Lithuanians in the Chicago area

Last updated
July 4th parade with marchers carrying a 'Lithuania' banner followed by a Lithuanian flag in the West Pullman area of Chicago, circa 1950 July 4th parade West Pullman Chicago Circa 1950 Kodachrome.jpg
July 4th parade with marchers carrying a 'Lithuania' banner followed by a Lithuanian flag in the West Pullman area of Chicago, circa 1950
The Union Stockyards were at one time a significant employer of Chicago's Lithuanian community. Upton Sinclair's 1906 novel The Jungle, revolves around the life of a Lithuanian immigrant working the Stockyards named Jurgis Rudkus. Chicago meat inspection swift co 1906.jpg
The Union Stockyards were at one time a significant employer of Chicago's Lithuanian community. Upton Sinclair's 1906 novel The Jungle , revolves around the life of a Lithuanian immigrant working the Stockyards named Jurgis Rudkus.

Lithuanians in Chicago and the nearby metropolitan area are a prominent group within the "Windy City" whose presence goes back over a hundred years. Today the Chicago area possesses the largest Lithuanian community outside Lithuania, [28] who have dubbed the city as Little Lithuania, and many Lithuanian Americans refer to it as the second capital of Lithuania. Lithuanian Americans from Chicago have had a significant impact on politics in both the United States and Lithuania. The population is currently declining. [29]

Contents

History

Lithuanians have been documented as arriving in the US since 1918, when Lithuania re-established its independence from Imperial Russia. Although this is the first official record, Lithuanians began arriving at least two decades earlier; however, they were listed as Russian citizens. [28] This is compounded by the fact that, prior to Lithuanian independence, most if not all official documents were written in Russian, Polish or German. Thousands of Lithuanians have since moved to Chicago, providing a good source of labor for the growing city. The Lithuanian community in Chicago was most famously immortalized by Upton Sinclair in his 1906 novel about the treatment of workers in the Chicago stock yards, The Jungle , whose story revolves around telling the life of a Lithuanian immigrant named Jurgis Rudkus.

Geography

Lithuanian Downtown

The first and most prominent Lithuanian enclave in Chicago was called "Lithuanian Downtown" which was located along Halsted street in Bridgeport and founded by Lithuanians who settled nearby their Old World neighbors, the Poles, who were located in a Polish Patch in the vicinity of St. Mary of Perpetual Help. It was here that the Lithuanian church of Saint George was founded as the first Lithuanian parish in the Midwest, foreshadowing the prominence that Bridgeport would play as one of the key centers of Lithuanian activity throughout the United States. [30] A large number of the early buildings of this district were built by the first prominent Lithuanian community leader, Antanas Olšauskas (pronounced Ole-shau-skas), circa 1910. Centered on Thirty-third and Halsted, Bridgeport was Chicago's leading Lithuanian neighborhood from the 1890s through the 1950s.

Distribution

Although Lithuanians initially settled in areas adjacent to the ethnic group most familiar from their European homeland, the Poles, a pattern consistent with most other immigrant groups in Chicago, the Lithuanian community today is found all over the Chicago metropolitan area. There have been a number of Chicago neighborhoods in which Lithuanian immigrants have clustered during the 20th century, including Bridgeport, Brighton Park, Marquette Park area, and the Back of the Yards. The adjacent near-western suburb of Cicero had an enclave of Lithuanians in the 20th century, [31] especially around St. Anthony's Parish. [32] [33] The most recent wave of immigrants has settled in the Chicago suburbs of Lemont, Darien, Homer Glen and Woodridge, towns which all have a sizeable Polish community as well (particularly Lemont and Homer Glen). There is a small enclave of Lithuanians around the Beverly Shores area in northwest Indiana at the southern coast of Lake Michigan, where there is an American-Lithuanian Club. [34] [35] Some Lithuanians moved on to work in Southern Illinois coal mines.

Culture

Monument to Steponas Darius and Stasys Girenas in Marquette Park DariusAndGirenasChicago.JPG
Monument to Steponas Darius and Stasys Girėnas in Marquette Park
Valdas Adamkus was an active member of the Lithuanian community in Chicago for decades before becoming President of Lithuania. Valdas Adamkus.2007.jpg
Valdas Adamkus was an active member of the Lithuanian community in Chicago for decades before becoming President of Lithuania.

Today "Little Lithuania" is the center of Lithuanian culture in North America. It has a number of Lithuanian restaurants, bookstores, and other shops. The former president of Lithuania, Valdas Adamkus 1998-2003 and 2004–2009, is a former resident of the Chicago area as well. Chicago is home to the Consulate General of the Republic of Lithuania, and the city's large Lithuanian American community maintains close ties to what is affectionately called the Motherland. Chicago's Lithuanian heritage is visible in the cityscape through its Lithuanian-named streets such as Lituanica Avenue and Lithuanian Plaza Court as well as an Art Deco monument in Marquette Park commemorating pilots Stasys Girėnas and Steponas Darius who died in the crash of the aircraft Lituanica in 1933. The area just east of Marquette Park features such institutions as Maria High School, Sisters of St. Casimir Motherhouse, [36] Holy Cross Hospital, and Nativity BVM Catholic Church, which have been associated with Lithuanians.

Churches

A number of the most architecturally significant churches of the Archdiocese of Chicago were built as national parishes by Lithuanian immigrants such as Holy Cross, Providence of God, Nativity BVM which is dedicated to Our Lady of Šiluva, and the now demolished St. George's in Bridgeport. Opulently decorated with a proclivity towards Renaissance and Baroque ornamentation, Lithuanian churches were designed in the spirit of the architecture of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth's heyday. Like Chicago's Polish Cathedrals, these churches were statements meant to recall an era when the Grand Duchy of Lithuania spanned from the Baltic to the Black Sea, having been built at a time when Lithuania was under Russian occupation and incorporating Lithuanian imagery in its decor such as the Vytis to invoke pride in Lithuanian culture.

Museums

The Lithuanian Museum, owned by the Lithuanian Research and Studies Center, operates at the Lithuanian Youth Center (Lietuvių Jaunimo Centras, 5620 S. Claremont Ave.) The Museum is open and accessible when the Youth Center is open.

Opened in 1966, the Balzekas Museum of Lithuanian Culture is located in south Chicago, at 6500 South Pulaski Road. The purpose of the museum is to celebrate and preserve the Lithuanian culture. As a non-profit organization, the museum began its collections from donations from within the community—such as limited antiques from the Balzekas family. Today, the museum offers a variety of exhibits for both children and adults. Every two years the museum organizes tours to Lithuania, where the groups visit the most well-known places in Lithuania. [37]

The Lithuanian Folk Art Institute of Chicago can be found at the Lithuanian World Center, which is located in Lemont. The museum contains a variety of wood carvings, amber jewelry, Lithuanian national clothing pieces, sculptures, and many other traditional folk art. [38]

Restaurants

Lithuanian restaurant in Chicago Lithuanian restaurant in Chicago.jpg
Lithuanian restaurant in Chicago

The Lithuanian cuisine options in Chicago are widespread. Opened in 1938, the Healthy Food restaurant was one of the first well-known Lithuanian restaurants in Chicago located on Halsted near 32nd street, in the Bridgeport neighborhood, a historically Lithuania community. The restaurant created an atmosphere that resembled Lithuania by decorating the place with a variety of traditional art. They were well known for making their meals "consistent, as mom used to make at home." [39] The restaurant closed its doors in 2009. [40]

About a block away from the now-closed Healthy Food restaurant is Bernice's Tavern which has been in the care of the Badauskas family for just over 50 years. [41] To this day it is one of the few places you can find Švyturys beer in Chicago. The namesake of the bar passed away in 2017.

A more recent Lithuanian restaurant Grand Duke’s opened in 2005 located on Harlem Avenue. Grand Duke’s has created a special medieval Lithuanian environment. They are known for their traditional comfort food and the entertainment as well. Grand Duke’s has been featured on Check, Please!, PBS, ABC news Hungry Hound and Chicago’s Best. In 2019, they were replaced with Thirsty Pig BBQ & relocated to Downers Grove. In 2012, Grand Duke’s opened up a sister restaurant Old Vilnius located in Darien. [42] [43]

Schools

There are a number of Lithuanian schools established in or near Chicago. At the Chicago Lithuanian Youth Center, the Lithuanian School of Chicago (Lith.: Čikagos Lituanistinė Mokykla), a private school for Lithuanian immigrant children, was founded in 1992. Other Lithuanian schools include Maironis in Lemont, Gediminas in Waukegan and Rasa in Naperville.

Media

Draugas building in Chicago, IL Draugas building.JPG
Draugas building in Chicago, IL
Naujienos Naujienos building in Chicago circa 1920 dontated by Vaisvil family.JPG
Naujienos

First published in 1903, the Draugas (Friend) is the first Lithuanian newspaper in the United States and is printed by the Lithuanian Catholic Press Society in Chicago. Other Lithuanian publications include Amerikos Lietuvis (Lithuanian American), Vakarai (The West), and Čikagos Aidas (Echo Chicago). These newspapers not only provide news and current events that involve Lithuanians living in Chicago, but also stories from around the entire world, such as economic, political and social trends relevant to Lithuanian-speaking peoples. These publications can most often be found in local stores in which Lithuanians shop at, some examples are Brookhaven in Darien, Peter’s Deli in Lemont, and Lassak Deli in Willowbrook and these are also found online. [44] [45]

Naujienos was printed from 1914 through the 1980s, Vilnis was printed from 1920-1989, Liaudies Menas (The People's Art) was printed 1950–1951.

Festivals

Years ago, the Lithuanian Song festival (Dainų Šventė) and Dance Festival (Šokių Šventė) have been held at the now-demolished International Amphitheatre, originally near the Stockyards on the south side of Chicago. In 2015, the Song Festival has been held at the UIC Pavilion [46] [47] a couple of times and the Dance Festival held in the suburb of Rosemont, not far from Chicago O'Hare Airport.

Opera

The Lithuanian Opera Company of Chicago was founded by Lithuanian emigrants in 1956, and presents operas in Lithuanian. [48] Lithuanian operas were sometimes held at Maria High School in Chicago, a school that has been associated with Lithuanians, and such operas are now sometimes held at Morton East High School in Cicero.

Notable People

Lithuanian sites in the Chicago area

St. Casimir's Lithuanian Cemetery in Chicago St. Casimir's Cemetery in Chicago.jpg
St. Casimir's Lithuanian Cemetery in Chicago

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Greektown, Chicago</span> Neighborhood in Chicago

Greektown is a social and dining district, located on the Near West Side of the United States' city of Chicago, Illinois. Today, Greektown consists mostly of restaurants and businesses, although a cultural museum and an annual parade and festival still remain in the neighborhood.

The South Side Irish is the large Irish-American community on the South Side of Chicago, Illinois. After 1945, a large-scale movement to the suburbs occurred because of white flight and the steady upward social mobility of the Irish.Although their population has spread out, Irish Americans continue to make up the majority of the ethnic white American population on the south side of Chicago, especially in Beverly, Canaryville, Bridgeport, Scottsdale, Mount Greenwood, Morgan Park, Garfield Ridge, Clearing, Evergreen Park, and Oak Lawn.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of African Americans in Chicago</span> Aspect of history

The history of African Americans in Chicago or Black Chicagoans dates back to Jean Baptiste Point du Sable’s trading activities in the 1780s. Du Sable, the city's founder, was Haitian of African and French descent. Fugitive slaves and freedmen established the city's first black community in the 1840s. By the late 19th century, the first black person had been elected to office.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ukrainian Village, Chicago</span> Neighborhood in Chicago, Illinois

Ukrainian Village is a Chicago neighborhood located on the near west side of Chicago. Its boundaries are Division Street to the north, Grand Avenue to the south, Western Avenue to the west, and Damen Avenue to the east. It is one of the neighborhoods in the West Town community area, and has one of the largest concentrations of Ukrainians in the United States.

Iraqi Americans are American citizens of Iraqi descent. As of 2015, the number of Iraqi Americans is around 145,279, according to the United States Census Bureau.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Poles in Chicago</span> Ethnic group

Both immigrant Poles and Americans of Polish heritage live in Chicago, Illinois. They are a part of worldwide Polonia, the Polish term for the Polish Diaspora outside of Poland. Poles in Chicago have contributed to the economic, social and cultural well-being of Chicago from its very beginning. Poles have been a part of the history of Chicago since 1837, when Captain Joseph Napieralski, along with other veterans of the November Uprising first set foot there. As of the 2000 U.S. census, Poles in Chicago were the largest European American ethnic group in the city, making up 7.3% of the total population. However, according to the 2006–2008 American Community Survey, German Americans and Irish Americans each had slightly surpassed Polish Americans as the largest European American ethnic groups in Chicago. German Americans made up 7.3% of the population, and numbered at 199,789; Irish Americans also made up 7.3% of the population, and numbered at 199,294. Polish Americans now made up 6.7% of Chicago's population, and numbered at 182,064. Polish is the third most widely spoken language in Chicago behind English and Spanish.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Puerto Ricans in Chicago</span> Puerto Rican diaspora

Puerto Ricans in Chicago are individuals residing in Chicago with ancestral ties to the island of Puerto Rico. Over the course of more than seventy years, they have made significant contributions to the economic, social, and cultural fabric of the city.

The mix of ethnic groups in Chicago has varied over the history of the city, resulting in a diverse community in the twenty-first century. The changes in the ethnicity of the population have reflected the history and mass America, as well as internal demographic changes. The groups have been important in the development of the city as well as players in occasional conflicts.

Lithuanian Research and Studies Center (LRSC) is a non-profit scholarly research organization, which brings together varying cultural and academic organizations towards acquiring and preserving Lithuanian artifacts, documents, and other materials of cultural significance. The LRSC was created in 1982 in Chicago, Illinois to unify a number of other Lithuanian organizations. It has two facilities. Its archival, periodical, audio-visual and musicology collections are in a 7,000 square foot self-owned facility at 15533 129th St. in Lemont. Its 75,000 volume library, Lithuanian Museum, Thomas Remeikis Political Science Library, Jonas Dainauskas History Library, Milda Budrys Medical Museum, military and art archives comprise another 7,000 square feet in the Lithuanian Youth Center in Chicago, Illinois. It is funded by donations primarily from the Lithuanian American community. The center is the largest Lithuanian scholarly institution, archive, and publisher outside Lithuania. It has published over 50 scholarly books in both Lithuanian and English. The current chairman of the LRSC is Robert A. Vitas. The current president is Kristina Lapienyte. The LRSC has become a notable organization in Lithuanian studies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bosnians in Chicago</span>

The city of Chicago, Illinois, is tied with St. Louis for largest Bosnian-American population and the largest number of Bosnians outside of Europe, The largest concentration of Bosnians in Chicago live on the North Side.

Among the Japanese in the Chicago metropolitan area, there are Japanese-American and Japanese expatriate populations. Early Japanese began arriving around the time of the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893. During World War II, Japanese-Americans opted to live in Chicago rather than be interned, primarily in camps on the Pacific Coast. In the 20th century, Japanese and Japanese Americans formed local institutions that continue into the 21st century.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">History of Chinese Americans in Chicago</span>

The Chicago metropolitan area has an ethnic Chinese population. As of 2010, there are 43,228 Chinese Americans who live in Chicago, 1.6% of the city's population. This population includes native-born Chinese as well as immigrants from Mainland China, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Southeast Asia, and also racially mixed Chinese.

As of the 2000 U.S. Census there were 45,000 South Korean-origin people in the Chicago metropolitan area. As of 2006 the largest groups of Koreans are in Albany Park, North Park, West Ridge, and other communities near Albany Park. By that time many Koreans began moving to northern and northwestern Chicago suburbs, settling in Glenview, Morton Grove, Mount Prospect, Niles, Northbrook, Schaumburg, and Skokie. A Koreatown, labeled "Seoul Drive", exists along Lawrence Avenue between Kedzie Avenue and Pulaski Road. There were a number of Korean businesses on Clark Street in the 1970s, in Lakeview and Lincoln Park.

Chicago and its suburbs have a historical population of Italian Americans. As of 2000, about 500,000 in the Chicago area identified themselves as being Italian descent.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mexicans in Chicago</span>

There is a very large Mexican American community in the Chicago metropolitan area. Illinois, and Chicago's Mexican American community is the largest outside of the Western United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Germans in Chicago</span> Ethnic group in Chicago

Historically, Chicago has had an ethnic German population. As of the 2000 U.S. Census, 15.8% of people in the Chicago area had German ancestry, and those of German ancestry were the largest ethnic group in 80% of Chicago's suburbs. As of the year 1930, those of German ancestry were the largest European ethnic group in Chicago. However, as of today that number has decreased to 6%.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aleksandras Račkus</span>

Aleksandras Mykolas Račkus was a Lithuanian physician and an active member of the Lithuanian American community known for his numismatic and other collection. In 1917, he co-founded the Lithuanian Society of Numismatics and History in Chicago. In 1935, his and the society's collections were acquired by Lithuania and are held by the M. K. Čiurlionis National Art Museum. He then restarted a Lithuania-themed collection which was acquired by the Balzekas Museum of Lithuanian Culture in 1965. A collection of various documents related to Lithuanian Americans and their organizations and societies is kept by the Martynas Mažvydas National Library of Lithuania.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Swedes in Chicago</span> Ethnic group

Swedes constitute a considerable ethnic group in Chicago, where a little over 15,000 people are of Swedish ancestry.

Chicago has a particularly large Czech population.

The city of Chicago, Illinois is home to a significant Appalachian population. The Appalachian community has historically been centered in the neighborhood of Uptown. Beginning after World War I, Appalachian people moved to Chicago in droves seeking jobs. Between 1940 and 1970, approximately 3.2 million Appalachian and Southern migrants settled in Chicago and elsewhere in the Midwest. Due to immigration restrictions in the 1920s, personnel managers in Chicago encouraged working-class migrants from the Upland South to fill those jobs. The culture of Chicago has been significantly influenced by the culture, music, and politics of Appalachia. The majority of people of Appalachian heritage in Chicago are white or black, though Appalachian people can be of any race, ethnicity, or religion.

References

  1. ↑ "Armenians". www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  2. ↑ "Afghans". www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  3. ↑ "Albanians". www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  4. ↑ "Assyrians". www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  5. ↑ "Austrians". www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  6. ↑ "Belgians". www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  7. ↑ "Brazilians". www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  8. ↑ "Croatians". www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  9. ↑ "Dutch". www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  10. ↑ "English". www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  11. ↑ "Estonians". www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  12. ↑ "Finns". www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  13. ↑ "Ghanaians". www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  14. ↑ "Guatemalans". www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  15. ↑ "Iranians". www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  16. ↑ "Latvians". www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  17. ↑ "Native Americans". www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  18. ↑ "Nigerians". www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  19. ↑ "Norwegians". www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  20. ↑ "Pakistanis". www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  21. ↑ "Palestinians". www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  22. ↑ "Gypsies". www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  23. ↑ "Russians". www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  24. ↑ "Serbs". www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  25. ↑ "Somalis". www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  26. ↑ "South Africans". www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  27. ↑ "Turks". www.encyclopedia.chicagohistory.org. Retrieved 2023-03-09.
  28. 1 2 Čikagos aidas. The Lithuanian Market. Retrieved on 2008-09-04
  29. ↑ "Once important diaspora centre, Lithuanian community in Chicago is shrinking". lrt.lt. 2023-03-13. Retrieved 2023-05-23.
  30. ↑ "NeighborHome". Archived from the original on 2011-09-03. Retrieved 2008-09-13.
  31. ↑ Markelis, Daiva (November 1, 2010). White Field, Black Sheep: A Lithuanian-American Life (Hardcover ed.). Chicago, IL: University Of Chicago Press. ISBN   978-0226505305.
  32. ↑ Deuchler, Douglas (2006). "Two - The Early 20th Century". Cicero Revisited. Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing. p. 21. ISBN   0738541079.
  33. ↑ "The Town of Cicero-Colorful Cicero". Archived from the original on July 19, 2011.
  34. ↑ Beverly Shores Depot Exhibit Highlights Lithuanian Art, Culture and History by Mary Fox, The Beacher, August 19, 2004, issue, p. 48
  35. ↑ Sidabrienė, Rūta (August 15, 2015). "Ilgiausių metų Beverly Shores Lietuvių klubui". Draugas (in Lithuanian). Chicago: Lithuanian Catholic Press Society. p. 4.
  36. ↑ Cofounder Of Sisters Of St. Casimir by Kenan Heise, Chicago Tribune News, July 20, 1988
  37. ↑ "About – Balzekas Museum of Lithuanian Culture". balzekasmuseum.org. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
  38. ↑ "Lith. Folk Art Institute of Chicago - LWC | Organizations". Lithuanian World Center. Retrieved 2017-04-26.
  39. 1 2 "Healthy Food Lithuanian (closed)". Check, Please! | WTTW. 30 July 2012. Retrieved 2017-04-28.
  40. ↑ "Healthy Food Lithuanian Closing". Chicagoist. Archived from the original on 2009-12-17. Retrieved 2017-04-28.
  41. ↑ "Bernice never imagined she'd be running Bernice's Tavern". Chicago Reader. March 12, 2015. Retrieved 2017-09-21.
  42. ↑ "Grand Duke's". Check, Please! | WTTW. 30 July 2012. Retrieved 2017-04-28.
  43. ↑ "About us". Old Vilnius Cafe. 2012-10-26. Retrieved 2017-04-28.
  44. ↑ "About Us". DRAUGAS NEWS. Retrieved 2017-04-28.
  45. ↑ "Lietuviška spauda JAV ● Lithuanian Press in USA". www.litua.com. Retrieved 2017-04-28.
  46. ↑ Giles, Audra M. (July 2015). "The Tenth North American Lithuanian Song Festival". Draugas News. Chicago: Lithuanian Catholic Press Society. pp. 8–9.
  47. ↑ "Čikaga uždainuos lietuviškai !". Draugas (in Lithuanian). Chicago, IL: Lithuanian Catholic Press Society. July 2–4, 2015. pp. 1–9.
  48. ↑ "About the Lithuanian Opera Company, Inc. in Chicago". Lithuanian Opera Co. Archived from the original on 2005-12-21. Retrieved 2006-09-14.
  49. ↑ "Pagrindinis". Maironio Lituanistinė Mokykla.
  50. ↑ "Lithuanian World Center – Lithuanian World Center (Pasaulio lietuvių centras) – LWC".
  51. ↑ "BalticJesuit". www.balticjesuits.org.
  52. ↑ "LTSC - Lituanistikos tyrimo ir studijų centras, Chicago, IL". www.litua.com.
  53. ↑ "Čikagos centre plevėsuoja trispalvė". Draugas (in Lithuanian). Chicago, Illinois: Lithuanian Catholic Press Society. August 15, 2015. p. 1.
  54. ↑ "Ateitininkų Namai".
  55. ↑ "Apie mus @ Ateitininkų Namai". www.atnamai.org. Archived from the original on 2010-07-16.
  56. ↑ "Vaizdai » Ateitininkų Namai". www.atnamai.org. Archived from the original on 2012-02-22.
  57. ↑ "Lithuanian Parishes of the Roman Catholic Diocese in America". Archived from the original on January 30, 2009.
  58. ↑ "Lithuanian National Cemetery". lithnatcemetery.com. Retrieved October 31, 2018.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.