutual respect, equality and non-discrimination are central to the country's foreign relations.
The Declaration of Montreal on Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Human Rights is a document adopted in Montreal, Quebec, Canada, on July 29, 2006, by the International Conference on LGBT Human Rights which formed part of the first World Outgames. The Declaration outlines a number of rights and freedoms pertaining to LGBT and intersex people that it is proposed be universally guaranteed. It encompasses all aspects of human rights, from the guarantee of fundamental freedoms to the prevention of discrimination against LGBT people in healthcare, education and immigration. The Declaration also addresses various issues that impinge on the global promotion of LGBT rights and intersex human rights. Intended as a starting point in listing the demands of the international LGBT movement, it will ultimately be submitted to the United Nations.
The International Alliance of Women is an international non-governmental organization that works to promote women's rights and gender equality. It was historically the main international organization that campaigned for women's suffrage. IAW stands for an inclusive, intersectional and progressive liberal feminism on the basis of human rights and liberal democracy, and has a liberal internationalist outlook. IAW's principles state that all genders are "born equally free [and are] equally entitled to the free exercise of their individual rights and liberty," that "women's rights are human rights" and that "human rights are universal, indivisible and interrelated." In 1904 the Alliance adopted gold as its color, the color associated with the women's suffrage movement in the United States since 1867 and the oldest symbol of women's rights; through the Alliance's influence gold and white became the principal colors of the mainstream international women's suffrage movement.
The following outline is provided as an overview of and introduction to rights:
Discussions of LGBT rights at the United Nations have included resolutions and joint statements in the United Nations General Assembly and the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC), attention to the expert-led human rights mechanisms, as well as by the UN Agencies.
The Declaration on the Elimination of Violence Against Women was adopted without a vote by the United Nations General Assembly in the 48/104 resolution of 20 December 1993. Contained within it is the recognition of "the urgent need for the universal application to women of the rights and principles with regard to equality, security, liberty, integrity and dignity of all human beings". It recalls and embodies the same rights and principles as those enshrined in such instruments as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and Articles 1 and 2 provide the most widely used definition of violence against women.
Eswatini, Africa's last remaining absolute monarchy, was rated by Freedom House from 1972 to 1992 as "Partly Free"; since 1993, it has been considered "Not Free". During these years the country's Freedom House rating for "Political Rights" has slipped from 4 to 7, and "Civil Liberties" from 2 to 5. Political parties have been banned in Eswatini since 1973. A 2011 Human Rights Watch report described the country as being "in the midst of a serious crisis of governance", noting that "[y]ears of extravagant expenditure by the royal family, fiscal indiscipline, and government corruption have left the country on the brink of economic disaster". In 2012, the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (ACHPR) issued a sharp criticism of Eswatini's human-rights record, calling on the Swazi government to honor its commitments under international law in regards to freedom of expression, association, and assembly. HRW notes that owing to a 40% unemployment rate and low wages that oblige 80% of Swazis to live on less than US$2 a day, the government has been under "increasing pressure from civil society activists and trade unionists to implement economic reforms and open up the space for civil and political activism" and that dozens of arrests have taken place "during protests against the government's poor governance and human rights record".
Human rights in Liberia became a focus of international attention when the country's president, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, was named one of the three female co-winners of the 2011 Nobel Peace Prize, all of whom were cited "for their non-violent struggle for the safety of women and for women's rights to full participation in peace-building work".
The Norwegian Women's Lobby is a feminist policy and advocacy organization in Norway and works for "the human rights of girls and women in all their diversity, to eliminate all forms of discrimination against all girls and women and to promote a gender equal society." It is described as the country's "main, national, umbrella organization" for women's rights. NWL understands women's human rights and discrimination in an intersectional perspective and works to represent the interests of all those who identify as women and girls. NWL is funded by the government over the national budget. The mission of the organization is to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women and girls on the basis of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, the Beijing Platform for Action and other fundamental international agreements relating to women's human rights. It works to integrate women's perspectives into all political, economical and social processes.
Basic human rights in Italy includes freedom of belief and faith, the right of asylum from undemocratic countries, the right to work, and the right of dignity and equality before the law. Human rights are the basic rights of every citizen in every country. In Italy, human rights have developed over many years and Italy has education on human rights. In addition, Italy has specific human rights for women, children and LGBT people.
Human rights in Norway protect the fundamental rights of all persons within the Kingdom of Norway. These rights are safeguarded by Chapter E of the Constitution of Norway or Kongeriket Norges Grunnlov, as well as the ratification of various international treaties facilitated by the United Nations. The country maintains a dedicated commitment to human rights and was the second country to ratify the European Convention on Human Rights.
Oleksandra Viacheslavivna Matviichuk is a Ukrainian human rights lawyer and civil society leader based in Kyiv. She heads the non-profit organization Centre for Civil Liberties and is a campaigner for democratic reforms in her country and the OSCE region. Since October 2022, she has been Vice-President of the International Federation for Human Rights (FIDH).
Violence against women are acts of violence primarily committed against women.
Her courage in sharing her personal story of sexual violence with congress was vital in the passing of the 2013 Violence Against Women Act (VAWA). [...] Her dignified poise and presence was pivotal and necessary to pass the tribal provisions that protect Native women and their communities in the VAWA.
The Sanders selections are all noted progressives: [...] Native American activist and former Tulalip Tribes Vice Chair Deborah Parker (a key advocate for reauthorization of the Violence Against Women Act) [...].
See each individual for their references.
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