List of conflicts involving the Texas Military

Last updated

The history of conflicts involving the Texas Military spans over two centuries, from 1823 to present, under the command authority (the ultimate source of lawful military orders) of four governments including the Texas governments (3), American government, Mexican government, and Confederate government.

Contents

Since 1823, Texas forces have undergone many re-designations and reorganizations. For example, the Texas Rangers were a branch of the Texas Military Forces from 1823 to 1935 providing cavalry, special operations, and military police capabilities. Administrative control (ADCON) of the Texas Rangers was transferred from the Texas Military Department to the Texas Department of Public Safety (DPS) in 1935 where they now perform duties similar to the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) for Texas as a State Bureau of Investigation (SBI). [1] The following list of conflicts reflects duty at the time as a military unit.

Conflicts in this list may apply to several categories, but they've been generally organized by the preponderance of the mission. For example, the Laredo Smallpox Riot was a civil disorder and emergency management conflict, and Operation Border Star is both a border control and counter-drug conflict.

List Key

Casualty key: KIA (killed in action), WIA (wounded in action), MIA (missing in action), DIA (deserted in action), POW (prisoner of war)

Outcome key:

Texas governments

This list includes conflicts under the command authority of the Colony of Texas, Republic of Texas, and State of Texas.

As a colony in Mexico from 1823 to 1835, the Texas Military was legally empowered by Agustín de Iturbide and the Coahuila y Tejas legislature to "organize the colonists into a body of militia to preserve tranquility." [2] Operations were conducted under command of Stephen F. Austin. [2]

As a sovereign republic from 1835 to 1845, the Texas Military was legally empowered by Article 1 of the Consultation and Article 2, Section 6 of Constitution of the Republic of Texas "to execute the law, to suppress insurrections, and repel invasion." [3] [4] Operations were conducted under command of the War Department and Adjutant General Department.

As a state of America from 1845–present, the Texas Military is legally empowered by Title 32 of the United States Code and Article 4, Section 7 of the Constitution of the State of Texas to "execute the laws of the state, to suppress insurrections, and to repel invasions". [5] Operations are conducted under command of the Adjutant General Department and Texas Military Department.

Conflicts

Border control

Note: These conflicts are commanded by the Texas government. For related conflicts commanded by the American government, see Border control.

YearConflictTexas Military Unit(s)CommanderCasualtiesOutcomeReference
2005-2006Operation Linebacker Texas State Guard

Texas Air National Guard

Texas Army National Guard

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

0

0

0

Accomplished [6] [7]
October 2006Operation Rio Grande Texas State Guard

Texas Air National Guard

Texas Army National Guard

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

0

0

0

Accomplished [6] [7]
January–July 2007 Operation Wrangler Texas State Guard

Texas Air National Guard

Texas Army National Guard

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

0

0

0

Accomplished [6] [7]
2007–Present Operation Border Star Texas State Guard

Texas Air National Guard

Texas Army National Guard

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

OngoingOngoing [6] [7]
2010-2012 Operation River Watch Texas Air National Guard

Texas Army National Guard

Unknown

Unknown

0

0

Accomplished [8]
2011–Present Operation Drawbridge Texas State Guard

Texas Air National Guard

Texas Army National Guard

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

OngoingOngoing [6]
2012–Present Operation River Watch II Texas Air National Guard UnknownOngoingOngoing [8]
October 2014 Operation Strong Safety Texas Air National Guard

Texas Army National Guard

Unknown

Unknown

0

0

Accomplished [8] [7]
November 2014-

September 2016

Operation Strong Safety II Texas Air National Guard

Texas Army National Guard

Unknown

Unknown

Accomplished [7]
2021—Present Operation Lone Star Texas State Guard

Texas Air National Guard

Texas Army National Guard

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

4 Suicide [9]

1 KIA [10]

Ongoing

Civil disorder / Insurrection

YearConflictTexas Military Unit(s)CommanderCasualtiesOutcomeReference
1842 Texas Archive War Frontier Battalion, Texas Rangers Thomas I. Smith / Eli Chandler0Failure [11]
1844 Regulator–Moderator War Texas Militia Travis G. Broocks / Alexander HortonUnknownAccomplished [12]
1857 Cart War Texas Militia Unknown0Accomplished [13]
1886Laredo Election RiotFrontier Battalion, Texas Rangers

Texas Militia

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Accomplished [14]
1873 Coke-Davis Controversy Travis Rifles, Texas Militia Unknown0Accomplished [15]
1877-1878 San Elizario Salt War Frontier Battalion, Texas Rangers John B. Tays0Accomplished [16]
1883-1888 Fence Cutting War Frontier Battalion, Texas Rangers Unknown0Accomplished [17]
1888 Rio Grande City Riot Frontier Battalion, Texas Rangers

San Antonio Rifles, Texas Militia

Belknap Rifles, Texas Militia

Houston Light Guards, Texas Militia

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

0

0

0

0

Accomplished [18]
1891-1893 Garza Revolution Frontier Battalion, Texas Rangers UnknownUnknownAccomplished [19]
1893 Battle of Tres Jacales Company D, Frontier Battalion, Texas Rangers Frank Jones1 KIAFailure
1899 Laredo Smallpox Riot Frontier Battalion, Texas Rangers John H. Rogers1 WIAAccomplished [20]
1919 Longview Race Riot Texas Rangers

Texas Army National Guard

Robert H. McDill / T.E. Barton / H.W. Peck0

0

Accomplished [21]
1930 Sherman Riot Texas Rangers

Texas Army National Guard

Unknown

Unknown

0

0

Accomplished [22]
1931 Red River Bridge War Texas Rangers

Texas Air National Guard

Texas Army National Guard

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

0

0

0

Inconclusive [23]
1931 East Texas Oilfield Riot Texas Rangers

Texas Army National Guard

Texas State Guard

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

0

0

0

Accomplished [24]
1943 Beaumont Riot Eighteenth Battalion, Texas State Guard Fred C. Stone0Accomplished [25]
2020 George Floyd protests Texas State Guard

Texas Air National Guard

Texas Army National Guard

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

0Accomplished [26]

Counterdrug

Note: These conflicts are commanded by the Texas government. For related conflicts commanded by the American government, see War on Drugs.

YearConflictTexas Military Unit(s)CommanderCasualtiesOutcomeReference
1920-1933 Los Tequileros Texas Rangers UnknownUnknownVictory [27]
1978–Present DSCA air interdiction Texas Air National Guard UnknownOngoingOngoing [28]
1989–PresentJoint Counterdrug Task ForceDomestic Operations CommandMiguel TorresOngoingOngoing [29]
Operation Linebacker Texas State Guard

Texas Air National Guard

Texas Army National Guard

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

0

0

0

Victory [6]
Operation Rio Grande Texas State Guard

Texas Air National Guard

Texas Army National Guard

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

0

0

0

Victory [6]
2006–Present Mexican Drug War Texas Air National Guard

Texas Army National Guard

Unknown

Unknown

OngoingOngoing [6]
2007 Operation Wrangler Texas State Guard

Texas Air National Guard

Texas Army National Guard

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

0

0

0

Victory [6]
2008–Present Operation Border Star Texas State Guard

Texas Air National Guard

Texas Army National Guard

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

OngoingOngoing [6]
2010-2012 Operation River Watch Texas Air National Guard

Texas Army National Guard

Unknown

Unknown

0

0

Victory [8]
2011–Present Operation Drawbridge Texas State Guard

Texas Air National Guard

Texas Army National Guard

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

OngoingOngoing [6]
2011–Present Operation Crackdown Domestic Operations CommandUnknownOngoingOngoing [30] [31] [32] [33]
2012–Present Operation River Watch II Texas Air National Guard UnknownOngoingOngoing [8]
2014 Operation Strong Safety Texas Air National Guard

Texas Army National Guard

Texas State Guard

Unknown

Unknown

0

0

Victory [8]

Covert

YearConflictTexas Military Unit(s)CommanderCasualtiesOutcomeReference
1839 Battle of Alcantra Texas Militia Samuel W. Jordan7 KIAVictory [34] [35]
1840 Battle of Saltillo Texas Militia Samuel W. JordanUnknownLoss [36]
1843 Snively Expedition Battalion of Invincibles, Texas Militia Jacob Snively UnknownInconclusive [37]

Emergency management

YearConflictTypeTexas Military Unit(s)CommanderCasualtiesOutcomeReference
1837 Racer's Hurricane Natural disaster Texas Militia UnknownUnknownAccomplished [38] [39]
1875 Hurricane Indianola Natural disaster Texas Militia UnknownUnknownAccomplished [40] [39]
1899 Laredo Smallpox Riot Epidemic Frontier Battalion, Texas Rangers John H. Rogers1 WIAAccomplished [20]
1900 Great Storm Natural disaster Texas Militia UnknownUnknownAccomplished [41] [39]
1947 Texas City Disaster Anthropogenic disaster Texas State Guard Unknown0Accomplished [42] [39]
1954 Hurricane Alice Natural disaster Texas Army National Guard UnknownUnknownAccomplished [43]
1957 Hurricane Audrey Natural disaster Texas State Guard

Texas Army National Guard

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Accomplished [40] [39]
1961 Hurricane Carla Natural disaster Texas State Guard

Texas Army National Guard

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Accomplished [40] [39]
1967 Hurricane Beulah Natural disaster Texas State Guard

Texas Army National Guard

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Accomplished [40] [39]
1970 Hurricane Celia Natural disaster Texas State Guard

Texas Army National Guard

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Accomplished [40] [39]
1980 Hurricane Allen Natural disaster Texas State Guard

Texas Army National Guard

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Accomplished [40] [39]
1983 Hurricane Alicia Natural disaster Texas State Guard

Texas Army National Guard

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Accomplished [40] [39]
1988 Hurricane Gilbert Natural disaster Texas State Guard

Texas Army National Guard

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Accomplished [40] [39]
2003 Space Shuttle Columbia disaster Search and rescue Texas State Guard Unknown0Accomplished
2005 Hurricane Katrina Natural disaster Texas State Guard

254th Combat Communications Group

Unknown

Unknown

0

0

Accomplished
2005 Hurricane Rita Natural disaster Texas State Guard

254th Combat Communications Group

Unknown

Unknown

0

0

Accomplished
2007 Eagle Pass Tornado Natural disaster Texas State Guard Unknown0Accomplished
2007 Hurricane Dean Natural disaster Texas State Guard Unknown0Accomplished
2007 Hurricane Humberto Natural disaster Texas State Guard Unknown0Accomplished
2007 Marble Falls Flood Natural disaster Texas State Guard Unknown0Accomplished
2008 Hurricane Ike Natural disaster Texas State Guard

254th Combat Communications Group

Unknown

Unknown

0

0

Accomplished
2008 Hurricane Gustav Natural disaster Texas State Guard

254th Combat Communications Group

Unknown

Unknown

0

0

Accomplished
2008 Tropical Storm Edouard Natural disaster Texas State Guard Unknown0Accomplished
2008 Hurricane Dolly Natural disaster Texas State Guard Unknown0Accomplished
2010 Hurricane Alex Natural disaster Texas State Guard Unknown0Accomplished
2011 Tropical Storm Lee Natural disaster Texas State Guard

Texas Army National Guard

Unknown

Unknown

0Accomplished
2011 Bastrop County Complex Fire Natural disaster Texas State Guard Unknown0Accomplished
2013 West Fertilizer Company explosion Anthropogenic disaster Texas State Guard Unknown0Accomplished
2017 Hurricane Harvey Natural disaster Texas State Guard

Texas Army National Guard

Unknown

Unknown

0Accomplished
2019 Tropical Storm Imelda Natural disaster Texas State Guard Unknown0Accomplished
2020-2021 COVID-19 Pandemic 72nd INF Brigade Combat Team

56th INF Brigade Combat Team

176th Engineer Brigade

Texas State Guard

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

0Accomplished [44]
2021 Winter Storm Uri Natural Disaster 136th Airlift Wing Texas State Guard Texas Army National Guard Ongoing0Accomplished [45] [46]

Expedition

YearConflictTexas Military Unit(s)CommanderCasualtiesOutcomeReference
1837 Yucatan Campaign Brutus, Texian Navy James D. BoylanUnknownFailure [47]
1841-1842 Texan Santa Fe Expedition Texas MilitiaHugh McCleod / George T. Howard320 POWFailure [48]
1842Somervell ExpeditionTexas MilitiaAlexander SomervellUnknownInconclusive [49]
1842 Mier Expedition / Battle of Mier Texas MilitiaWilliam S. Fisher30 KIA, 280 POWLoss [50]

Guerrilla

YearConflictTexas Military Unit(s)CommanderCasualtiesOutcomeReference
February 1823 Skull Creek Massacre Texian Militia Robert Kuykendall0Victory
1824Battle of Jones Creek Texian Militia Randal JonesUnknownInconclusive
1826 Dressing Point Massacre Texian Militia Aylett C. Buckner0Victory
March 1838 Córdova Rebellion Texas Militia Edward Burleson UnknownVictory
August 1838 Battle of Arroyo Seco Texas Militia

Frontier Battalion, Texas Rangers

Unknown

Henry Wax Karnes

5 KIA, 4 WIA

Unknown

Victory
May 1839 Battle of the San Gabriels Frontier Battalion, Texas Rangers James RiceUnknownVictory
July 1839 Battle of the Neches Texas Army Thomas J. Rusk 8 KIAVictory
March 1840 Council House Massacre Texas Militia Mathew Caldwell 7 KIAAtrocity
August 1840 Great Raid of 1840 Texas Militia Mathew Caldwell 30 KIALoss
August 1840 Battle of Plum Creek Texas Militia Mathew Caldwell 11 KIAVictory
October 1840Battle of Red Fork Texas Militia John H. Moore UnknownVictory
1841 Battle of Bandera Pass Texas Militia John C. Hays 5 WIAVictory
1852 Battle of Hynes Bay Texas Militia John HynesUnknownVictory [51]
Jan-May 1858 Antelope Hills expedition Frontier Battalion, Texas Rangers

Texas Militia

John Salmon Ford

Unknown

Unknown

50 KIA / WIA

Victory
May 1858 Battle of Little Robe Creek Frontier Battalion, Texas Rangers

Texas Militia

John Salmon Ford

Unknown

Unknown

2 KIA, 5 WIA

Victory
December 1860 Battle of Pease River Frontier Battalion, Texas Rangers

Texas Militia

Lawrence Sulllivan Ross

Unknown

Unknown

3 KIA

Victory
September 1872 Battle of the North Fork Frontier Battalion, Texas Rangers UnknownUnknownVictory

Humanitarian

YearConflictTexas Military Unit(s)CommanderCasualtiesOutcomeReference
1899Laredo Smallpox RiotFrontier Battalion, Texas Rangers J. H. Rogers1 WIAAccomplished
1998–PresentOperation Lone Star

(medical operation unique from 2021 border op)

Texas State Guard

Texas Air National Guard

Texas Army National Guard

OngoingOngoing
2011–PresentOperation Final Rest Texas State Guard

Texas Air National Guard

Texas Army National Guard

OngoingOngoing

Invasion / Incursion

YearConflictTexas Military Unit(s)CommanderCasualtiesOutcomeReference
1842 Rosillo Expedition Texas Militia UnknownUnknownLoss [52]
1842 Vásquez Expedition Texas Militia UnknownUnknownInconclusive [53]
1842 Battle of Salado Creek Texas Militia Mathew Caldwell 1 KIA, 12 WIAVictory [54]
1842 Dawson Expedition (massacre) Texas Militia Nicholas Dawson36 KIA, 15 POWLoss [55]
1842 Battle of the Arroyo Hondo Texas Militia

Frontier Battalion, Texas Rangers

Mathew Caldwell Unknown

Unknown

Victory
1859-1861 Cortina War Frontier Battalion, Texas Rangers

Brownsville Tigers, Texas Militia

John Salmon Ford Unknown

31 KIA, WIA

Victory [56]
1859 Battle of La Ebonal Frontier Battalion, Texas Rangers

Brownsville Tigers, Texas Militia

William G. TobinUnknown

2 KIA, 5 WIA

Victory
1859 Battle of Rio Grande City Frontier Battalion, Texas Rangers

Brownsville Tigers, Texas Militia

John Salmon Ford Unknown

Unknown

Victory
1862 First Battle of Sabine Pass Texas Army Josephus S. Irvine0Loss [57] [58]
1862 Battle of Nueces (massacre) 33rd Texas Cavalry, Texas Army Colin D. McRae2 KIA, 18 WIAVictory/atrocity [59] [60]
1862 Battle of Corpus Christi Texas Militia Alfred M. Hobby / Charles G. Lovenskiold1 KIA, 1 WIAVictory [61]
1862 First Battle of Galveston 26th Texas Cavalry, Texas Army Xavier Debray 0Loss [62] [63] [64]
1863 Second Battle of Galveston Texas Army John B. Magruder 26 KIA, 117 WIAVictory [63]
1863 Second Battle of Sabine Pass Davis Guards, 1st Artillery Regiment, Texas Army Richard W. Dowling 0
Victory [65] [66]
1863 Battle of Brownsville 33rd Texas Cavalry, Texas Army Hamilton P. Bee 1 KIA, 1 WIA, 1 DIALoss [67]
1863Skirmish at La Sal Vieja2nd Texas Cavalry, Texas Army 0Loss [68]
1864 Battle of Laredo 33rd Texas Cavalry, Texas Army Santos Benavides 0Victory [69]
1865 Battle of Palmito Ranch 2nd Texas Cavalry Regiment, Texas Army John Salmon Ford 6 WIA, 3 POWVictory [70]
1874Penascal RaidFrontier Battalion, Texas Rangers John “Red” Dunn0Victory [71]
1875 Nuecestown Raid Texas Militia John McClane / Pat Whelen1 KIALoss [72]
1878Raid of 1878 Texas Army Unknown0Loss [73]
1915 Norias Ranch Raid Company B, Frontier Battalion, Texas Rangers Monroe Fox0Inconclusive [74]
January 1918 Brite Ranch Raid / Porvenir Massacre Company B, Frontier Battalion, Texas Rangers Monroe Fox0Inconclusive [75] [76]

Revolution

YearConflictTexas Military Unit(s)CommanderCasualtiesOutcomeReference
1832 Battle of Anahuac Texian Militia Frank W. Johnson 1 KIAVictory [77]
1832 Battle of Velasco Texian Militia John Austin 7 KIA, 14 WIAVictory [78]
1832 Battle of Nacogdoches Texian Militia James Bowie / James W. Bullock4 KIA, 3 WIAVictory [79]
1835 Anahuac Incident Texian Militia William B. Travis 0Victory
1835 San Felipe Incident Texian Navy

Texas Marines

William A. Hurd

Unknown

0

0

Victory [80]
1835-1836 Runaway Scrape refugee escort Texian Army UnknownUnknownVictory [81]
1835 Battle of Gonzales Texian Army John Henry Moore 0Victory [82]
1835 Battle of Goliad Texian Army James Fannin 1 WIAVictory [83]
1835 Battle of Concepción Texian Army James Bowie 1 KIA / 1 WIAVictory [84]
1835 Lipantitlán Expedition / Battle of Lipantitlán Texian Army Ira Westover 1 WIAVictory [85] [86]
1835 Grass Fight Texian Army James Bowie 4 WIA, 1 DIAVictory [87]
1835 Siege of Bexar Texian Army Stephen F. Austin 35 KIA / WIA / POWVictory [88]
1835-1836 Matamoros Expedition Texian Militia James Grant / Frank W. Johnson UnknownLoss [89]
1836 Battle of the Alamo Texian Army William B. Travis 257 KIALoss [90]
1836 Battle of San Patricio Texian Army Frank W. Johnson 16 KIA, 21 POWLoss [91]
1836 Battle of Agua Dulce Texian Army James Grant 15 KIA, 6 POWLoss [92]
1836 Battle of Refugio Texian Army William Ward 31 KIALoss [93]
1836 Battle of Coleto Texian Army James Fannin 10 KIA, 67 WIALoss [94]
1836 Goliad Massacre Texian Army James Fannin 445 ExecutedLoss [95]
1836 Battle of Matamoros Invincible, Texian Navy

Texas Marines

Jeremiah Brown

Unknown

0

0

Victory [96]
1836 Vince's Bridge Texas Rangers Deaf Smith 0Victory [97]
1836 Battle of San Jacinto Texian Army Sam Houston 11 KIA, 30 WIAVictory [98]

United States of America government

This list includes conflicts under the command authority of the United States of America.

Title 10 of the United States Code legally empowers the United States government to mobilize Texas Military Forces when more resources are needed than available in the United States Armed Forces for war, national emergency, or national security. Operations are conducted under command of the United States Department of Defense.

Conflicts

Border control

Note: These conflicts are commanded by the American government. For related conflicts commanded by the Texas government, see Border control.

YearConflictTexas Military Unit(s)CommanderCasualtiesOutcomeReference
1954 Operation Wetback Texas Army National Guard Unknown0Accomplished [99]
2006-2008 Operation Jump Start Texas Air National Guard

Texas Army National Guard

Unknown

Unknown

0

0

Accomplished [8]
2007Operation Stonegarden Texas Air National Guard

Texas Army National Guard

Unknown

Unknown

0

0

Accomplished
2010-2016 Operation Phalanx Texas Air National Guard

Texas Army National Guard

Unknown

Unknown

0

0

Accomplished [8]
2018–Present Operation Faithful Patriot 72nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team

536th Brigade Support Battalion

Unknown

Unknown

OngoingOngoing [100]

International security

YearConflictTexas Military Unit(s)CommanderCasualtiesOutcomeReference
1979-1989 Air Forces Panama airlift ops(Operation Volant/Coronet Oak) 136th Airlift Wing UnknownUnknownVictory
1992-1993 Operation Southern Watch 111th Fighter-Bomber Squadron
2005 Stabilisation Force in Bosnia and Herzegovina (SFOR) 36th Infantry Division UnknownUnknownVictory
2005-2006 Kosovo Force (KFOR) 36th Infantry Division UnknownUnknownVictory
2006–Present Multinational Force and Observers / Sinai insurgency 36th Infantry Division UnknownUnknownOngoing [101]
2014–Present European Deterrence Initiative 254th Combat Communications Group UnknownOngoingOngoing

Mexican War

Note: These conflicts are commanded by the American government. For related conflicts commanded by the Texas government, see Invasions / Incursions.

YearConflictTexas Military Unit(s)CommanderCasualtiesOutcomeReference
May 1846 Siege of Fort Texas 1st Regiment Texas Mounted Rifles John C. Hays UnknownVictory [102]
May 1846 Battle of Palo Alto 1st Regiment Texas Mounted Rifles John C. Hays UnknownVictory [103]
May 1846 Battle of Resaca de la Palma 7th Rifle Company

1st Regiment Texas Mounted Rifles

William R. Shivor

John C. Hays

Unknown

Unknown

Victory [104]
September 1846 Battle of Monterrey 1st Regiment Texas Mounted Rifles

2nd Regiment Texas Mounted Rifles

1st Regiment Texas Rifles

11th Mounted Company of Spies

John C. Hays

George T. Wood

Albert Sidney Johnston

Benjamin McCulloch

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Victory [105]
January–July 1847 Taos Revolt Texas MilitiaUnknownVictory [105]
February 1847 Battle of Buena Vista 1st Regiment Texas Rifles

2nd Regiment Texas Mounted Rifles

2nd Rifle Company

Albert Sidney Johnston

Peter Hansborough Bell

Patrick Edward Connor

Unknown

Unknown

15 KIA, 2 WIA

Inconclusive [106]
March 1847 Battle of Veracruz Frontier Battalion, Texas Rangers UnknownUnknownVictory [105]
April 1847 Battle of Cerro Gordo Frontier Battalion, Texas Rangers UnknownUnknownVictory [105]
September 1847 Battle of Chapultepec Frontier Battalion, Texas Rangers UnknownUnknownVictory [105]
October 1847 Battle of Huamantla Frontier Battalion, Texas Rangers Samuel Hamilton Walker UnknownVictory [105]
November 1847 Battle of Galaxara Pass Frontier Battalion, Texas Rangers UnknownUnknownVictory [105]
February 1848 Battle of Sequalteplan Frontier Battalion, Texas Rangers UnknownUnknownVictory [105]

American Civil War

YearConflictTexas Military Unit(s)CommanderCasualtiesOutcomeReference
1863 Second Bayou Teche Campaign 1st Texas Cavalry Regiment (Union) Edmund J. Davis Loss [107]
1863 Battle of Brownsville 1st Texas Cavalry Regiment (Union) Edmund J. Davis Victory [107]

Spanish War

YearConflictTexas Military Unit(s)CommanderCasualtiesOutcomeReference
January 1898 Battle of Las Guasimas Troop M, Texas Rangers Robert H. BruceUnknownVictory [108] [109]
July 1898 Battle of San Juan Hill Troop M, Texas Rangers Robert H. BruceUnknownVictory [108] [109]
July 1898 Siege of Santiago Troop M, Texas Rangers Robert H. BruceUnknownVictory [108] [109]

Philippine War

YearConflictTexas Military Unit(s)CommanderCasualtiesOutcomeReference
1899Battle of Magnatarem33rd "Texas" Infantry Regiment Luther Rector Hare UnknownVictory [110] [111]
November 1899 Battle of San Jacinto 33rd "Texas" Infantry Regiment Luther Rector Hare 8 KIA, 13 WIAVictory [110] [111]
November 1899Battle of Vigan33rd "Texas" Infantry Regiment Luther Rector Hare UnknownVictory [110] [111]
December 1899 Battle of Tirad Pass 33rd "Texas" Infantry Regiment Luther Rector Hare UnknownVictory [110] [111]
December 1899Battle of Tangadan (Tagudin) Pass33rd "Texas" Infantry Regiment Luther Rector Hare UnknownVictory [110] [111]
1900 Abra Occupation33rd "Texas" Infantry Regiment Luther Rector Hare UnknownVictory [110] [111]
1900 Ilocos Sur Occupation33rd "Texas" Infantry Regiment Luther Rector Hare UnknownVictory [110] [111]
September 1900 Battle of Pulang Lupa rescue operation33rd "Texas" Infantry Regiment Luther Rector Hare 0Victory [110] [111]

Mexican Border War

Note: These conflicts are commanded by the American government. For related conflicts commanded by the Texas government, see Invasions / Incursions.

YearConflictTexas Military Unit(s)CommanderCasualtiesOutcomeReference
1916-1917 Pancho Villa / Punitive Mexican Expedition Texas Army National Guard UnknownUnknownLoss [112] [8]
1918 Battle of Ambos Nogales Texas Rangers UnknownUnknownVictory [112]

World War I

YearConflictTexas Military Unit(s)CommanderCasualtiesOutcomeReference
September 1918 Battle of Saint-Mihiel 90th Infantry Division Henry Tureman Allen UnknownVictory [113] [114]
Sept-Nov 1918 Battles of the Meuse–Argonne 36th Infantry Division

90th Infantry Division

William Ruthven Smith

Henry Tureman Allen

2,601 KIA / WIA

Unknown

Victory [113] [114]

World War II

YearConflictTexas Military Unit(s)CommanderCasualtiesOutcomeReference
September 1943 Battle of Salerno 36th Infantry Division Mark W. Clark 4,000 KIA / WIA / MIAVictory [115]
December 1943 Battle of San Pietro Infine 36th Infantry Division Mark W. Clark 400 KIA, 800 WIAVictory [115]
January 1944 Battle of Rapido River 141st Infantry Regiment

143rd Infantry Regiment

36th Infantry Division

Fred L. Walker 141 KIA, 663 WIA, 875 POW / MIALoss [115]
Jan-Feb 1944 Battle of Monte Cassino 142nd Infantry Regiment Fred L. Walker Victory [115]
May–June 1944 Operation Diadem 36th Infantry Division Lucian Truscott Victory [115]
Aug-Sept 1944 Operation Dragoon 36th Infantry Division John E. Dahlquist Victory [115]
October 1944 Lost Battalion Europe 141st Infantry Regiment

36th Infantry Division

John E. Dahlquist 64 KIA / WIA / MIA / POW

161 KIA, 2,000 WIA, 43 MIA

Victory [115]
April 1945Liberated Dachau concentration camp 36th Infantry Division Lucian Truscott Victory [115]
May 1945 Battle for Castle Itter 142nd Infantry Regiment Victory [115]
May 1945Capture of Gerd von Rundstedt 36th Infantry Division Victory [115]

Cold War

YearConflictTexas Military Unit(s)CommanderCasualtiesOutcomeReference
1950-1952 Korea air campaign 1808 Engineer Aviation Company

108th Radar Calibration Detachment

136th Aircraft Control and Warning Squadron

134th Aircraft Control Squadron

158th Aircraft Control and Warning Group

136th Fighter-Bomber Wing

111th Fighter-Bomber Squadron

182d Fighter-Bomber Squadron

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

2 KIA

Victory [39]
1961-1962 Cuban Missile Crisis 36th Infantry Division Unknown0Victory [115]
1962 Exercise Iron Dragoon 49th Armored Division Harley B. West0Victory
1976-1993 Exercise Team Spirit 136th Airlift Wing UnknownUnknownVictory
1983 Operation Urgent Fury 136th Airlift Wing UnknownUnknownVictory
1988 Exercise Reforger 136th Airlift Wing UnknownUnknownVictory

War on Drugs

Note: These conflicts are commanded by the American government. For related conflicts commanded by the Texas government, see Counterdrug.

YearConflictTexas Military Unit(s)CommanderCasualtiesOutcomeReference
1989 Operation Just Cause 181st Airlift Squadron Unknown0Victory [39]
1992Operation Plus Up 143rd Infantry Regiment UnknownUnknownUnknown [116]
2002Operation Nighthawk 143rd Infantry Regiment UnknownUnknownUnknown [117]
2002Operation Tri-star 143rd Infantry Regiment UnknownUnknownUnknown [117]
2002Operation Unity 143rd Infantry Regiment UnknownUnknownUnknown [117]
2006-2008 Operation Jump Start Texas Air National Guard

Texas Army National Guard

Unknown

Unknown

0

0

Victory [8]
2007Operation Stonegarden Texas Air National Guard

Texas Army National Guard

Unknown

Unknown

0

0

Victory [8]
2010-2016 Operation Phalanx Texas Air National Guard

Texas Army National Guard

Unknown

Unknown

0

0

Victory [8]
2018–Present Operation Faithful Patriot 72nd Infantry Brigade Combat Team

536th Brigade Support Battalion

Unknown

Unknown

OngoingOngoing [100]

Gulf War

YearConflictTexas Military Unit(s)CommanderCasualtiesOutcomeReference
1990-1991 Operation Desert Shield 36th Infantry Division
1991 Operation Desert Storm 36th Infantry Division
1991 Gulf War air campaign 181st Airlift Squadron

111th Fighter-Bomber Squadron

147th Attack Wing

1991 Operation Volant Pine 181st Airlift Squadron

War on Terror

YearConflictTexas Military Unit(s)CommanderCasualtiesOutcomeReference
2001–Present Operation Noble Eagle 181st Airlift Squadron
2004-2014 Operation Enduring Freedom 181st Airlift Squadron

36th Infantry Division

2004-2011 Operation Iraqi Freedom 181st Airlift Squadron

111th Fighter-Bomber Squadron

147th Attack Wing

36th Infantry Division

2008 Operation New Horizons 181st Airlift Squadron
2010-2011 Operation New Dawn 36th Infantry Division
2014–Present Operation Inherent Resolve 36th Infantry Division
2015Operation Flintlock5th Battalion, 19th Special Forces Group [118]
2015–2021 Operation Freedom's Sentinel 36th Infantry Division

United Mexican States government

This list includes conflicts under the command authority of the United Mexican States (First Mexican Republic) government.

Faculty 18 and 19, Section 5, Title 3 of the 1824 Constitution of Mexico legally empowered the First Mexican Republic government to mobilize Texas Military Forces. Operations were conducted under command of the Mexican Army. [119]

Conflicts

YearConflictTexas Military Unit(s)CommanderCasualtiesOutcomeReference
1827 Fredonian Rebellion Texian Militia Stephen F. Austin NoneVictory [120] [121]

Confederate States of America government

This list includes conflicts under the command authority of the Confederate States of America.

The First, Second, and Third Conscription Acts of the 1st Confederate States Congress legally empowered the Confederate States government to mobilize Texas Military Forces. Operations were conducted under command of the Confederate States War Department. [122]

Conflicts

American Civil War

Note: These conflicts are commanded by the Confederate government. For related conflicts commanded by the Texas government, see Invasions / Incursions.

YearConflictTexas Military Unit(s)CommanderCasualtiesOutcomeReference
November 1861 Battle of Round Mountain 9th Texas Cavalry Regiment William B. Sims Victory
December 1861 Battle of Chusto-Talasah 9th Texas Cavalry Regiment William B. Sims Victory
December 1861 Battle of Chustenahlah 32nd Texas Cavalry Regiment Julius A. Andrews Victory
February 1862 Battle of Fort Donelson 7th Texas Infantry Regiment John Gregg Loss
April 1862 Battle of Shiloh 8th Texas Cavalry Regiment (Terry's Texas Rangers) Benjamin Franklin Terry Loss
March 1862 Battle of Pea Ridge 9th Texas Cavalry Regiment William B. Sims Loss
April–May 1862 Siege of Corinth 9th Texas Cavalry Regiment William B. Sims Loss
May 1862 Battle of Eltham's Landing Texas Brigade John Bell Hood Inconclusive
May 1862 Battle of Seven Pines Texas Brigade John Bell Hood Inconclusive
June 1862 Battle of Gaines' Mill Texas Brigade John Bell Hood Victory
June–July 1862 Seven Days Battles 1st Texas Infantry Regiment Phillip A. Work Victory
August 1862 First Battle of Rappahannock Station 1st Texas Infantry Regiment Phillip A. Work Inconclusive
August 1862 Battle of Second Manassas Texas Brigade John Bell Hood Victory
August 1862 Battle of Richmond 32nd Texas Cavalry Regiment Julius A. Andrews Victory
September 1862 Battle of Antietam Texas Brigade William T. Wofford Inconclusive
September 1862 Battle of South Mountain 1st Texas Infantry Regiment Phillip A. Work Loss
October 1862 Battle of Perryville 8th Texas Cavalry Regiment (Terry's Texas Rangers) Benjamin Franklin Terry Loss
October 1862 Second Battle of Corinth 2nd Texas Infantry Regiment Ashbel Smith Loss
October 1862 Battle of Hatchie's Bridge 2nd Texas Infantry Regiment Ashbel Smith Loss
December 1862 Battle of Fredericksburg Texas Brigade Jerome B. Robertson Victory
Dec 1862-Jan 1863 Battle of Stones River/Murfreesboro 8th Texas Cavalry Regiment (Terry's Texas Rangers) Benjamin Franklin Terry Loss
January 1863 Battle of Arkansas Post 6th Texas Infantry Regiment Robert R. Garland Loss
January 1863 Battle of Galveston 20th Texas Infantry Regiment Henry M. Elmore Victory
April 1863 Battle of Snyder's Bluff 2nd Texas Infantry Regiment Ashbel Smith Victory
April–May 1863 Siege of Suffolk 1st Texas Infantry Regiment Phillip A. Work Inconclusive
May 1863 Battle of Raymond 7th Texas Infantry Regiment Hiram B. Granbury Loss
May 1863 Battle of Jackson 7th Texas Infantry Regiment Hiram B. Granbury Loss
May–July 1863 Siege of Vicksburg 2nd Texas Infantry Regiment Ashbel Smith Loss
June 1863 Battle of Milliken's Bend 3rd Brigade, Walker's Infantry Division Henry Eustace McCulloch 185 KIA / WIALoss
June 1863 Battle of Young's Point 1st Brigade, Walker's Infantry Division James Morrison Hawes UnknownLoss
July 1863 Battle of Gettysburg Texas Brigade Jerome B. Robertson Loss
September 1863 Battle of Chickamauga Texas Brigade Jerome B. Robertson Victory
September 1863 Battle of Stirling's Plantation 5th Texas Cavalry Regiment Arthur P. Bagby Jr Victory
October 1863 Battle of Wauhatchie 1st Texas Infantry Regiment Phillip A. Work Loss
November 1863 Battle of Bayou Bourbeux 5th Texas Cavalry Regiment Arthur P. Bagby Jr Victory
November 1863 Battle of Missionary Ridge 6th Texas Infantry Regiment Robert R. Garland Loss
November 1863 Battle of Ringgold Gap 7th Texas Infantry Regiment Hiram B. Granbury Victory
April 1864 Battle of Mansfield

Walker's Infantry Division
Mouton's Infantry Division
5th Texas Cavalry Regiment
26th Texas Cavalry Regiment

John George Walker
Alfred Mouton
Thomas Green
Xavier Debray

1,000 KIA / WIAVictory
April 1864 Battle of Pleasant Hill

Walker's Infantry Division
Bee's Cavalry Division
5th Texas Cavalry Regiment
26th Texas Cavalry Regiment

John George Walker
Hamilton P. Bee / James Patrick Major
Thomas Green / Arthur P. Bagby Jr
Xavier Debray

Victory
April 1864 Battle of Fort Pillow 8th Texas Cavalry Regiment (Terry's Texas Rangers) Benjamin Franklin Terry Victory
April 1864 Battle of Jenkins' Ferry Walker's Infantry Division John George Walker Pyrrhic Loss
May 1864 Battle of the Wilderness Texas Brigade John Gregg Inconclusive
May 1864 Battle of Spotsylvania Court House 1st Texas Infantry Regiment Phillip A. Work Loss
May 1864 Battle of North Anna 1st Texas Infantry Regiment Phillip A. Work Loss
May–June 1864 Battle of Cold Harbor Texas Brigade John Gregg Inconclusive
June 1864-Apr 1865 Siege of Petersburg 1st Texas Infantry Regiment Phillip A. Work Loss
October 1864 Battle of Allatoona 9th Texas Infantry Regiment William Hugh Young Loss
November 1864 Battle of Franklin Granbury's Brigade Hiram B. Granbury Loss
December 1864 Battle of Nashville Granbury's Brigade Hiram B. Granbury Loss
December 1864 Third Battle of Murfreesboro 9th Texas Cavalry Regiment William B. Sims Loss
March 1865 Battle of Bentonville 8th Texas Cavalry Regiment (Terry's Texas Rangers) Benjamin Franklin Terry Loss
March 1865 Battle of Averasborough Granbury's Brigade Hiram B. Granbury Inconclusive
March-Apr 1865 Battle of Spanish Fort 9th Texas Infantry Regiment Loss
March-Apr 1865 Appomattox campaign 1st Texas Infantry Regiment Phillip A. Work Loss
April 1865 Battle of Fort Blakeley 9th Texas Infantry Regiment Miles A. Dillard Loss

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Republic of Texas</span> Historical republic

The Republic of Texas was a sovereign state in North America that existed from March 2, 1836, to February 19, 1846. It shared borders with Mexico, the Republic of the Rio Grande, and the United States of America. Mexico considered it a rebellious province during its entire existence. It was bordered by Mexico to the west and southwest, the Gulf of Mexico to the southeast, the two U.S. states of Louisiana and Arkansas to the east and northeast, and United States territories encompassing parts of the current U.S. states of Oklahoma, Kansas, Colorado, Wyoming, and New Mexico to the north and west. The Anglo residents of the area and of the republic were referred to as Texians.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Gonzales</span> First military engagement of the Texas Revolution

The Battle of Gonzales was the first military engagement of the Texas Revolution. It was fought near Gonzales, Texas, on October 2, 1835, between rebellious Texian settlers and a detachment of Mexican army soldiers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Santos Benavides</span> American politician

Santos Benavides was a Confederate colonel during the American Civil War. Benavides was the highest-ranking Tejano soldier in the Confederate military.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Deaf Smith</span> Texan soldier

Erastus "Deaf" Smith, who earned his nickname due to hearing loss in childhood, was an American frontiersman noted for his part in the Texas Revolution and the Army of the Republic of Texas. He fought in the Grass Fight and the Battle of San Jacinto. After the war, Deaf Smith led a company of Texas Rangers.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pancho Villa Expedition</span> 1916 U.S. military operation against revolutionary forces in northern Mexico

The Pancho Villa Expedition—now known officially in the United States as the Mexican Expedition, but originally referred to as the "Punitive Expedition, U.S. Army"—was a military operation conducted by the United States Army against the paramilitary forces of Mexican revolutionary Francisco "Pancho" Villa from March 14, 1916, to February 7, 1917, during the Mexican Revolution of 1910–1920.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">David E. Twiggs</span> Confederate Army general (1790–1862)

David Emanuel Twiggs, born in Georgia, was a career army officer, serving during the War of 1812, the Black Hawk War, and Mexican–American War.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">José de Urrea</span> Mexican general (1797–1849)

José Cosme de Urrea y Elías González or simply José de Urrea was a Mexican general. He fought under General Antonio López de Santa Anna during the Texas Revolution. Urrea's forces were never defeated in battle during the Texas Revolution. His most notable success was that of the Goliad Campaign, in which James Fannin's 400 soldiers were surrounded and induced to capitulate under terms, but were massacred in Urrea's absence on the orders of Santa Anna. Urrea also fought in the Mexican–American War.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Texas in the American Civil War</span>

Texas declared its secession from the Union on February 1, 1861, and joined the Confederate States on March 2, 1861, after it had replaced its governor, Sam Houston, who had refused to take an oath of allegiance to the Confederacy. As with those of other states, the Declaration of Secession was not recognized by the US government at Washington, DC. Some Texan military units fought in the Civil War east of the Mississippi River, but Texas was more useful for supplying soldiers and horses for the Confederate Army. Texas' supply role lasted until mid-1863, when Union gunboats started to control the Mississippi River, which prevented large transfers of men, horses, or cattle. Some cotton was sold in Mexico, but most of the crop became useless because of the Union's naval blockade of Galveston, Houston, and other ports.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dawson massacre</span> Event which occurred during the Battle of Salado Creek

The Dawson massacre, also called the Dawson expedition, was an incident in which 36 Texian militiamen were killed by Mexican soldiers on September 17, 1842 near San Antonio de Bexar. The event occurred during the Battle of Salado Creek, which ended with a Texian victory. This was among numerous armed conflicts over the area between the Rio Grande and Nueces rivers, which the Republic of Texas tried to control after achieving independence in 1836.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Texas Navy</span> Military branch of the Republic of Texas specialized in naval warfare (1839–1846)

The Texas Navy, officially the Navy of the Republic of Texas, also known as the Second Texas Navy, was the naval warfare branch of the Texas Military Forces during the Republic of Texas. It descended from the Texian Navy, which was established in November 1835 to fight for independence from Centralist Republic of Mexico in the Texas Revolution. The Texas Navy, Texas Army, and Texas Militia were officially established on September 5, 1836 in Article II of the Constitution of the Republic of Texas. The Texas Navy and Texas Army were merged with the United States Armed Forces on February 19, 1846 after the Republic of Texas became the 28th state of the United States.

The Texas Military Forces (TXMF) are the principal instrument through which the Texas Military Department (TMD) executes security policy for Texas, which has the second-largest population and border in the United States, and the 9th-largest economy in the world.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">James S. Rains</span> American politician

James S. Rains was a senior officer of the Missouri State Guard (MSG) who fought in the Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War. Born in Tennessee, Rains moved to Missouri by 1840, and was a farmer, politician, judge, and militia officer. He also served as an Indian agent from 1845 to 1849, and participated in the California Gold Rush. He was appointed to command of the 8th Division of the MSG in May 1861, and may have commanded all MSG forces at the Battle of Carthage later that year. In August, his men were routed at the Battle of Dug Springs, an incident which became known as "Rains's Scare".

James Long was an American filibuster who led an unsuccessful expedition to seize control of Spanish Texas between 1819 and 1821.

Hispanics in the American Civil War fought on both the Union and Confederate sides of the conflict. Not all the Hispanics who fought in the American Civil War were "Hispanic-Americans", in other words citizens of the United States. Many of them were Spanish subjects or nationals from countries in the Caribbean, Central and South America. Some were born in a US Territory and therefore did not have the right to US Citizenship. It is estimated that approximately 20,000 Hispanics, mostly Mexican-Americans, Puerto Ricans and Cubans living in the United States joined the war: 2,500 for the Confederacy and 1,000 for the Union. This number increased to 10,000 by the end of the war.

Plácido Benavides (1810–1837) was an early Mexican-born settler in De Leon's Colony, Victoria County, Texas. Benavides earned himself the sobriquet of the Paul Revere of Texas for his 1836 journey from San Patricio to Goliad to Victoria, warning residents of the approaching Mexican army. He was twice elected alcalde of Victoria, Texas. He married into the powerful De León family, and with his wife Agustina became the father of three daughters. Benavides fought against the dictatorship of Antonio López de Santa Anna, but did not feel Texas should be separated from Mexico.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Texas Military Department</span> Department of the Texas state government

The Texas Military Department (TMD) is an executive branch agency of the Texas government. Along with the Texas Department of Public Safety, it is charged with providing the security of Texas, which has the second largest population, border, and economy in the United States. It also provides administration of the Texas Military Forces (TXMF), the principle instrument through which it executes security policy. TXMF currently include the Texas Army National Guard, Texas Air National Guard, and Texas State Guard. It formerly included the Texas Rangers, Texas Army, Texas Navy, and Texas Marines.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Adjutant General of Texas</span>

The adjutant general of Texas (TAG) is the commander and chief executive officer of the Texas Military Department, the executive department of the Texas Military Forces. The adjutant general's position of authority over Texas Military Forces is second only to the commander-in-chief, the governor of Texas. This position is analogous to the United States secretary of defense. The adjutant general of Texas is appointed by the governor of Texas with the advice and consent of the Texas Senate from Texas Government Code Title 4, Subtitle C, Chapter 437.003.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Texian Militia</span> 1823–1835 militia of American colonists in Mexican Texas

The Texian Militia was the militia forces of Texian colonists in the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas from 1823 to 1835 and the inaugurate force of the Texas Military. It was established by Stephen F. Austin on August 5, 1823 for defense of the Old Three Hundred colonists against the Karankawa, Comanche, and Cherokee tribes; among others. Its most notable unit, the Texas Rangers, remained in continuous service of Texas Military Forces until 1935.

The Texas Militia are the militia forces of the State of Texas. It currently consists of the Texas Army National Guard, Texas Air National Guard, and Texas State Guard. It is administered by the Texas Military Department under command of the Texas Adjutant General. Since 1846, the Texas Militia constitutes the entirety of the Texas Military Forces.

Texas special operations units of the Texas Military Forces conduct special operations for the Texas Military Department via the Domestic Operations Command (DOMOPS) while under Title 32 command, and via United States Special Operations Command (SOCOM) while under Title 10 command.

References

  1. Procter, Ben H. "TEXAS RANGERS". TSHA.
  2. 1 2 Weber, David J. (1982). The Mexican Frontier, 1821-1846: The American Southwest Under Mexico (Histories of the American Frontier Series). University of New Mexico Press. p. 116. ISBN   978-0826306036.
  3. "Declaration, with Plan and Powers of the Provisional Government of Texas (1836)". Tarlton Law Library.
  4. "Constitution of the Republic of Texas (1836)". Tarlton Law Library.
  5. "ARTICLE 4. EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. Sec. 7. GOVERNOR AS COMMANDER-IN-CHIEF OF MILITARY FORCES". Texas Constitution and Statutes.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Baddour, Dylan (August 30, 2016). "Explained: How Texas built a border army". Houston Chronicle.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Kriel, Lomi (April 18, 2022). "Texas has spent billions of dollars on border security. But what taxpayers got in return is a mystery". The Texas Tribune. Retrieved April 30, 2023.
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "Border Operation". TMD.
  9. Winkie, Davis (Dec 23, 2021). "Wave of suicides hits Texas National Guard's border mission". ArmyTimes.
  10. Beeferman, Jason (Apr 25, 2022). "Texas Guard soldier's body found after he was washed away helping drowning migrants". ArmyTimes.
  11. Hazlewood, Claudia. "ARCHIVES WAR". TSHA.
  12. Cuthbertson, Gilbert M. "REGULATOR-MODERATOR WAR". TSHA.
  13. Weber, David J. "Cart War".
  14. Woods, Thomas. "LAREDO ELECTION RIOT (1886)". TSHA.
  15. "TRAVIS GUARDS AND RIFLES". TSHA.
  16. Sonnichsen, C.L. "SALT WAR OF SAN ELIZARIO". TSHA.
  17. Gard, Wayne. "FENCE CUTTING". TSHA.
  18. Garza, Alicia A. "RIO GRANDE CITY RIOT OF 1888". TSHA.
  19. Baulch, Joe R. "Garza War". TSHA.
  20. 1 2 Cuéllar, Carlos E. "LAREDO SMALLPOX RIOT". TSHA.
  21. Durham, Ken. "LONGVIEW RACE RIOT OF 1919". TSHA.
  22. Thompson, Nolan. "SHERMAN RIOT OF 1930". TSHA.
  23. Taylor, Lonn W. "RED RIVER BRIDGE CONTROVERSY". TSHA.
  24. Smith, Julia Cauble. "EAST TEXAS OILFIELD". TSHA.
  25. Olson, James S. "BEAUMONT RIOT OF 1943". TSHA.
  26. "Gov. Abbott activates Texas National Guard in response to George Floyd protests". Fox 26 Houston. May 30, 2020.
  27. Diaz, George T. "TEQUILEROS". TSHA.
  28. Johnson, Michelle T. (August 15, 1990). "Guard aid vital cog in drug war". Austin American-Statesman.
  29. De Moura, Nadine Wiley. "Texas Counterdrug commemorates 30th Anniversary of law enforcement support". Texas Military Department.
  30. Zarrad, Lamine (September 9, 2011). "Guard helps local community reclaim neighborhoods". TMD.
  31. "Texas Counterdrug Task Force cracks down on local drug haven". TMD. December 16, 2013.
  32. Walker, Ken (April 16, 2015). "Operation Crackdown returns to Laredo". TMD.
  33. Lacy, Alicia (August 3, 2016). "Texas Joint Counterdrug Task force begins largest Operation Crackdown in Dallas". TMD.
  34. Leatherwood, Art. "ALCANTRA, BATTLE OF". TSHA.
  35. "JORDAN, SAMUEL W." TSHA.
  36. Vigness, David M. "REPUBLIC OF THE RIO GRANDE". TSHA.
  37. Carroll, H. Bailey. "SNIVELY EXPEDITION". TSHA.
  38. Glass, James L. "Racer's Storm: The Benchmark Hurricane of 1837" (PDF). Houston History Magazine.
  39. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Olson, Bruce A. "TEXAS NATIONAL GUARD". TSHA.
  40. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Dunn, Roy Sylvan. "HURRICANES". TSHA.
  41. Weems, John Edward. "GALVESTON HURRICANE OF 1900". TSHA.
  42. "TEXAS CITY DISASTER". TSHA.
  43. "Thomas Sams Bishop". Texas State Cemetery.
  44. "Governor Abbott Announces National Guard Deployment in Support of COVID-19 Response". Office of the Texas Governor (Press release). March 27, 2020.
  45. Briden-Garcia, Julie (Feb 24, 2021). "Citizen Airmen satisfy Texas-sized thirst". 136th Airlift Wing.
  46. Admin, Web (Mar 18, 2021). "TEXAS STATE GUARD RESPONDS TO DEVASTATING WINTER STORM". StateDefenseForce.com.
  47. Cutrer, Thomas W. "BRUTUS". TSHA.
  48. Carroll, H. Bailey. "TEXAN SANTA FE EXPEDITION". TSHA.
  49. Nance, Joseph Milton. "SOMERVELL EXPEDITION". TSHA.
  50. Nance, Joseph Milton. "MIER EXPEDITION". TSHA.
  51. Hardin, Stephen L. "HYNES BAY, BATTLE OF". TSHA.
  52. Salmón, Roberto Mario. "CANALES ROSILLO, ANTONIO". TSHA.
  53. "VASQUEZ, RAFAEL". TSHA.
  54. Cutrer, Thomas W. "SALADO CREEK, BATTLE OF". TSHA.
  55. Cutrer, Thomas W. "DAWSON MASSACRE". TSHA.
  56. Thompson, Jerry. "CORTINA, JUAN NEPOMUCENO". TSHA.
  57. Wooster, Robert. "FORT SABINE". TSHA.
  58. Ragan, Cooper K. "IRVINE, JOSEPHUS SOMERVILLE". TSHA.
  59. "NUECES, BATTLE OF THE". TSHA.
  60. Grear, Charles D. "THIRTY-THIRD TEXAS CAVALRY". TSHA.
  61. Delaney, Norman C. "CORPUS CHRISTI, BATTLE OF". TSHA. Archived from the original on 2019-10-22.
  62. Salyer, Steven P. "TWENTY-SIXTH TEXAS CAVALRY". TSHA.
  63. 1 2 Barr, Alwyn. "GALVESTON, BATTLE OF". TSHA.
  64. Bailey, Anne J. "DEBRAY, XAVIER BLANCHARD". TSHA.
  65. Barr, Alwyn. "SABINE PASS, BATTLE OF". TSHA.
  66. "DAVIS GUARDS". TSHA.
  67. Garza, Alicia A. "BROWNSVILLE, TX". TSHA.
  68. ROZEFF, Norman. "A Treasure in Salt". Valley Star.
  69. Cuéllar, Carlos E. "LAREDO, TX". TSHA.
  70. Hunt, Jeffrey William. "PALMITO RANCH, BATTLE OF". TSHA.
  71. Obringer, Christopher S. "PEÑASCAL RAID OF 1874". TSHA.
  72. Orozco, Cynthia E. "NUECESTOWN RAID OF 1875". TSHA.
  73. Johnson, John G. "MEXICAN AND INDIAN RAID OF 1878". TSHA.
  74. Garza, Alicia A. "NORIAS RANCH RAID". TSHA.
  75. Smith, Julia Cauble. "BRITE RANCH RAID". TSHA.
  76. Martinez, Monica Muñoz. "PORVENIR MASSACRE". TSHA.
  77. Henson, Margaret Swett. "ANAHUAC DISTURBANCES". Texas State Historical Association.
  78. "VELASCO, BATTLE OF". Texas State Historical Association.
  79. McDonald, Archie P. "NACOGDOCHES, BATTLE OF". Texas State Historical Association.
  80. Curtrer, Thomas W. "SAN FELIPE". Texas State Historical Association.
  81. Covington, Carolyn Callaway. "RUNAWAY SCRAPE". Texas State Historical Association.
  82. Hardin, Stephen L. "GONZALES, BATTLE OF". Texas State Historical Association.
  83. Roell, Craig H. "GOLIAD CAMPAIGN OF 1835". Texas State Historical Association.
  84. Barr, Alwyn. "CONCEPCION, BATTLE OF". Texas State Historical Association.
  85. Guthrie, Keith. "LIPANTITLAN, BATTLE OF". Texas State Historical Association.
  86. Hardin, Stephen L. "LIPANTITLAN EXPEDITION". TSHA.
  87. Barr, Alwyn. "GRASS FIGHT". Texas State Historical Association.
  88. Barr, Alwyn. "BEXAR, SIEGE OF". Texas State Historical Association.
  89. Roell, Craig H. "MATAMOROS EXPEDITION OF 1835-36". TSHA.
  90. Hardin, Stephen L. "ALAMO, BATTLE OF THE". TSHA.
  91. Guthrie, Keith. "SAN PATRICIO, BATTLE OF". TSHA.
  92. Bishop, Curtis. "AGUA DULCE CREEK, BATTLE OF". TSHA.
  93. Roell, Craig. "REFUGIO, BATTLE OF". TSHA.
  94. Roell, Craig. "COLETO, BATTLE OF". TSHA.
  95. Davenport, Habert. "GOLIAD MASSACRE". TSHA.
  96. Roell, Craig. "MATAMOROS EXPEDITION OF 1835-36". TSHA.
  97. Pomeroy, David. "VINCE'S BRIDGE". TSHA.
  98. Kemp, LW. "SAN JACINTO, BATTLE OF". TSHA.
  99. Koestler, Fred L. "OPERATION WETBACK". TSHA.
  100. 1 2 Mengrone, Maria (July 21, 2018). "Texas National Guard conducts border mission Transfer of Authority". TSHA.
  101. "Governor Abbott Presents Texas Purple Heart To Four Soldiers". Officer of the Texas Governor. September 24, 2015.
  102. Davenport, Elizabeth Pettit. "FORT BROWN". TSHA.
  103. Sanchez, Joseph P. "PALO ALTO, BATTLE OF". TSHA.
  104. Leatherwood, Art. "RESACA DE LA PALMA, BATTLE OF". TSHA.
  105. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Bauer, K. Jack. "MEXICAN WAR". TSHA.
  106. "The Battle of Buena Vista". TSHA.
  107. 1 2 "FIRST TEXAS CAVALRY, USA". Texas State Historical Association.
  108. 1 2 3 "Rough Riders Muster Roll". Bartleby.
  109. 1 2 3 Cutrer, Thomas W. "FIRST UNITED STATES VOLUNTEER CAVALRY". TSHA.
  110. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Linn, Brian M. "THIRTY-THIRD INFANTRY". TSHA.
  111. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Meketa, Raymond Thomas. "HARE, LUTHER RECTOR". TSHA.
  112. 1 2 Overfelt, Robert C. "MEXICAN REVOLUTION". TSHA.
  113. 1 2 Winfrey, Dorman H. "NINETIETH DIVISION". TSHA.
  114. 1 2 White, Lonnie J. "ALLEN, HENRY TUREMAN". TSHA.
  115. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Dawson III, Joseph G. "THIRTY-SIXTH INFANTRY DIVISION". TSHA.
  116. "MOU Between Texas National Guard and ATF" (PDF). October 1992.
  117. 1 2 3 Corporation, BOTEC Analysis (April 2002). "Assessment of the HIDTA Program: High Intensity Drug Trafficking Areas" (PDF).
  118. Meyer, Philipp (November 18, 2015). "Over There". TexasMonthly.
  119. "The Constitution of the Mexican United States". Constitution Society.
  120. McDonald, Archie P. "FREDONIAN REBELLION". TSHA.
  121. Barker, Eugene C. "AUSTIN, STEPHEN FULLER". TSHA.
  122. Wood, Margaret (November 15, 2012). "Civil War Conscription Laws". Library of Congress.